hydraulic power tong made in korea quotation

The 14-100 hydraulic power tong provides 100,000 ft-lb (135,600 N∙m) of torque capacity for running and pulling 7- to 14-in. casing. The tong has a unique gated rotary, a free-floating backup, and a hydraulic door interlock.

Our 14-50 high-torque casing tong provides 50,000 ft-lb (67,790 N∙m) of torque capacity for running and pulling 6 5/8- to 14-in. casing. The tong has a unique gated rotary, a free floating backup, and a hydraulic door interlock.

The 16-25 hydraulic casing tong provides 25,000 ft-lb (33,900 N∙m) of torque capacity for running and pulling 6 5/8- to 16-in. casing. The tong features a unique gated rotary and as many as seven contact points that create a positive grip without damaging the casing.

Rigged up without rig modifications, our 21-300 riser tong is the only tong capable of producing 300,000 ft-lb (406,746 N∙m) of continuous rotational torque in both makeup and breakout mode. The power it achieves in a compact size compares with a conventional 24-in. casing tong.

The 24-50 high-torque casing tong provides 50,000 ft-lb (67,790 N∙m) of torque capacity for running and pulling 10 3/4- to 24-in. casing. The tong features a unique gated rotary, a free-floating backup, and a hydraulic door interlock.

The 30-100 high-torque casing tong provides 100,000 ft-lb (135,600 N∙m) of torque capacity for running and pulling 16- to 30-in. casing. The tong features a unique gated rotary, a free-floating backup, and a hydraulic door interlock.

The 5.5-15 hydraulic tubing tong provides 15,000 ft-lb (20,340 N∙m) of torque capability for makeup and breakout of 1.66- to 5.5-in. tubing and premium or standard connections on corrosion‑resistant alloy tubulars. The tong features an ergonomic, lightweight design with a free-floating hydraulic backup.

The 7.6-30 hydraulic tubing tong provides 30,000 ft-lb (40,670 N∙m) of torque capability for makeup and breakout of 2 3/8- to 7 5/8-in. tubing and premium or standard connections on corrosion‑resistant alloy tubulars. The tong features an ergonomic, lightweight design with a free-floating hydraulic backup.

Our SpeedTork 8.0-70 tong provides torques up to 70,000 ft-lb (94,900 N∙m) and 360° rotation in makeup and breakout operations. It can torque drillpipe connections, drillstring components, drilling tools, packers, couplings, and valves.

The HD26000 casing tong can handle tubulars as small as 10-3/4″ and as large as 26″ in diameter. Other sizes can be special-ordered. Tong can be mounted on either a CLINCHER® or a FARR® hydraulic backup. Available with McCoy’s patented WinCatt® data acquisition and torque control system for the make-up of tubular connections.

A two-speed Hydra-Shift® motor coupled with a two-speed gear train provides (4) torque levels and (4) RPM speeds. Easily shift the hydraulic motor in low speed to high speed without stopping the tong or tublar rotation, saving rig time.

Used on corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) and fiberglass tubulars where reduced markings on the tubular is desired. Eckel"s Coated True Grit® Dies utilize Tungsten Carbide grit which provides many more points of contact on the surface of the tubular than our Pyramid Fine Tooth dies.

A patented door locking system (US Patent 6,279,426) for Eckel tongs that allows for latchless locking of the tong door. The tong door swings easily open and closed and locks when torque

is applied to the tong. When safety is important this locking mechanism combined with our safety door interlock provides unparalleled safety while speeding up the turn around time between connections. The Radial Door Lock is patented protected in the following countries: Canada, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom, and the United States.

The WD Tri-Grip® Backup is a high performance no compromise backup that is suitable for make-up and break-out of the most demanding connections. The WD Tri-Grip®Backup features a three head design that encompasses the tubular that applies an evenly distributed gripping force. The WD Tri-Grip®is a high performance backup with no compromises that is available for specific applications that provdies exceptional gripping capabilities with either Eckel True Grit® dies or Pyramid Fine Tooth dies.

The field proven Tri-Grip® Backup features a three head design that encompasses the tubular that applies an evenly distributed gripping force. The Tri-Grip®Backup provides exceptional gripping capabilities with either Eckel True Grit® dies or Pyramid Fine Tooth dies. The hydraulic backup is suspended at an adjustable level below the power tong by means of three hanger legs and allowing the backup to remain stationary while the power tong moves vertically to compensate for thread travel of the connection.

Eckel offers several models of torque control systems that are used to monitor the torque turn values when making up tubular connections (Tubing, Casing, & Drill Pipe). Any flaws in the make-up process will be readily shown in a graph.

Eckel offers a full range of high-quality casing and tubing, drill pipe tongs for use in all types of oil and gas drilling, well completion, and well-servicing activities. Our tongs have been engineered for the high operational torques today"s that premium connections require. Eckel tongs continue to advance the technology of tool service and setting industry standards. Our tongs have improved crew efficiencies, such as our easy to open and close Radial Lock Door and our Hydra-Shift® speed shifting for speeding up turnaround time between connections. Eckel"s Torque turn control systems that monitor torque turn values when making up the tubular connection with any flaws in the make-up process are displayed.

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Before buying a component, you’d want the equipment to suit your application and offer value. The list of hydraulic power tongs at Alibaba.com lets you dig into earth deposits, and the compare tool checks out other similar parts to give you the information you need to make a purchasing decision. You’ll get wholesale hydraulic power tongs that specializes in mining, with reinforced chassis, and run on more powerful engines. Whether you want to transport minerals or the workers to the mining site, introduce explosives or arms to help you remove materials from your mine pits, Alibaba.com has it all.

SEOUL, Feb 16 (Reuters) - China’s Anbang Insurance Group is finalising the purchase of a controlling stake in Tong Yang Life Insurance Co for about $1 billion, its first deal in South Korea and one that may serve as a springboard for the acquisitions of other financial firms in the country.

