heavy duty mud pump free sample

DAE Pumps dredging equipment is ideal for a variety of applications, including dredging dams, ports, marinas, rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, and more. Ensuring water quality and capacity are essential in hydroelectric and water supply dams, making DAE Pumps dredge pumps perfect for removing excess sand and silt. Clearing sediment and contaminates from riverbeds, channels, canals, and oceans help restore safe navigation and shoreline formations, and dredging lakes and ponds clean and remove contaminants and tailing. As ocean currents move sediments, the seafloor slowly rises, lowering the depth of marinas and ports. Dredging ensures safe access for boats and other water vessels.

Centrifugal pumps from DAE Pumps are perfectly suited for demanding process applications. Their heavy-duty construction ensures long-lasting performance in rugged conditions. The DAE Pumps knowledge and experience building top-of-the-line pumps make our centrifugal process pumps ideal in many markets and applications.

The durable DAE Pumps centrifugal pumps provide a proven ability to handle a variety of applications in the water and wastewater industries. These reliable instruments are perfect solutions for pumping chemicals used to treat water, irrigation, fountains, and much more.

For help selecting the most efficient pump for your project, call us at (760) 821-8112 or submit a request. Find the right pump size, volume, speed that you need. Get a FREE custom pump curve to ensure the right pump.

The motor or engine on a pump is as important as the pump itself. It is the driving force that makes the pump go. DAE Pumps offer a variety of motor choices: electric, diesel, and hydraulic.

Frames and skids hold the pump and motor together to make a complete unit. The frame provides stability for the placement of the pump and motor with the intent of a permanent install or seldom movement. The DAE Pumps trailer brings mobility to centrifugal slurry pumps. The whole unit, skid included, is mounted onto a trailer for mobile accessibility. Many industries use centrifugal pumps for performing multiple applications, and they move from one location to another quite frequently. The trailer provides a tremendous advantage of being on wheels.

Centrifugal pumps come in many shapes and sizes. There are two main parts to a centrifugal pump; the pump and the motor/engine. The electric motor or a diesel engine converts the energy it creates into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy drives the pump and moves the water. The centrifugal slurry pumps pull water and other materials in through the inlet and pushes it out through the outlet/discharge.

The electric motor and diesel engine work relatively similarly. A motor consists of a fan and protective casing mounted at the back. Inside the motor is the stator. The stator holds copper coils. Concentric to this is the rotor and shaft. The rotor rotates, and as it spins, so does the pump shaft. The shaft runs the entire length of the motor and into the pump where it connects to the pump’s impeller.

There are a couple of variations to a centrifugal pump. Some models of centrifugal pumps have a separate shaft for the pump and the motor. The connection between the separated shafts is called the coupling. These coupled pumps will contain a bearing house with bearings. The pump shaft then continues into the pump casing. As it enters the casing it passes through a gland, packing, and the stuffing box, which combined to form a seal. The shaft then connects to the impeller. The impeller imparts centrifugal force onto the fluid that makes it to move liquids through a pipe or hose. The impeller is in the pump casing. The casing contains and directs the flow of water as the impeller pulls it in through the suction inlet and pushes it out through the discharge outlet.

At the pump casing, there is a channel for water to flow along, which is called the volute. The volute spirals around the perimeter of the pump casing to the outlet. This channel increases in diameter as it makes its way to the outlet. The shaft passes through the seals and into the pump casing, where it connects to the impeller.

Liquid engulfs the impeller, and when it rotates, the fluid within the impeller also spins and is forced outward to the volute. As the fluid moves outwards, off of the impeller, it creates a region of low pressure that pulls more water in through the suction inlet.  The fluids enter the eye of the impeller and are trapped there between the blades. As the impeller rotates, it imparts kinetic energy or velocity onto the liquid. By the time the liquid reaches the edge of the impeller, it is moving at a very high speed. This high-speed liquid flows into the volute where it hits the wall of a pump casing. This impact converts the velocity into potential energy or pressure. More fluid follows behind this developing a flow.

The thickness of the impeller and the rotational speed affects the volume flow rate of the pump and the diameter of the impeller, and the rotational speed increases the pressure it can produce.

Net Positive Suction Pressure or NPSH is associated with pump suction. At the end of this acronym are two other letters NPSHR and NPSHA. The R is the required NPSH. Each pump tests for this value. At DAE Pumps, we provide a pump operation chart with all our specs. The R-value is a warning or danger point. As the fluid enters the pump and flows into the impeller’s eye, it experiences a lot of energy due to the friction, giving a pressure drop. At certain conditions, the fluids flowing through this section can reach a boiling point. Once this happens, cavitation may occur.

The last letter in NPSHA stands for Available. The net positive suction pressure available depends on the installation of the pump and should be calculated. NPSHA takes into consideration things like insulation types, elevation, liquid temperature, liquid boiling point, much more. Available pressure should always be higher than the required value. For example, if the NPSHA is 12 for the pump requiring an NPSHR of 4 then the pump should be okay. However, a pump that required an NPSHR of 15 than the available NPSH is insufficient, and cavitation will occur.

DAE Pumps provides custom pump curves per the information you provide. Including as much information about the project allow us to best match a pump with your needs, so the centrifugal pump you get is ideal for the project.

Cavitation in pumps is the deterioration of the pump’s metal due to the overheating of water. Cavitation destroys the pump’s impeller and casing that lead to replacing parts and the pump altogether.

Water can turn from a liquid state into steam or gas and boils at around 100 degrees Celsius at sea level. However, at a higher elevation, water boils at a lower temperature because of atmospheric pressure. If this pressure is less than the vapor pressure of the liquid that is pumping, then the water can reach a boiling point. When this happens, cavitation occurs.

During cavitation, air particles within the water expand, and as they reach the boiling point, they collapse in on themselves very rapidly. As they collapse, they start to damage the impeller and pump casing. This damage removes small parts of metal from the surface, and if this keeps occurring, then it will eventually destroy the pump. Therefore, you must ensure the Available pressure is higher than the Required pressure of the pump.