An announcement is expected later on Monday or Tuesday, a person with direct knowledge of the matter told Reuters, declining to be identified as the person was not authorised to speak to the media. Anbang, Tong Yang and its owner, private equity firm Vogo Investment, declined to comment.

A deal would be the latest of several for China’s eighth-largest life insurer including the purchase of an insurance arm from Dutch state-owned SNS Reaal for $170 million announced on Monday.

Anbang has been keen to expand its global footprint, even in South Korea where foreign financial firms have had a tough job competing against local rivals due to a saturated market and inflexible labour rules.

Anbang is set to buy 57.5 percent of South Korea’s eighth-largest life insurer in a stock deal valuing it at 17,750 won per share, the Korea Economic Daily reported.

But shares in Tong Yang fell 9 percent to 11,500 won, with analysts saying retail investors were put off by Anbang’s relative lack of brand power and short management history as it was only established in 2004.

The South Korean financial sector has seen some M&A interest of late as struggling owners eager to improve their balance sheets have been willing to sell at cheaper prices than in the past, attracting buyers such as Japan’s Orix Corp and Taiwan’s Yuanta Financial Holdings.

Tong Yang, which has about 17.3 trillion won ($15.8 billion) in mostly domestic assets, has been on the block since 2011. Vogo Investment first bought a stake in the insurer in 2006.

“Tong Yang may be able to utilise Anbang’s Chinese networks as its seeks higher long-term returns,” added Won Jae-woong, an analyst at Yuanta Securities. He noted the Chinese insurer may also benefit from Tong Yang’s longer history in insurance.

Deals by Anbang last year include the $1.95 billion purchase of New York’s Waldorf Astoria Hotel and the Belgian banking operations of Dutch insurer Delta Lloyd NV for 219 million euros. It also made a $2.7 billion bid for a controlling stake in South Korea’s Woori Bank - one that failed after no competing bid emerged as required by South Korean law.

range was longer than the May 14th launch. That test described by experts as the most significant advancement in its nuclear weapons program to date.

DAVID WRIGHT, UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS: According to my calculations, they can reach all of Alaska, but they cannot reach the lower 48 states or

AMANPOUR: So given that, you know, you"ve had your meetings with the North Koreans. I"ll get you to tell me what they told you about all of this in a

course, it has the capability to reach the lower 48 states which is sort of 8,000 to 9,000 kilometers. But still it has done what North Korea claimed

But we"ve had four U.S. four-star generals who say they either think North Korea already has the capability to hit the continental U.S. with a nuclear

The vast majority of all international transactions in the world, including those of North Korea are denominated in dollars which means they go through

KLINGNER: Right. Well, there"s no magic Rubik"s cube combination to solve the North Korean problem. It"s something that has troubled successive U.S.

conduct. Let"s not go too close to the Libyan border. And this is exactly what the Libyan coast guard is asking us. And let"s be more effective, not

only in saving lives, and Italy has been saving lives for too many years on its own. And finally now, there is a commitment of other government and of

As awful as that sounds, in India, the photographer Sujatro Ghosh is trying to make that extraordinary point. Creating this series of images of women

Now the photographer Sujatro Ghosh started his project with members of his own family using a cow mask that he had bought in New York to highlight the

Our power tongs are built to last. With 3 motor options for the 13 5/8” hydraulic power tong, you crew can reach rated torque at 3000 psi, 2250 psi, or 2000psi. Which means, the tools can reach 35,000 ft-lb of torque on every single joint, every day.

With an investment like this, you don’t want one malfunctioning part to be the reason why your equipment isn’t performing. That’s why we build our tongs to be serviceable, high in quality. By using an ISO 9001:2015 quality system, we maintain a close eye on our products.

Lastly, if you find your team in a bind, and need a part. Starr likely has the part on the shelf. Call us today for a quote, and possible overnight shipping.

Pyongyang (pyong-YANG, pyung-YAHNG,Korean:capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution".Taedong River about 109 km (68 mi) upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288.directly administered city (직할시; 直轄市; chikhalsi) with a status equal to that of the North Korean provinces.

Pyongyang is one of the oldest cities in Korea.Gojoseon and Goguryeo, and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo. Much of the city was destroyed during the First Sino-Japanese War, but it was revived under Japanese rule and became an industrial center. Following the establishment of North Korea in 1948, Pyongyang became its de facto capital. The city was again devastated during the Korean War, but was quickly rebuilt after the war with Soviet assistance.

Pyongyang is the political, industrial and transport center of North Korea. It is home to North Korea"s major government institutions, as well as the ruling Workers" Party of Korea which has its headquarters in the Forbidden City.

The city"s other historic names include Ryugyong,Kisong, Hwangsong, Rakrang, Sŏgyong, Sodo, Hogyong, Changan,HeijōJapanese rule in Korea). There are several variants.Jerusalem of the East", due to its historical status as a stronghold of Christianity, namely Protestantism, especially during the Pyongyang revival of 1907.

After Kim Il-sung"s death in 1994, some members of Kim Jong-il"s faction proposed changing the name of Pyongyang to "Kim Il-sung City" (Korean: 김일성시; Hanja: 金日成市), but others suggested that North Korea should begin calling Seoul "Kim Il-sung City" instead and grant Pyongyang the moniker "Kim Jong-il City". In the end, neither proposal was implemented.

In 1955, archaeologists excavated evidence of prehistoric dwellings in a large ancient village in the Pyongyang area, called Kŭmtan-ni, dating to the Jeulmun and Mumun pottery periods.mythological city of "Asadal" (Korean: 아사달; Hanja: 阿斯達), or Korean: 왕검성; Hanja: 王儉城), the first second millennium BC capital of Gojoseon ("Old Joseon") according to Korean historiographies beginning with the 13th-century

Pyongyang was founded in 1122 BC on the site of the capital of the legendary king Dangun.Wanggeom-seong, which was in the location of Pyongyang, became the capital of Gojoseon from 194 to 108 BC. It fell in the Han conquest of Gojoseon in 108 BC. Emperor Wu of Han ordered four commanderies be set up, with Lelang Commandery in the center and its capital established as "Joseon" (朝鮮縣, 조선현) at the location of Pyongyang. Several archaeological findings from the later, Eastern Han (20–220 AD) period in the Pyeongyang area seems to suggest that Han forces later launched brief incursions around these parts.

The area around the city was called Nanglang during the early Three Kingdoms period. As the capital of Nanglang (Korean: 낙랑국; Hanja: 樂浪國),Goguryeo in 313.

Goguryeo moved its capital there in 427. According to Christopher Beckwith, Pyongyang is the Sino-Korean reading of the name they gave it in their language: Piarna, or "level land".

In 668, Pyongyang became the capital of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East established by the Tang dynasty of China. However, by 676, it was taken by Silla, but left on the border between Silla and Balhae. Pyongyang was left abandoned during the Later Silla period, until it was recovered by Wang Geon and decreed as the Western Capital of Goryeo. During the Joseon period, it became the provincial capital of Pyeongan Province.

During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98), Pyongyang was captured by the Japanese and held until they were defeated in the Siege of Pyongyang.Qing invasion of Joseon until peace arrangements were made between Korea and Qing China. While the invasions made Koreans suspicious of foreigners, the influence of Christianity began to grow after the country opened itself up to foreigners in the 16th century. Pyongyang became the base of Christian expansion in Korea. By 1880 it had more than 100 churches and more Protestant missionaries than any other Asian city,Jerusalem of the East".

In 1890, the city had 40,000 inhabitants.Battle of Pyongyang during the First Sino-Japanese War, which led to the destruction and depopulation of much of the city.Japanese colonial rule, the city became an industrial center,平壤 but read as へいじょう) in Japanese.

In July 1931, the city experienced anti-Chinese riots as a result of the Wanpaoshan Incident and the sensationalized media reports about it which appeared in Imperial Japanese and Korean newspapers.

On 25 August 1945, the Soviet 25th Army entered Pyongyang and it became the temporary capital of the Provisional People"s Committee for North Korea. A People"s Committee was already established there, led by veteran Christian nationalist Cho Man-sik.Pyongyang was again severely damaged in the Korean War, during which it was briefly occupied by South Korean forces from 19 October to 6 December 1950. The city saw many refugees evacuate when advancing Chinese forces pushed southward towards Pyongyang. UN forces oversaw the evacuation of refugees as they retreated from Pyongyang in December 1950.

Already during the war, plans were made to reconstruct the city. On 27 July 1953 – the day the armistice between North Korea and South Korea was signed – The Pyongyang Review wrote: "While streets were in flames, an exhibition showing the general plan of restoration of Pyongyang was held at the Moranbong Underground Theater", the air raid shelter of the government under Moranbong. "On the way of victory... fireworks which streamed high into the night sky of the capital in a gun salute briefly illuminated the construction plan of the city which would rise soon with a new look".Soviet Union, and many buildings were built in the style of Stalinist architecture. The plans for the modern city of Pyongyang were first displayed for public viewing in a theatre building. Kim Jung-hee, one of the founding members of the Korean Architects Alliance, who had studied architecture in prewar Japan, was appointed by Kim Il Sung to design the city"s master plan. Moscow Architectural Institute designed the "Pyongyang City Reconstruction and Construction Comprehensive Plan" in 1951, and it was officially adopted in 1953. The transformation into a modern, propaganda-designed city featuring Stalin-style architecture with a Korean-style arrangement (and other modernist architecture that was said to have been greatly influenced by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer) began.1972 Constitution officially declared Pyongyang the capital.

In 2001, North Korean authorities began a long-term modernisation programme. The Ministry of Capital City Construction Development was included in the Cabinet in that year. In 2006, Kim Jong-il"s brother-in-law Jang Song-thaek took charge of the ministry.

Throughout the rule of Kim Jong-un a number of residential projects were constructed. In 2013 and 2014 residential projects dedicated to scientists were completed in Unha Scientists Street and Wisong Scientists Street while in 2015 work took place on a residential project in Mirae Scientists Street. In 2017, in dedication to the 105th birthday of the founder and first leader, Kim Il-sung, 3,000 units were built in the new Ryomyong Street complex. The second decade of the 2000s saw the construction of residential projects in Saesalim Street near the Taedonggang Brewing Company in Sadong District (2021), in Taephyong (International Taekwon-Do Federation.Mansudae People’s Theater opened in 2012, the Munsu Water Park opened in 2013, and the renovated and expanded Sunan International Airport and Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex, both completed in 2015,Pyongyang General Hospital, of which construction started in 2020. Additional re-development projects occurred in the area around the Arch of Triumph where the Pyongyang People’s Hospital no. 1 was demolished. Apartment blocks in the area of Inhŭng-dong, in Moranbong-guyok district and in the area of Sinwon-dong in Potonggang-guyok were demolished

Pyongyang is in the west-central part of North Korea; the city lies on a flat plain about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the Korea Bay, an arm of the Yellow Sea. The Taedong River flows southwestward through the city toward the Korea Bay. The Pyongyang plain, where the city is situated, is one of the two large plains on the Western coast of the Korean peninsula, the other being the Chaeryong plain. Both have an area of approximately 500 square kilometers.

Pyongyang has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), featuring warm to hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.Siberia in winter, making conditions very cold; the low temperature is usually below freezing between November and early March, although the average daytime high is at least a few degrees above freezing in every month except January. The winter is generally much drier than summer, with snow falling for 37 days on average.