DAE Pumps provides a full spectrum of centrifugal slurry pumps and accessories for completing all your tough dredging projects.We provide turnkey solutions with complete centrifugal slurry pump systems that includeslurry hoses, slurry flow meters, power units,and more.Choose from multiple sizes of slurry hoses for the transferring of materials, wireless flow meters for measuring the flow rate in gallons per minute of liquid, and power units for operation.Parts are always in stock and available for immediate shipping to anywhere in the US and the world.

The DAE Pumps Submersible Slurry Pumps are designed for an extensive range of applications. With their robust designs, submersible slurry pumps move slurry, sand, and other material with ease. Heavy-duty submersible slurry pumps from DAE Pumps are capable of pumping solids up to2112 GPM with as much as 102 HP. DAE Pumps submersible slurry pumps are available in a wide range of models in 3-inch, 4-inch, 6-inch, and 8-inch sizes.

Our non-clogging submersible slurry pumps are the toughest in the industry and have the largest apertures to facilitate the handling of slurry with the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency high chrome agitator lifts up to 2.5-inch settled solids. The robust design uses heavy-duty bearings to withstand shocks and overloads and a double silicon carbide mechanical seal for duty application.

DAE Pumps robust submersible slurry pumps are made to perform. The unique sealing system and modular design make them the most flexible pumps on the market. Easy to use and maintain, these pumps provide the optimum maintenance solution and can be easily fitted at the job site. These heavy-duty submersible slurry pumps offer a motor protection system with a built-in starter and optional automatic level control. The hardened high-chrome impellers and adjustable wear-resistant rubber diffuser feature ensure durability in the toughest environments.

At DAE Pumps, we have a complete range of high-quality submersible slurry pumps made for dewatering and dredging the most abrasive media, like sand, with high solid content in quarries and mining operations. The user-friendly design and easy-to-use submersible sand and slurry pumps are why they are the preferred choice for submersible pumps.

Submersible slurry pumps and submersible sand pumps offer the highest in quality and strength over other submersible pumps. They are capable of moving large amounts of sand and slurry with ease and without clogging. DAE Pumps submersible sand and slurry pumps withstand the abrasive material that passes through them on a consistent basis and provide the power to move the material. The following is to help understand pump specifications for selecting the right submersible slurry pump or sand pump for you. A DAE Pumps representative is also available.

The size of the submersible pump is important when connecting the discharge end. The hose or pipe that connects to the pump should match the discharge or the pump. If fitting an adjustment to the end of the submersible slurry pump, the fitting can only work when goes downward in size, not upward. Typically, the pump size limits the gallons per minute a submersible slurry pump is capable of pumping. The larger the pump size, the more allowable volume, and solids sizes.

The power of the electrical submersible slurry pump is determined by the motor size in horsepower. The more horsepower, the more material it can move (volume), and the higher the head of which it can pump. When moving sand and slurry, it is important to take horsepower into consideration. As sand and slurries can be heavy, this causes friction that slows down the movement of the material. If there is too much friction and the submersible sand pump is not powerful enough to push the sand or slurry, the material will start to settle in the hose or piping, and not deliver to the final destination.

When selecting a submersible slurry or sand pump be sure to understand the volume of the material you are looking to move. Submersible pump specifications are typically based on pumping water. When pumping sand, slurry, and other solids, DAE Pumps industrial slurry pumps move between 15% to 30% solids.  Therefore, the remaining 70% to 85% is water.  While a 100 GPM sand pump can process about 15% material, thus 15 GPM of sand, a 100 GPM slurry pump can process about 30% material, thus 30 GPM of slurry. This all varies depending on how aggressive the operator is with the pump. Ensuring the correct power of a sand pump is essential for delivering sand the distance needed because sand is heavy and settles. Not enough power will leave sand in the hose and backup. Knowing the liquid viscosity is important for ensuring proper pumping. Ask DAE Pumps for assistance with a viscosity test to ensure accurate pump selection.

In addition to the amount of material you pump, you want to make sure there is a consistent inflow of water or fluid replacing liquid and material that is being pumped out for the proper operation. Lack of fluid is never good for submersible pumps.

Here are a couple of equations and examples to help figure out how much material a submersible slurry pump can move and approximately how long it will take to move your material.

The head is the height at which the pump can raise water. The weight of a gallon of water at room temperature is 8.33 lbs. If all that is being pumped is room temperature water, the height a submersible slurry pump could pump that water is the max head stated on the pump specifications. However, submersible slurry pumps and submersible sand pumps are pumping more than just room-temperature water. They are pumping sand, silt, rocks, mud, debris, and other types of slurries. These slurries have a different weight that is more than the weight of water. Thus, the head of a pump that is pumping slurries and sand is going to be less than the stated head on a pump.

The size of solids is that can pass through a submersible slurry pump are typically determined by the allowable area between the pump’s impeller and the volute. Submersible pumps are designed with more or less separation for the type of material they are intended to handle. Those with more separation are submersible slurry pumps because they can process larger materials. The submersible pump with less separation is a drainage pump that does not move many solids.

Your dewatering needs are our top priority. Our electrical submersible pumps support all your dewatering application needs for drainage, slurry, and sludge. Visit our dewatering applications section to learn more about various types of dewatering needs.

The non-clogging Miramar Submersible Slurry Pumps are the toughest and have the largest apertures to facilitate the handling of slurry with the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency high chrome agitator lifts settled solids up to 2.5-inches. The robust design uses heavy-duty bearings to withstand shocks and overloads and a double silicon carbide mechanical seal for duty application. The Miramar Slurry Pumps offer 3-inch, 4-inch, and 6-inch models, with the ability to move up to 2112 GPM.