The transition from the cold, dry winter to the warm, wet summer occurs rather quickly between April and early May, and there is a similarly abrupt return to winter conditions in late October and November. Summers are generally hot and humid, with the East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September; these are also the hottest months, with average temperatures of 21 to 25 °C (70 to 77 °F), and daytime highs often above 30 °C (86 °F). Although largely transitional seasons, spring and autumn experience more pleasant weather, with average high temperatures ranging from 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F) in May and 22 to 27 °C (72 to 81 °F) in September,

Major government and other public offices are located in Pyongyang, which is constitutionally designated as the country"s capital.Workers" Party Central Committee and the Pyongyang People"s Committee are located in Haebangsan-dong, Chung-guyok. The Cabinet of North Korea is located in Jongro-dong, Chung-guyok.

Pyongyang is also the seat of all major North Korean security institutions. The largest of them, the Ministry of People"s Security, has 130,000 employees working in 12 bureaus. These oversee activities including: police services, security of party officials, classified documents, census, civil registrations, large-scale public construction, traffic control, fire safety, civil defence, public health and customs.State Security Department, whose 30,000 personnel manage intelligence, political prison systems, military industrial security and entry and exit management.

The politics and management of the city is dominated by the Workers" Party of Korea, as they are in the national level. The city is managed by the Pyongyang Party Committee of the Workers" Party of Korea and its chairman is the de facto mayor. The supreme standing state organ is the Pyongyang People"s Committee, responsible

for everyday events in support of the city. This includes following local Party guidance as channeled through the Pyongyang Party Committee, the distribution of resources prioritised to Pyongyang, and providing support to KWP and internal security agency personnel and families.

Foreign media reports in 2010 stated that Kangnam-gun, Chunghwa-gun, Sangwŏn-gun, and Sŭngho-guyŏk had been transferred to the administration of neighboring North Hwanghae province.

Banghyun Dong, a missile base, was administrated by Kusong, North Pyongan Province. It had been transferred to the administration of P"yŏngyang on February 10, 2018.

After being destroyed during the Korean War, Pyongyang was entirely rebuilt according to Kim Il-sung"s vision, which was to create a capital that would boost morale in the post-war years.mosaics and decorated ceilings.Siberian city during winter snowfall, although edifices of traditional Korean design somewhat soften this perception. In summer, it is notable for its rivers, willow trees, flowers and parkland.

The streets are laid out in a north–south, east–west grid, giving the city an orderly appearance.dong). These units all have similar sets of amenities including a food store, a barber shop, a tailor, a public bathhouse, a post office, a clinic, a library and others. Many residents occupy high-rise apartment buildings.East Asia as it is silent, uncrowded and spacious.

Structures in Pyongyang are divided into three major architectural categories: monuments, buildings with traditional Korean motifs and high-rises.Juche Tower, the Arch of Triumph and the Mansu Hill Grand Monument. The first of them is a 170-meter (560 ft) granite spire symbolizing the Ryugyong Hotel,seventh highest building in the world terms of floor count, the tallest unoccupied building in the world,tallest hotels in the world. It has yet to open.

Pyongyang has a rapidly evolving skyline, dominated by high-rise apartment buildings. A construction boom began with the Changjon Street Apartment Complex, which was completed in 2012.Kim Jong-il described Changjon Street as "pitiful".

Pyongyang TV Tower is a minor landmark. Other visitor attractions include the Korea Central Zoo. The Arch of Reunification has a map of a united Korea supported by two concrete Korean women dressed in traditional dress straddling the Reunification Highway, which stretches from Pyongyang to the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).

Pyongyang served as the provincial capital of South Pyongan Province until 1946,mul raengmyŏn or just simply raengmyŏn. Raengmyŏn literally means "cold noodles", while the affix mul refers to water because the dish is served in a cold broth. Raengmyŏn consists of thin and chewy buckwheat noodles in a cold meat-broth with Korean pear.

Pyongyang raengmyŏn was originally eaten in homes built with underfloor heating) during the cold winter, so it is also called "Pyongyang deoldeori" (shivering in Pyongyang). Pyongyang locals sometimes enjoyed it as a

Another representative Pyongyang dish, Taedong River". The soup features flathead grey mullet (abundant in the Taedong River) along with black peppercorns and salt.Pyongyang onban (literally "warm rice of Pyongyang") comprises freshly cooked rice topped with sliced mushrooms, chicken, and a couple of

In 2018, there were many high quality restaurants in Pyongyang with Korean and international food, and imported alcoholic beverages.Okryu-gwan and Ch"ongryugwan.street foods exist in Pyongyang, where vendors operate food stalls.

Pyongyang is North Korea"s industrial center.coal, iron and limestone, as well as good land and water transport systems, it was the first industrial city to emerge in North Korea after the Korean War. Light and heavy industries are both present and have developed in parallel. Heavy manufactures include cement, industrial ceramics,textiles, footwear and food, among others.rice, sweetcorn and soybeans. Pyongyang aims to achieve self-sufficiency in meat production. High-density facilities raise pigs, chicken and other livestock.

Until the late 2010s Pyongyang still experienced frequent shortages of electricity.Chagang Province and supply the city through direct transmission lines. A second phase of the power expansion project was launched in January 2013, consisting of a series of small dams along the Chongchon River. The first two power stations have a maximum generating capacity of 300 megawatts (MW), while the 10 dams to be built under second phase are expected to generate about 120 MW.thermal power stations. These include Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 500 MW, East Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 50 MW, and Kangdong TPS which is under construction.

Pyongyang is home to several large department stores including the Pothonggang Department Store, Pyongyang Department Store No. 1, Pyongyang Department Store No. 2, Kwangbok Department Store, Ragwon Department Store, Pyongyang Station Department Store, and the Pyongyang Children"s Department Store.

The city also has Hwanggumbol Shop, a chain of state-owned convenience stores supplying goods at prices cheaper than those in the jangmadang markets. Hwanggumbol Shops are specifically designed to control North Korea"s expanding markets by attracting consumers and guaranteeing the circulation of money in government-operated stores.

Pyongyang is also the main transport hub of the country: it has a network of roads, railways and air routes which link it to both foreign and domestic destinations. It is the starting point of inter-regional highways reaching Nampo, Wonsan and Kaesong.Pyongyang railway station serves the main railway lines, including the Pyongui Line and the Pyongbu Line. Regular international rail services to Beijing, the Chinese border city of Dandong and Moscow are also available.

A rail journey to Beijing takes about 25 hours and 25 minutes (K27 from Beijing/K28 from Pyongyang, on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays); a journey to Dandong takes about 6 hours (daily); a journey to Moscow takes six days. The city also connects to the Eurasian Land Bridge via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A high-speed rail link to Wonsan is planned.

The Metro, tram and trolleybus systems are used mainly by commuters as a primary means of urban transportation.cars in the city. Cars are a symbol of status in the country due to their scarcity as a result of restrictions on import because of international sanctions and domestic regulations.

State-owned Air Koryo has scheduled international flights from Pyongyang Sunan International Airport to Beijing (PEK), Shenyang (SHE), Vladivostok (VVO), Shanghai (PVG) and Dandong.Hamhung,

Kim Il-sung University, North Korea"s oldest university, was established in 1946.theoretical physics, optical science, geophysics and astrophysics;Ryongnamsan Sports Club),

Other higher education establishments include Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang University of Music and Dance and Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies. Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST) is the country"s first private university where most of the lecturers are American and courses are carried out in English.

Sosong-guyok hosts a 20 MeV cyclotron called MGC-20. The initial project was approved by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1983 and funded by the IAEA, the United States and the North Korean government. The cyclotron was ordered from the Soviet Union in 1985 and constructed between 1987 and 1990. It is used for student training, production of medical isotopes for nuclear medicine as well as studies in biology, chemistry and physics.

Medical centers include the Red Cross Hospital, the First People"s Hospital which is located near Moran Hill and was the first hospital to be built in North Korea after the liberation of Korea in 1945,Bonghwa Clinic or Presidential Clinic) located in Sokam-dong, Potonggang-guyok, 1.5 km (1 mi) northwest of Kim Il-sung Square,Pyongyang"s Maternity Hospital, Taesongsan General Hospital,Pyongyang General Hospital began construction in Pyongyang in 2020.

Funabashi, Yoichi (2007). The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8157-3010-1.

Collins, Robert (2016). Pyongyang Republic (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-9856480-6-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2016.

Funabashi, Yoichi (2007). The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8157-3010-1.

Lankov, Andrei (16 March 2005). "North Korea"s missionary position". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005. Retrieved 25 January 2013. By the early 1940s Pyongyang was by far the most Protestant of all major cities of Korea, with some 25–30% of its adult population being church-going Christians. In missionary circles this earned the city the nickname "Jerusalem of the East".link)

Caryl, Christian (15 September 2007). "Prayer in Pyongyang". The Daily Beast. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Co. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013. It"s hard to say how many covert Christians the North has; estimates range from the low tens of thousands to 100,000. Christianity came to the peninsula in the late 19th century. Pyongyang, in fact, was once known as the "Jerusalem of the East."

National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. 2001. Geumtan-ri. Hanguk Gogohak Sajeon [Dictionary of Korean Archaeology], pp. 148–149. NRICH, Seoul. ISBN 89-5508-025-5

Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.

Lahmeyer, Jan. "North Korea – Urban Population". Populstat. University of Utrecht. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2011.

Schinz, Alfred; Eckart, Dege (1990). "Pyongyang-Ancient and Modern – the Capital of North Korea". GeoJournal. 22 (1): 25. doi:10.1007/BF02428536. S2CID 153574542.

"30 years report of Meteorological Observations in North Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (PDF) (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. 199–367. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.

"Haengjeong Guyeok Hyeonhwang" 행정구역현황. NK Chosun. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2006. Also Administrative divisions of North Korea Archived 18 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine (used as reference for hanja)

"Ten Power Plants on Chongchon River under Construction to Increase Power Supply to Pyongyang". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

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This Q&A provides a high-level overview of environmental law in South Korea and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions.

The Constitution of the Republic of Korea (Constitution) sets out constitutional rights regarding the environment, providing the framework and guidelines for the interpretation of the environmental rights of citizens and the obligations of the state, and laying down relevant legal principles. Specifically, Article 35 of the Constitution provides for the Framework Act on Environmental Policy (FAEP), which sets out the purpose of Korean environmental policy and basic principles of Korean environmental law.

Natural Environment Conservation Act (NECA). This provides for the conservation of the natural environment with measures such as regulations protecting the natural environment from artificial damage.

Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIAA). This prescribes the details on environmental impact assessment concerning plans or projects that have a potential environmental impact.

Act on the Integrated Control of Pollutant-Discharging Facilities (ICPDF). This prescribes regulations to reduce pollutants produced from business sites and apply effective environmental management at these sites.

Act on the Control and Aggravated Punishment of Environmental Offences (APEO). This provides penalties for actions or omissions in relation to environmental pollution or damages.

Act on Liability for Environmental Damage and Relief Thereof (EDRT). This establishes an effective system of relief for the victims of environmental pollution by providing measures, which facilitate the identification of responsible parties and minimise the victims" burden of proof.

Framework Act on the Management of Charges (FAMC). This provides for the establishment, management and use of charges collected to ensure fairness and transparency in the use of these charges. Examples of the environmental charges listed in the FAMC include, without limitation, environmental improvement charges, waste charges and emission charges. See

Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth (GGA). This is a framework act that promotes the development of the national economy using green technology and green industries.

Act on the Allocation of and Trading of Greenhouse-Gas Emission Permits (ETA). This provides for the Korean Emission Trading Scheme (K-ETS), which uses market mechanisms to effectively reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and to help Korea achieve the GHG reduction national target.

Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy (REA). This was enacted in 2012 to introduce the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) scheme in Korea (

In addition, the Korean government has been exploring possible legislative options to further strengthen society"s increased interest in environmental, social and governance (ESG), and is expected to introduce laws and regulations in the near future.

The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is the leading authority responsible for the administration and enforcement of Korea"s environmental policy. In addition to the MOE, many other regulatory authorities are responsible for matters relating to the environment, which can result in duplicative regulations and lack of clarity on which authority has jurisdiction over a specific area. For example, wild flora and fauna in Korea are not only under the MOE"s jurisdiction but also under the jurisdiction of other relevant competent authorities if the flora and fauna are related to national monuments, fisheries, and forestry. In addition, while the MOE is responsible for water management, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport regulates water supply and dam construction.

The National Police Agency and the Prosecutor"s Office are responsible for investigation and indictment of criminal offences relating to the environment.

Depending on the applicable laws and regulations, the MOE and its affiliates may have the power to routinely inspect regulated facilities or to conduct investigations in the case of an incident. The powers of the regulatory authorities include the right to:

Environmental laws and regulations authorise or otherwise provide statutory grounds for a wide range of civil liabilities, administrative sanctions, and criminal penalties. The regulators decide on the extent of sanctions applicable to each violation with reference to detailed standards prescribed under relevant regulations.

In addition to imposing sanctions for substantive violations of the various environmental laws and regulations, the regulators can also exercise their enforcement powers for procedural violations such as deceiving or misleading regulators or obstructing investigations.

Environmental interest groups seek to influence the government"s environmental policymaking in various ways, including media coverage and filing complaints to the regulators. For example, large-scale national construction projects such as power plants, bullet trains, waste incinerators in Korea have experienced delays due to protests by environmental interest groups and local residents.

Companies in various industries also seek to have their opinions reflected in the government"s environmental policy through industry associations. One example is the Korea Waste Association, which was created by waste management companies and continues to represent the interests of these companies.

4.Is there a permitting regime for polluting emissions to land, air and water? Can companies apply for a single environmental permit for all activities on a site or do they have to apply for separate permits?

Between 2017 and 2021, 19 types of business sites emitting regulated air pollutants and/or wastewater are subject to the integrated management permit regime in lieu of obtaining separate permits (ICPDF) (

The ICPDF reflects Korea"s effort to implement the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control that has been adopted in the EU as well as some states in the US.

The ICDPF applies to large-scale business sites (listed in Article 6 of the ICPDF). The ICDPF introduced the integrated environmental management system (IEMS). Under MOE"s jurisdiction, the scope of IEMS has been gradually expanding since 2017, starting with electricity (power generation), steam supply and waste disposal (incineration). The IEMS has simplified regulatory compliance by introducing an integrated management permit per business unit. The integrated management permit can now satisfy up to ten different types of permits required for each source of pollutants regulated under seven different environmental regulations.

The IEMS imposes individualised obligations for each business owner after considering the potential environmental impact of the intended business model and measures to reduce the resulting pollutants. A business owner can voluntarily adopt the best available techniques (BAT) financially feasible before applying for the integrated management permit. When reviewing an application for an integrated management permit, the MOE will be more lenient to business owners who have adopted BAT to encourage better practice by business owners and also subject them to fewer audits.

The IEMS also provides the legal basis for management of business facilities that are subject to periodic examination. If the business facility experiences a fundamental change, permit conditions can be changed to reflect it.

If the discharging facilities are transferred, the transferee must acquire the rights and obligations of the preceding transferor"s permits, revised permits or reporting obligations.

Anyone who installs or alters facilities discharging air pollutants or wastewater or operates a business which discharges these without a permit or a revised permit, can be subject to a prison sentence of up to seven years or a fine of up to KRW100 million.

Anyone who operates a discharging facility without reporting commencement of operations is subject to a prison sentence of up to five years or a fine of up to KRW50 million.

Anyone intending to install a wastewater emitting facility must obtain a permit from or file a report with the MOE. Once the MOE receives the application, the MOE can consult the local authority and restrict the installation of the facility if the MOE determines the facility"s proximity to any reservoir protection zone or special protection zone to be harmful.

The operator of the facility must also install a prevention facility to ensure that the amount of pollutants discharged does not exceed the permissible thresholds. An operation commencement report must be filed with the MOE before the operation of the facility.

A facility discharging wastewater or livestock waste cannot be installed without either filing a report or obtaining a necessary permit as provided by applicable law.

The MOE can order a facility to lower the amount of water pollutants discharged within a designated period if the facility is determined to be discharging excess water pollutants (WECA). The facility must promptly report to the MOE once it completes the order. If the facility fails to comply, the MOE can suspend the facility"s operation in whole or in part.

Anyone who installs or uses a discharging facility without a permit or with a permit that was improperly obtained is subject to a prison sentence of up to seven years or a fine of up to KRW70 million (Article 75, WECA).

Anyone who leaks or spills any of the designated water pollutants will be punished by imprisonment not exceeding three years or a fine not exceeding KRW30 million (Article 77, WECA).

Among various applicable laws and regulations, the Ground Water Act (GA) is the most pertinent to water abstraction. An entity seeking to develop and use groundwater must obtain prior approval from the relevant local authority (GA). Anyone who seeks to develop a well or desalinated underground water plant above a specific size must obtain prior approval from the relevant local authority (Drinking Water Management Act).

Permits can also be revoked if the permit was obtained improperly or the approved facility was not installed in accordance with the submitted permit application.

The entity developing and using the groundwater is responsible for the post-management of facilities used to develop and use groundwater. Anyone who intends to develop and use the groundwater also must deposit a performance guarantee for restoration if improper development and use of the groundwater takes place.

Prison sentence of up to three years or a fine of up to KRW30 million for anyone who develops and uses groundwater without a permit or with an improperly obtained permit.