DAE Pumps Miramar L430 Submersible Slurry Pumps are built to move abrasive materials with solids up to 0.8-inches. With a 3-inch discharge, these slurry pumps process material at 247 GPM up to 47-feet via a 5 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

The low-cost DAE Pumps Tampa 337 provides ideal suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 3-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 337 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 343 GPM and with 5 HP.  Read More…

DAE Pumps Tampa 355 provides reliable suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 3-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 355 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 449 GPM and with 5 HP.  Read More…

The durable and efficient DAE Pumps Tampa 437 provides improved suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 4-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 437 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 476 GPM and with 5 HP.   Read More…

The durable and efficient DAE Pumps Tampa 437 provides improved suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 4-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 437 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 476 GPM and with 5 HP.   Read More…

3The Lansing 340 submersible slurry pump is solid and easy to move slurry, water, or any other material. DAE Pumps’ heavy-duty, submersible slurry pumps can handle up to 2112 GPM solids. They also have a maximum power output of 102 horsepower. DAE Pumps Submersible Drainage Pumps are available in many sizes, including3-inch,4-inch,6-inch, and8-inch.

The Lansing 340 submersible slurry pump has a 4kW or 5.5HP, and it is non-clogging and can handle the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency, high chrome agitator, is capable of lifting 2.5-inch solids. For duty use, the sturdy design incorporates heavy-duty bearings for shocks and overloads.

The rugged DAE Pumps Miramar L540 Submersible Slurry Pumps process abrasive materials with solids up to 1-inch. These durable slurry pumps with 4-inch discharge move material at 308 GPM up to 57-feet via a 7 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

DAE Pumps Tampa 455 provides greater suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 4-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 455 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 594 GPM and with 7.5 HP.  Read More…

4The Lansing 460 submersible slurry pump is solid and easy to move slurry, water, or any other material. DAE Pumps’ heavy-duty, submersible slurry pumps can handle up to 2112 GPM solids. They also have a maximum power output of 102 horsepower. DAE Pumps Submersible Drainage Pumps are available in many sizes, including3-inch,4-inch,6-inch, and8-inch.

The Lansing 60 submersible slurry pump has a 6kW or 8HP, and it is non-clogging and can handle the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency, high chrome agitator, is capable of lifting 2.5-inch solids. For duty use, the sturdy design incorporates heavy-duty bearings for shocks and overloads.

The reliable DAE Pumps Tampa 475 provides increased suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 4-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 475 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 655 GPM and with 10 HP.   Read More…

Offering the same high-quality, the DAE Pumps Miramar L640 Submersible Slurry Pumps move abrasive materials with solids up to 1-inch. With a 4-inch discharge, these heavy-duty slurry pumps process material at 440 GPM up to 75-feet via a 12 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

The heavy-duty DAE Pumps Miramar L740 Submersible Slurry Pumps transfer abrasive materials with solids up to 1-inch. With a 4-inch discharge, the Miramar L740 slurry pumps move material at 616 GPM up to 85-feet via a 15 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

The efficient DAE Pumps Tampa 4110 provides enhanced suction and movement of solids up to 1-inch through a 4-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 4110 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 819 GPM and with 15 HP.   Read More…

DAE Pumps Miramar L840 Submersible Slurry Pumps move abrasive materials with solids up to 1-inch. With a 4-inch discharge, these reliable slurry pumps process material at 660 GPM up to 98-feet via a 20 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

DAE Pumps Galveston 3304 pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 1.5-inches with a 4-inch discharge. The Galveston 3304 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 792 GPM and with 30 HP.  Read More…

The high power 4-inch DAE Pumps Miramar L940 Submersible Slurry Pumps move abrasive materials with solids up to 1.5-inches. These 4-inch discharge submersible slurry pumps move liquids and solids at 880 GPM up to 171-feet via a 50 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

The DAE Pumps Tampa 6110 provides high suction and movement of solids up to 1.4-inches through a 6-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 6110 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 977 GPM and with 15 HP.  Read More…

The Lansing 690 submersible slurry pump is solid and easy to move slurry, water, or any other material. DAE Pumps’ heavy-duty, submersible slurry pumps can handle up to 2112 GPM solids. They also have a maximum power output of 102 horsepower. DAE Pumps Submersible Drainage Pumps are available in many sizes, including3-inch,4-inch,6-inch, and8-inch.

The Lansing 690 submersible slurry pump has a 9kW or 12HP, and it is non-clogging and can handle the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency, high chrome agitator, is capable of lifting 2.5-inch solids. For duty use, the sturdy design incorporates heavy-duty bearings for shocks and overloads.

DAE Pumps Tampa 6150 provides enhanced suction and movement of solids up to 1.4-inches through a 6-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 6150 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 1136 GPM and with 20 HP.  Read More…

The highly efficient DAE Pumps Tampa 6150-L provides even greater suction and movement of solids up to 1.4-inches through a 6-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 6150-L submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 1453 GPM and with 20 HP.  Read More…

DAE Pumps Tampa 6220 provides ideal suction and movement of solids up to 1.2-inches through a 6-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 6220 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 1268 GPM and with 30 HP.  Read More…

DAE Pumps Galveston 3306 pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 2.5-inches with a 6-inch discharge. The Galveston 3306 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 1848 GPM and with 30 HP.   Read More…

DAE Pumps Galveston 3506 pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 1.5-inches with a 6-inch discharge. The Galveston 3506 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 2112 GPM and with 50 HP.   Read More…

DAE Pumps Galveston 3506-H pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 1.5-inches with a 6-inch discharge. The Galveston 3506-H submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 1848 GPM and with 50 HP.   Read More…

DAE Pumps Miramar L1060 Submersible Slurry Pumps are built to move abrasive materials with solids up to 2.5-inches. With a 6-inch discharge, these slurry pumps process material at 1320 GPM up to 108-feet via a 60 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

DAE Pumps Galveston 3756 pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 1.5-inches with a 6-inch discharge. The Galveston 3756 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 2112 GPM and with 75 HP.  Read More…

DAE Pumps Miramar L1160 Submersible Slurry Pumps offer the ultimate performance in slurry pumping. This top-of-the-line pump easily handles the most abrasive materials with solids up to 2.5-inches. This heavy-duty slurry pump with a 6-inch discharge transfers material at 2112 GPM up to 174-feet via a 101 HP motor.  This 60Hz pump is available in 460V.

The Lansing 8150 submersible slurry pump is solid and easy to move slurry, water, or any other material. DAE Pumps’ heavy-duty, submersible slurry pumps can handle up to 2112 GPM solids. They also have a maximum power output of 102 horsepower. DAE Pumps Submersible Drainage Pumps are available in many sizes, including3-inch,4-inch,6-inch, and8-inch.

The Lansing 8150 submersible slurry pump has a 15kW or 20HP, and it is non-clogging and can handle the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency, high chrome agitator, is capable of lifting 2.5-inch solids. For duty use, the sturdy design incorporates heavy-duty bearings for shocks and overloads.

The reliable DAE Pumps Tampa 8220 provides the highest suction and movement of solids up to 1.4-inches through an 8-inch discharge. The ergonomic Tampa 8220 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 1664 GPM and with 30 HP.  Read More…

DAE Pumps Galveston 3508 pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 2.5-inches with an 8-inch discharge. The Galveston 3508 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 2112 GPM and with 50 HP.   Read More…

DAE Pumps Galveston 3758 pumps with a combined strainer with a partially open stand and agitator allows for ideal suction and movement of solids up to 2.5-inches with an 8-inch discharge. The Galveston 3758 submersible slurry pumps transfer solids and liquids at a flow rate of up to 2112 GPM and with 75 HP.  Read More…

The Lansing 8220 submersible slurry pump is solid and easy to move slurry, water, or any other material. DAE Pumps’ heavy-duty, submersible slurry pumps can handle up to 2112 GPM solids. They also have a maximum power output of 102 horsepower. DAE Pumps Submersible Drainage Pumps are available in many sizes, including3-inch,4-inch,6-inch, and8-inch.

The Lansing 8220 submersible slurry pump has a 22kW or 30HP, and it is non-clogging and can handle the most challenging solids. The high-efficiency, high chrome agitator, is capable of lifting 2.5-inch solids. For duty use, the sturdy design incorporates heavy-duty bearings for shocks and overloads.

DAE Pumps Miramar Submersible Slurry Pumps are economical equivalent pumps to Atlas Copco dewatering slurry pumps. The Miramar pumps offer the same high-quality material and performance as Atlas Copco WEDA series. Contact us today to find out more about how DAE Pumps can help you with all your dewatering and material moving needs.

A well-placed suction stabilizer can also prevent pump chatter. Pump chatter occurs when energy is exchanged between the quick opening and closing of the reciprocating pump’s valves and the hammer effect from the centrifugal pump. Pump isolation with suction stabilizers is achieved when the charge pumps are isolated from reciprocating pumps and vice versa. The results are a smooth flow of pumped media devoid of agitating energies present in the pumped fluid.

When analyzing a heavy duty sludge pump, there are some tips in the while reading the overview. The heavy-duty, rubber-lined slurry pump is specifically designed to handle large quantities of abrasives and soft solids containing fibrous particles at high flow rates. These pumps are commonly used in the mining, paper, construction, and agricultural industries, it is designed to handle a wide variety of liquids, from manure or bulk animal waste to chemical sludge, sludge, lime, fly ash, gravel, and mineral products. Applications range from transfer to filter press feed and water/steam jet. The inner volute is lined with rubber to reduce the wear rate of the device, and the impeller is covered with rubber to ensure the service life. This slurry pump design has a forward and reverses adjustment feature that adjusts the internal clearance based on bushing wear.

The overview of heavy duty sludge pump is a brief description of how the pump works and what are the components. A pump is a set of mechanical devices that transfer fluid from one part to another by increasing the pressure of the fluid. There are different types of pumps, classified by use and shape, the best known of which are centrifugal pumps, booster pumps, electric pumps, domestic pumps, car washes, etc. it is clarified that each type has a different type according to the number of production heads, power and efficiency, and other advantages and disadvantages, taking into account the needs of users, preparing for it. Design engineers in different industries use different pumps in their designs depending on the required head, type of fluid, project requirements and viscosity, diagrams, economical materials, etc. The sludge pump can be configured with a choice of 4 impeller types:

Vortex Turbine: Used to convey large concentrations of bulk solids at low pressure. Due to the vortex design of the impeller, the area in contact with the fluid is smaller and therefore less efficient. They are required for clog-free pumping of fluids containing abrasive solids.

heavy duty sludge pump plays an important role in water and wastewater treatment plants and pumping stations. By checking the pump reviews, it is easier to choose a proper pump. Ease of maintenance and repair is an important consideration for those responsible for keeping the pump in good working order. Pumping station pumps transport the waste from the source to the treatment plant, from where the pumps are used to move influent, raw water, primary sludge, and secondary sludge, and return activated sludge to the final effluent. Centrifugal pumps are one of the most commonly used pumps in sewage treatment plants and pumping stations. In the past, dry-pit (or non-clogging) solids-handling pumps with flexible drive shafts and premium motors were probably the most popular type of pump for sewage treatment plants and PSs. Today, municipalities are evaluating the advantages of using dry pit pumps over dry pit submersibles and true submersible (wet pit) pumps. There are different opinions as to which is best, as each has its own pros and cons. In the field of sludge pumping, different types of specialized pumps are used, from ejectors to positive displacement pumps, but in practice the most common pumps in the field of sludge pumping are centrifugal pumps. In a mud pump, centrifugal force is used to generate kinetic energy for the mud. To purchase a slurry pump or for the latest slurry pump price, please contact our experts. The material of the mud pump body is often wear-resistant cast iron or wear-resistant metal alloy, and can also be plastic. Slurry pumps are used to move and transport materials containing solid particles. One of the important uses of this pump is using it in mining and transport drilling mud, sometimes these pumps are also called mud transfer pumps.