The installation of a facility emitting air pollutants must obtain a permit or file a report with the MOE (CACA). A prevention facility should also be installed and an operation commencement report submitted to the MOE before the facility starts operating.

Any entity intending to operate a business that scatters dust into the atmosphere must file a report to the local authority and install dust suppression equipment or take other measures to suppress dust. Also, any entity seeking to manufacture automotive vehicles must receive a certification from the MOE that the emissions of these vehicles will be within the emission standards for the relevant warranty period.

If a facility emits air pollutants excessively, the competent authority can order a reduction of the facility"s emissions to a permissible level (CACA). If the facility fails to comply, the competent authority can suspend the operation of the facility in whole or in part.

Also, if a competent authority determines that appropriate measures were not taken by a facility to suppress the scattering dust, the competent authority can order the facility to implement appropriate measures. If the facility fails to comply, the competent authority can suspend the use of the facility. Generally, an entity discharging pollutants is responsible for the subsequent environmental damages.

9.Is your jurisdiction party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and/or the Paris Agreement? How are the requirements under those international agreements implemented or being implemented?

The GGA, enacted in 2011, provides a legal basis for many key national policy instruments regarding climate change in Korea. Following the enactment of the GGA, the Korean government announced the National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Roadmap in 2014 (revised in June 2018). Further, under the GGA, the Green Growth Plan and the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan are established and implemented every five years as national mid- to long-term plans in response to climate change. In December 2016, the Korean government announced the First Basic Plan for Climate Change Response (for the years 2017 to 2036) and the Second Basic Plan (for the years 2020 to 2040) in October 2019.

These national policy instruments are domestic implementations of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) submitted to the UNFCCC and contained specific measures to achieve the national reduction targets proposed in that INDC.

10.Are there any national targets or legal requirements for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions? How far are the targets aligned with the 1.5 degree target in the Paris Agreement, if at all? Has a climate emergency been declared? Is there a national strategy on climate change?

Korea submitted its INDC to the UNFCCC in June 2015, committing to reduce its GHG emissions by 37% from the business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030 across all economic sectors.

In 2020, the Korean government announced the green "new deal" that focused on digital-green and promoted "green economy" investments. The Korean government"s plans were highlighted once again during President Moon"s speech to the National Assembly in December 2020 where he announced Korea"s commitment to become "carbon neutral by 2050".

While there are no statutory prohibitions on the use of coal and/or oil, the Third Energy Master Plan seeks to significantly reduce the national dependence on coal and oil by increasing the proportion of renewable energy from 7.6% in 2017 to 30% to 35% by 2040.

Korea established a national GHG emissions trading scheme (K-ETS). Under the K-ETS, emissions rights are allocated to around 600 companies and public entities whose total annual emissions are not less than 125,000 tCO2, or to companies with places of business with annual emissions not less than 25,000 tCO2. If a company or a public entity"s emissions exceed the allocated emissions, it must either pay administrative fines or offset excessive emissions by purchasing emissions rights from the emissions trading market.

Korea does not participate in an international GHG emissions trading scheme. Although there have been discussions about linking the K-ETS with other markets, this has not yet happened.

12.Are there any national targets or legal requirements for increasing the use of renewable energy (such as wind or solar power)? Is there a national strategy on renewable energy?

In June 2019, the Korean government announced the Third Energy Master Plan (for the years 2019 to 2040), which declared the government"s intent to increase the proportion of energy generated from renewable sources to 35%. The Korean government seeks to achieve this national target through RPS, among others.

The Korean government has implemented the RPS, converting from the previous feed-in-tariffs regime. Additionally, the Korean government has obliged companies with a generation capacity of 500MW or more to generate a certain minimum percentage of gross power from renewable energy sources. Currently, 23 large power companies in Korea are subject to this obligation. Failure to meet the required generation quota may result in administrative fines of 1.5 times the average trading price of a renewable energy certificate (REC).

Under the REA, a REC is a certificate authenticating the fact of supply by using new or renewable energy facilities, based on each megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity generated from a renewable energy resource. The New and Renewable Energy Centre of Korea issues RECs, which can be traded once they are issued. Typically, 23 large power generation companies fulfil their RPS obligations by purchasing RECs from renewable energy power producers.

The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) verifies and monitors the amount of renewable energy generated. The produced electricity from renewable energy is integrated into KEPCO"s electricity grid network as electricity can only be sold through the Korea Power Exchange (KPX) in Korea. In this regard, renewable energy producers in Korea earn revenue by selling electricity to KEPCO through KPX and by trading RECs with the 23 large power generation companies.

As of May 2021, renewable energy companies typically generated revenue of about KRW77,000 per MWh, and KRW34,000 per one unit of REC. There is an ongoing legislative effort to significantly increase the demand for RECs and as a result increase the price of RECs.

Further, the production and/or use of renewable energy sources is subject to subsidies. The Korean government promotes the use of renewables by investing in energy-saving facilities and equipment. It also provides financial support (either free-of-charge or at low-interest rates) to entities related to or invested in the reduction of GHG emissions. For example, to facilitate the installation of renewables equipment or facilities, government funding is available to entities that rent solar power facilities to homes and other facilities. In addition, low-interest financing is available to entities that install or operate renewable energy facilities.

14.Are there any national targets for increasing energy efficiency (for example, in buildings and appliances) or legal requirements for achieving energy efficiency standards? Is there a national strategy on energy efficiency?

Under the Energy Use Rationalisation Act (EURA), the Korean government formulates master plans for the rationalisation of energy use. According to the latest master plan, the Korean government"s objective is to reduce national energy use by 4.1% of the 2017 BAU.