Since the heavy duty sludge (slurry) pump is often associated with abrasives, some tips are required while dealing with an elastomer or rubber coating. it is used to protect and increase the life of the wear resistance of the parts, so it is also called a pump anti-wear or linear pump. Linear pumps are widely used in the tile and ceramic industry to transport slurries and fluids containing silica and similar industries. Various pumps are used for slurry suction, including special types of pumps such as positive displacement pumps and ejectors; however, the most common slurry pump is the centrifugal pump. In centrifugal slurry pumps, as in clean liquid centrifugal pumps, centrifugal force (generated by the impeller) is used to generate kinetic energy for the slurry. But the similarities between centrifugal slurry pumps and clean liquid centrifugal pumps don"t end there. When selecting a centrifugal slurry pump, considerations related to the size and dimensions of the impeller and the type of design of the impeller passages through which the solids pass, good shaft sealing, and Optimal selection of long life materials should be taken into account. Engineers consider the placement of parts that come in contact with the pump fluid. Wetted parts may be subject to abrasion or chemical corrosion. In order to achieve low working speed, the size of the slurry pump is larger than that of the clean water pump. This results in reduced fluid velocity in the pump and minimal wear rates. Axial bearings are becoming stronger in mud pumps and are generally designed for heavy-duty applications. Slurry pumps are widely used in the mining industry and factories mainly use wet separation systems, which often convey large volumes of slurry in their processes. Slurry pumps are also widely used to process fossil fuel residues in power plants.

there are different types of heavy duty sludge pump based on the construction and purpose of use. The slurry pump is divided into two categories: centrifugal pump and peristaltic pump. The most common slurry pump is a centrifugal pump which uses the centrifugal force generated by the propeller to make the slurry flow.

This type of pump is the most common and works based on the centrifugal force created by the impeller of the pump. There are three types of centrifugal slurry pumps: horizontal, vertical and hose slurry pumps, which are mainly used to transport high concentration fluids.

This type of pump has a structure to deliver liquids that require sterile conditions due to their contact with the inside of the tube. Using these pumps is a suitable choice for conveying abrasive laden fluids and shear stress sensitive fluids, and they are also easy to service and maintain. One of the main characteristics of peristalsis is the absence of sealing parts.

The symptoms of an overhaul in period services will show in the construction of submersible sludge pumps making them suitable for use in demanding applications such as those found in the mining, construction, and tunneling industries, as well as other fields that require high levels of performance. The operation of these pumps is intended to be completely uncontrolled at all times. Their dependability and productivity have been demonstrated in a wide variety of fields, such as civil and structural engineering, mining, tunneling, quarrying, industry, and even car wash systems and rental businesses. One point that you can be definite of is that you need a high-pressure slurry pump in order to transfer oil slurries, biowastes, sewage, sludge, or lime sludge. This is something that you can be certain of. Our variety of slurry pumps are able to manage viscous fluids that include solids successfully, and they have been hard at work for a number of years to provide clog-free solutions for applications that include the transfer of slurry. Although not all bomb designs will be successful, this is an area in which we can assist you. You have come to the exact right place if you are seeking a slurry pump with a heavy-duty motor to move waste slurry. Our professional sales engineers are able to assist you in selecting a solution that meets the demands of your organization. This heavy-duty, rubber-lined slurry pump can handle abrasives, fines, and viscous particles at high flow rates. Mining, paper, construction, and agricultural sectors utilize them to treat manure, bulk animal product waste, chemical sludge, clay, lime, fly ash, gravel, and mineral products. These units treat manure and animal waste. Applications include conveying, filtering pressure feeds, and purging with water jets or steam.

When a slurry pump is overhauled, its status reverts to a "New Heavy-Duty Pump". The replacement of all bearings and seals is an industry norm. Conduct a check on the mechanical seal, and then either repair or restore it as necessary. This typically comprises the replacement of bushings and shafts, as well as the recreation of notch spells and the restoration of impeller clearance. Work that must be done on any component, such as repairing the pump casing or the impeller, can be done inside the pump. The goal of repair work is frequently to rectify a particular issue, such as damaged shafts or failed seals, as an example. The following steps are included in our process of repair and refurbishment:

From standard peps or fan motor rebuilds to complete rewinds and refurbishments of large well pumps and motor systems, our diverse presence across all OEMs allows customers to benefit from greater efficiencies by hiring a single vendor to service their full range of equipment and greater cost control. Continuous condition monitoring and vibration analysis are also provided to help plan maintenance activities and reduce unexpected failures.

For the maintenance and service of the heavy-duty sludge pumps, it is necessary for the deck department as well as the engine department to be familiar with the operation and maintenance procedures for this equipment. This article will provide you with fundamental knowledge on how to operate a centrifugal pump smoothly and how to do maintenance and repairs on it. Someone could wonder why I brought up the deck department in the previous sentence. Deck department operators need to have this knowledge because, in order to operate equipment safely and effectively, it is necessary to have at least fundamental familiarity with the machinery being operated, if not professional-level expertise. Having this knowledge will not only get you ready to operate the equipment in the correct manner, but it will also provide you with the confidence to direct or comprehend the behavior of the machine. The majority of the time, disagreements between the deck crew and the engine department arise only because the machinery is not being used properly.

Popular heavy-duty machinery known as a sludge pump is one that boosts the power of fluids and solids that the application of centrifugal force has combined without any overhaul symptoms. It finds primary application in a variety of industries, including metallurgy, building, and mining, among others. The slurry pump, which is a common and valuable auxiliary equipment, may experience several typical issues while it is being used. These issues may include unstable flow, cavitation, seal failure, and other similar issues, which may cause the slurry pump to leak. This problem will still occur after a period of the normal restart, typically as a result of sludge accumulation or other debris in the suction pipeline, even if the slurry pump has normally been operating for a period of time after it has been started, but the current gradually decreases and the flow is obviously insufficient.

After the heavy-duty pump has been assembled, the performance of the sludge pump is next tested by the pump manufacturer to ensure that the pump satisfies the required standards that are outlined in the pump data sheet and in any other procurement documents. After the completion of the hydrostatic casing test, the impeller and rotor dynamic balancing, and the inspection of the casing, the performance test is carried out. After the performance testing is complete, the next steps are the NPSH testing, the machining testing, and finally the final inspection. Testing for vibration is performed in conjunction with testing for performance and testing for machining. In addition to this, you might wish to look at the standard processes for inspecting and testing centrifugal pumps. Let"s have a look at a performance testing scenario. Visit the facility of a pump manufacturer to watch a performance test conducted on a centrifugal pump. This is the point at which an ITP pump is stopped. The pump manufacturer provides the following performance curves once the performance test of the centrifugal pump has been completed. In order to distinguish whether or not the pump has successfully completed the performance evaluation, you will need to compare this curve to the parameters listed on the data sheet. Let"s begin with the vertex capacitance curve. To begin, we will draw a vertical line at 238.5 (on the horizontal axis), which will cross the vertex capacitance curve. Next, we will draw a horizontal line from the intersection, which will cross the vertical axis at 2640. Finally, we will draw a vertical line from the intersection, which will cross the horizontal axis at 238.5 m3/h. The measured vertex is equal to 2640 meters.

The cause of failure in heavy-duty pumps determines whether sludge pump repair will be simple or challenging. There are a wide variety of possibilities as to why the pump is not working. When a septic pump breaks down, one of the most common reasons is that it has been clogged with dirt or grease in the septic tank over time. This can happen for a number of reasons. A pump that is blocked will become inoperable. The majority of people who own rural houses are aware that they should only flush toilet paper and nothing else down the toilet. Guests are sometimes ignorant of this fact, and as a result, they wash off feminine hygiene products, "disposable" wipes, wraps, and other debris that can cause major damage to the sump pump. It is probable that the fault is not with the pump itself but rather with the sensor, depending on the task at hand. It"s possible that the eject buttons, which inform the pump when to turn on and off, are defective, blocked, or moved in some manner. Alternatively, they could just be in the wrong spot. In the end, it"s possible that the issue is not a mechanical one but rather an electrical one. This may indicate that the power supply to your pump is inadequate for some reason, the nature of which is open to interpretation. First, switch off the pump"s electricity to avoid electrocuting it. After that, investigate the problem"s cause. As we"ve said, fixing the pump is easy. If one of your sump pump float controls is obstructed by dirt, reset it. The pump can disassemble and clean itself if clogged with grease or dirt, but most bombs are hefty, and disassembly is tough and complicated. After turning off the electricity, the pump must be removed from the tank. Clean the fan with water to remove debris.

When the sludge pump begins a heavy-duty, but only runs briefly or is overly has noise, there are a few things to examine. Always be cautious when testing components within an electrical system, and cut off the power at the circuit breaker. Contact a specialist if you are unsure if you can do any of these tests safely. There is a list of things that should be examined when a pump that has been running suddenly stops.

When the pump motor trips due to overload, let the pump cool for five to ten minutes before reconnecting it. If the overload happens again, take corrective action. Have an electrician or someone from your power company check and fix the voltage on the branch circuit.

Problems with the motor, such as open motor windings, malfunctions caused by thermal overload, power wires that are disconnected or broken, defective centrifugal switches or relays, or moisture affecting the pump Remove the pump, turn off the power, and turn the rated voltages on and off. essential for control. If it does not function, you should either return it or get a new pump.

The pump entrance plate or housing is scrubbed by the impeller; the power must be turned off, and the pump must be removed from the tank while careful attention is paid to the free movement of the impeller and the shaft. repair or replacement of the pump.

Pump or motor bearings that have become worn or defective: Turn off the power, take the pump out of the tank, make sure the impeller and shaft have enough space to spin freely and think about replacing the bearings in the pump.

Mud Pumps come in both electric and gas / diesel engine drive along with air motors. Most of these pumps for mud, trash and sludge or other high solids content liquid dewatering, honey wagon and pumper trucks. Slurry and mud pumps are often diaphragm type pumps but also include centrifugal trash and submersible non-clog styles.

WARNING: Do not use in explosive atmosphere or for pumping volatile flammable liquids. Do not throttle or restrict the discharge. Recommend short lengths of discharge hose since a diaphragm mud pump is a positive displacement type and they are not built with relief valves.

When choosing a size and type of mud pump for your drilling project, there are several factors to consider. These would include not only cost and size of pump that best fits your drilling rig, but also the diameter, depth and hole conditions you are drilling through. I know that this sounds like a lot to consider, but if you are set up the right way before the job starts, you will thank me later.

Recommended practice is to maintain a minimum of 100 to 150 feet per minute of uphole velocity for drill cuttings. Larger diameter wells for irrigation, agriculture or municipalities may violate this rule, because it may not be economically feasible to pump this much mud for the job. Uphole velocity is determined by the flow rate of the mud system, diameter of the borehole and the diameter of the drill pipe. There are many tools, including handbooks, rule of thumb, slide rule calculators and now apps on your handheld device, to calculate velocity. It is always good to remember the time it takes to get the cuttings off the bottom of the well. If you are drilling at 200 feet, then a 100-foot-per-minute velocity means that it would take two minutes to get the cuttings out of the hole. This is always a good reminder of what you are drilling through and how long ago it was that you drilled it. Ground conditions and rock formations are ever changing as you go deeper. Wouldn’t it be nice if they all remained the same?

Centrifugal-style mud pumps are very popular in our industry due to their size and weight, as well as flow rate capacity for an affordable price. There are many models and brands out there, and most of them are very good value. How does a centrifugal mud pump work? The rotation of the impeller accelerates the fluid into the volute or diffuser chamber. The added energy from the acceleration increases the velocity and pressure of the fluid. These pumps are known to be very inefficient. This means that it takes more energy to increase the flow and pressure of the fluid when compared to a piston-style pump. However, you have a significant advantage in flow rates from a centrifugal pump versus a piston pump. If you are drilling deeper wells with heavier cuttings, you will be forced at some point to use a piston-style mud pump. They have much higher efficiencies in transferring the input energy into flow and pressure, therefore resulting in much higher pressure capabilities.