The Korean government seeks to improve the energy efficiency of buildings by establishing a comprehensive standard applicable from the blueprints to the post-construction operation of buildings. Energy efficiency grades must be evaluated and labelled on certain electronic appliances by their manufacturers and/or importers under the EURA (

Labelling schemes exist for both goods and buildings. The EURA provides a labelling scheme that is mandatory to encourage consumers to purchase products with high energy efficiency ratings. Regarding buildings, the Green Buildings Construction Support Act provides a regulatory system certifying energy efficiency rating of the building. Starting in 2020, public buildings should be certified as "zero energy buildings", which means that the certified building not only has high energy efficiency rating, but also uses renewable energy to minimise the building"s use of energy.

Under the EURA, the Korea government provides financial or tax support, economic incentives, subsidies, and so on, for investments in energy-saving and/or GHG emission reduction facilities, equipment, and/or projects.

In particular, the Korean government subsidises up to 50% of the installation costs of renewables equipment (such as solar power) in houses, buildings, local government buildings, and social welfare facilities. Once the installation of renewables equipment is complete, financial support is available to businesses that rent out renewables equipment. Financial support is also available for the manufacturers of renewables equipment.

The Korean government also strives to expand environment-friendly infrastructure (for example, public transport) and offers various incentives such as tax reductions for electric and hybrid vehicles. In 2020, the government allocated KRW1.5 trillion to promote the use of electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles, as well as the establishment of additional hydrogen stations.

Anyone who intends to implement any of the following projects exceeding the respective scale thresholds is subject to the EIA requirement under the EIAA:

Anyone applying for permits required for the construction of projects listed under the EIAA must prepare an EIA report, which includes input from the residents near the worksite. The prepared EIA report must be submitted to the relevant government authority along with the permit application. The relevant authority must send a request for consultation to the MOE before granting the permit.

The MOE has the authority to review the EIA report and must notify the result of its review, which is typically made in the form of "approval", "disapproval", or "conditional approval." The applicant must consider the results of this consultation and their impact on its construction plans. The applicant cannot begin the construction of the project before the consultation with MOE is complete.

When the construction of the project is complete, the operator must conduct a post-work EIA and file a report with the MOE and the pertinent government authority.

A prison sentence of up to one year or a fine of up to KRW10 million for anyone who commences construction of any of the above listed projects without an EIA or before the subsequent consultation with the MOE.

18.What requirements and regimes apply for the conservation of nature, habitats and biodiversity that affect development? What assessments or obligations are required before any development begins?

Korea"s natural parks are administered under the NPA. Once designated as a natural park, certain privately owned properties within the park become subject to regulations under the NPA, which are intended to preserve and protect the natural landscape of such areas (including certain restrictions on construction and other means of exercising one"s ownership rights). In return, compensation for losses is offered to private owners for reasons prescribed in the NPA.

The primary laws addressing the protection of flora and fauna species are the NECA, the Wildlife Protection and Management Act (WPMA) and the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity. The WPMA stipulates that no one can capture, collect, release, naturalise, process, distribute, keep, export, import, remove, bring in (including dead animals in cases of processing, distribution, keeping, exporting, importing, removing or bringing in), damage or defoliate endangered wildlife unless otherwise stipulated by law. Further, those who intend to export, import, take out or bring in globally endangered species and products processed form them must obtain permission from the Minister of Environment. A violation of this WPMA is punishable by imprisonment or a fine, depending on the level and type of the violation.

Local authorities are in charge of the treatment of household waste (WCA). In the case of industrial wastes, any business operator who discharges industrial wastes must report the type and amount of the waste it discharges to the relevant local authority. The operator discharging the waste must treat the waste directly or have it treated by someone with a licence to manage waste treatment business or operate a waste treatment facility.

Procure and install the necessary facility, equipment, and technical capability within six months to three years (depending on the type of business) and obtain a licence from MOE or the local government, as relevant.

It is illegal to conduct waste treatment business without the requisite permit from MOE or the relevant local government. It is also illegal to dispose of waste in an area that is not prepared for waste collection by the local authority and to fill or incinerate waste in a waste treatment facility not licensed or registered.

These criteria include requirements for necessary equipment, facilities, and technical capabilities for the storage, disposal, transportation and/or recycling of waste and so on.

Anyone who discharges designated waste must submit a waste disposal plan, a waste analysis report from a waste-analysis institution, and, if its treatment is to be delegated, the delegate"s confirmation to MOE. Also, a report on the production and disposal of waste must be submitted to the local government every year.

Anyone who intends to conduct the business of collecting and transporting human or livestock waste must secure the necessary facility, equipment and technical capacity and obtain a permit from the local authority.

In addition, each transfer of industrial waste, including any of the designated wastes, must be recorded in the computer-based waste tracking system operated by MOE.

A prison sentence of up to seven years or criminal fines of up to KRW70 million for dumping waste in any area other than in places or facilities prepared by the local government or the manager of facilities, such as in public parks or roads, or collecting of waste in violation of the WCA.

A prison sentence of up to five years or criminal fines of up to KRW50 million for conducting the business of collecting, transporting, disposing or recycling waste without obtaining the proper permits from the relevant authorities or with improperly obtained permits.

20.Is there a national strategy to tackle particular types of waste (such as plastics waste or marine litter)? What waste targets exist? What producer responsibility schemes exist?

In 2018, the Korean government announced the First Resource Circulation Master Plan (2018 to 2027) as prescribed under the RRA. The First Resource Circulation Master Plan provides specific objectives to increase resource circulation and sets out the following priorities:

Due to recent increase of daily wastes, the government has announced its objective to reduce the use of plastic containers from the current percentage of 47% to 38% by 2025.

The RRA provides the basis for the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme that imposes obligatory recycling and contributions on a manufacturer or importer. A manufacturer or importer who fails to comply with these recycling obligations must make contributions proportional to its failure.

Anyone wanting to import, manufacture, or use asbestos or asbestos-containing material must inspect and confirm the presence of asbestos directly or indirectly through an asbestos-inspection institution before commencing activities, and record and maintain the inspection result.

The asbestos-inspection institution must successfully pass a tes