Piston-style mud pumps utilize a piston or plunger that travels back and forth in a chamber known as a cylinder. These pumps are also called “positive displacement” pumps because they literally push the fluid forward. This fluid builds up pressure and forces a spring-loaded valve to open and allow the fluid to escape into the discharge piping of the pump and then down the borehole. Since the expansion process is much smaller (almost insignificant) compared to a centrifugal pump, there is much lower energy loss. Plunger-style pumps can develop upwards of 15,000 psi for well treatments and hydraulic fracturing. Centrifugal pumps, in comparison, usually operate below 300 psi. If you are comparing most drilling pumps, centrifugal pumps operate from 60 to 125 psi and piston pumps operate around 150 to 300 psi. There are many exceptions and special applications for drilling, but these numbers should cover 80 percent of all equipment operating out there.

The restriction of putting a piston-style mud pump onto drilling rigs has always been the physical size and weight to provide adequate flow and pressure to your drilling fluid. Because of this, the industry needed a new solution to this age-old issue.

As the senior design engineer for Ingersoll-Rand’s Deephole Drilling Business Unit, I had the distinct pleasure of working with him and incorporating his Centerline Mud Pump into our drilling rig platforms.

In the late ’90s — and perhaps even earlier —  Ingersoll-Rand had tried several times to develop a hydraulic-driven mud pump that would last an acceptable life- and duty-cycle for a well drilling contractor. With all of our resources and design wisdom, we were unable to solve this problem. Not only did Miller provide a solution, thus saving the size and weight of a typical gear-driven mud pump, he also provided a new offering — a mono-cylinder mud pump. This double-acting piston pump provided as much mud flow and pressure as a standard 5 X 6 duplex pump with incredible size and weight savings.

The true innovation was providing the well driller a solution for their mud pump requirements that was the right size and weight to integrate into both existing and new drilling rigs. Regardless of drill rig manufacturer and hydraulic system design, Centerline has provided a mud pump integration on hundreds of customer’s drilling rigs. Both mono-cylinder and duplex-cylinder pumps can fit nicely on the deck, across the frame or even be configured for under-deck mounting. This would not be possible with conventional mud pump designs.

The second generation design for the Centerline Mud Pump is expected later this year, and I believe it will be a true game changer for this industry. It also will open up the application to many other industries that require a heavier-duty cycle for a piston pump application.

Sludge, slurry and sewage—three topics that aren’t a subject of everyday “pleasant” conversations. Any of these words conjures images of yucky goo, germs, and debris. But dealing with these fluids is a fact of life, and you need the right kind ofsubmersible pumpto handle the heavier load.

Having the right pump helps considerably with handling sludge and slurry safely. But with many brands and types of pump on the market, what kind of heavy-duty pump do you need to handle the workload?

Sludge pumps and slurry pumps are often considered interchangeable, but they do have slightly different functions. Both sludge and slurry are fluids with a high percentage of solids, but sludge is softer and thicker. Slurry is thinner and flows through the pipes more easily.

This article explains everything you need to know about sludge and slurry pumps, including the difference between a sludge pump and a slurry pump, and when you might need one.

Sludge has a thick texture that may be very viscous or sticky, making it difficult to pump. However, with a higher percentage of solids, it is more compact and can facilitate the disposal of waste products.

Being easier to pump, slurry is the preferred output where waste needs to be transported in liquid form. Being distributed in a liquid suspension, slurries can make it easier to relocate and dispose of waste products in the mining and construction industries.

Both sludge and slurry are mixtures of liquid and pulverised solid waste, but they are not the same. Sludge has a heavier consistency, like thick mud, while slurry is thinner and less viscous.

The main difference between sludge and slurry is the texture, rather than the composition of the fluid. Both slurry and sludge contain solids such as sand, mud, metals, sediments, and other particles within the liquid. They may be organic (like sewage) or non-organic.

Sludge is a thick and viscous fluid, and may be sticky, while slurry is thinner and flows more easily. This means that pumping requirements can vary significantly between these two fluids, and is also influenced by the type of particles found in the material.

The purpose of the sludge pump is to move sludge through sewer lines or other systems. Sludge can be heavy and often abrasive and corrosive; therefore, these pumps need to be high-powered. The heavier the sludge, the more horsepower that is required.

Centrifugal pumpsare commonly used thanks to their ability to pump effluent reliably. A centrifugal pump consists of a rotating impeller that converts electrical energy from the motor into kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is then converted to pressure, which creates the flow of the sludge through the pump.

These pumps can handle particles up to the size of sand, and flow rates can go as high as thousands of litres per second. However, these pumps cannot generate pressures higher than 1000 psi.

Positive displacement pumps work differently. While centrifugal pumps use continuous energy to increase the sludge flow, positive displacement pumps work by intermittently adding energy to increase pressure. They can generate more pressure than centrifugal pumps, but their flow rate can only go up to nine hundred and fifty litres per second.

There are two designs for the positive displacement pumps: either reciprocating (such as the plunger and piston design) or rotary (progressing-cavity pumps and rotary vane vacuum pumps being examples).

Slurry pumps are the type of pumps that are appropriate for pumping slurry. Choosing the suitable pump will depend on the size and types of solids in the slurry liquid and how corrosive the slurry mixture is. The larger and more corrosive the slurry is, the more heavy-duty the pumps would need to be.

Centrifugal pumpsare mainly used for slurry at concentrations less than seventy percent solid by weight; and come in various appearances, such as horizontal, submersible, and vertical.

Positive displacement slurry pumps are more limited when it comes to capacity, but they are better for pumping slurry with higher concentrations of solid material.

Centrifugal pumps, such asBianco Vulcan centrifugal pumpare above ground pumps that can be added to existing pump lines to add more power and suction force to the set up. In comparison,submersible drainage pumpssuch as theNova submersible pumpare powerful pumps ideal for removing water from an area, either on a daily basis or in case of emergencies.

Positive displacement slurry pumps are more limited when it comes to capacity, but they are better for pumping slurry with higher concentrations of solid material.

Water pumps differ from slurry or sludge pumps. The viscosity and composition of these fluids mean they need much higher pressure and hydraulic capacity than water pumps. Finally, water pumps cannot withstand potential chemical corrosion and particle abrasion.

Sludge and slurry both contain solid particles, including (but not limited to) sand, gravel, and metals; the difference lies in their consistency. Furthermore, while the liquid in sludge and slurry can indeed be water, it can also contain other types of liquid such as petroleum and various acids.Due to the difference in viscosity and composition of slurry and sludge, installing and using the correct type of pump is imperative.For pumping slurries, a centrifugal pump or heavy-duty drainage pump is used.For pumping sludges, positive displacement pumps such as diaphragm pumps, lobe pumps, and Moyno pumps are best.

A sludge or slurry pump can be used to pump out sewage from sewage lines. The most common type of pumps used for sewage are centrifugal pumps. These pumps can effectively push sewage and can be installed in pits and sumps.

Due to their higher starting costs and complex maintenance, reciprocating pumps are less common than centrifugal pumps. Reciprocating pumps are used in specialised cases when a larger-than-normal quantity of sewage needs to be pumped.

If you are dealing with a small amount of sewage that doesn’t justify the need to construct a pumping station, you can use air pressure pumps or pneumatic ejectors. Unlike other pumps with spinning impellers or pistons, these pumps use compressed air to move sewage. These small-capacity pumps are quieter, have fewer moving parts, and develop blockages less frequently. However, they are the least efficient among the pumping options available.

Because there are several conditions where a slurry pump or a sludge pump is called for, there are three types of installations to consider: dry installation, semi-dry installation or wet installation, which involves fully submerging the pump.

First is a dry installation where the bearings and the pump drive are kept out of the sludge or slurry. The wet end—which may include the impeller, suction liner, shaft sleeve, and shell—is free-standing and out of the way of any liquid. Horizontal slurry pumps are mostly dry installations.

The second method is semi-dry installation. The operator floods the wet end and the bearings but keeps the drive dry. This installation is often used for dredging with horizontal pumps.

The final method is wet installation. Using this method, the slurry pump and drive are fully submerged. Wet installation is often reserved for underwater operations, cement plants, dyeing and printing plants, and similar industries. The pumps used are oftenvertical centrifugal pumpswith semi-open impellers.

A pump is cavitating when the liquid in the pump turns to vapour at low pressure. Cavitation happens when voids (or bubbles) form within the slurry because the pressure rapidly decreases below the vapour pressure.

Sewage ejector pumps can pump high volumes of sewage to a maximum of about230 metres. Septic grinder pumps are better for low volumes but can pump sewage a much longer distance.

The type of pump needed depends on the type of wastewater that needs to be pumped. Centrifugal pumps are good for sludge wastewater with less particulates or solids. Rotary lobe pumps are great for thicker or more viscous fluids. Progressive cavity pumps and the air-operated diaphragm pumps are also suitable for sludge.

While it is possible to pump mud, it’s difficult and complex, so it requires specialised equipment. A reciprocating piston-driven or plunger-driven pump specially made to pump mud is needed for the task, and these can be expensive.

It’s best to have a pump professionally installed by a licensed specialist. Slurry pumps are intricate systems that won’t work correctly if not installed properly. To avoid issues with your slurry pump system, we always recommend getting it professionally installed.

Being supported by an innovative and experienced IT team, we could present technical support on pre-sales & after-sales service for Water Pumps For High Rise Building, Electric Dredge Pump, Dredging Submersible Pump, Heavy Duty Slurry Pump,Submersible Slurry Pump. Our goal is to create Win-win situation with our customers. We believe we will be your best choice. "Reputation First, Customers Foremost. "Waiting for your inquiry. The product will supply to all over the world, such as Europe, America, Australia,Uruguay, Bhutan,Chicago, Belarus.Regarding quality as survival, prestige as guarantee, innovation as motive force, development along with advanced technology, our group hopes to make progress together with you and make untiring efforts for the bright future of this industry.

Triplex plunger-type mud pumps feature a reciprocating, positive displacement pump design utilizing three plungers to safely transfer high-viscosity fluids under high pressure over an extended depth. Although they have many industrial applications, these pumps have become an essential part of oil well drilling rigs where they’re used to provide smooth discharge of mud and debris from oil wells.

In addition to their use in drilling and well service operations, mud pumps are also frequently used to handle corrosive or abrasive fluids, as well as slurries containing relatively large particulates, in applications like commercial car washes, wastewater treatment, cementing, and desalination operations.

DAC Worldwide’s Representative Triplex, Plunger Mud Pump Dissectible (295-418) is an economical, conveniently-sized triplex plunger-type mud pump assembly that teaches learners hands-on maintenance activities commonly required on larger mud pump assemblies used in upstream oilfield production operations.

For example, mud pump assembly is used on well sites maintain downhole backpressure, to lubricate the rotating drill bit, and to help recycle and remove rock debris resulting from drilling activities. These heavy-duty, high-pressure pumps require regular refurbishment, inspection, and repair in the field.

DAC Worldwide’s dissectible mud pump assembly is a realistic sample that’s similar in geometry, design, and operating characteristics to the larger varieties learners will encounter on the job. DAC Worldwide chooses popular name-brand pumps for its dissectibles to ensure industrial and oil and gas training relevancy.

Using the dissectible mud pump, learners will gain hands-on experience with the operating principles, regular maintenance activities, and nomenclature/parts identification at a more convenient scale in the classroom or lab.

Technical training is most effective when learners can gain hands-on practice with industry-standard components they’ll encounter on the job. The Representative Triplex, Plunger Mud Pump Dissectible features a wide variety of common, industrial-quality components to provide learners with a realistic training experience that will build skills that translate easily to the workplace.

The Representative Triplex, Plunger Mud Pump Dissectible is a sturdy unit with a complete triplex, reciprocating, 20+ bhp plunger pump with .75" plunger, 1.5" stroke, and 3" cylinder sleeve. The unit allows for complete disassembly, assembly, and inspection, including removal of plungers, packing, and valves.

The dissectible mud pump comes with a formed-steel, powder-coated baseplate. It can also be mounted on a compatible DAC Worldwide Extended Electromechanical Workstation (903). Each unit comes with the manufacturer’s installation and maintenance manual.