duplex mud pump formula made in china

Rig pump output, normally in volume per stroke, of mud pumps on the rig is  one of important figures that we really need to know because we will use pump out put figures to calculate many parameters such as bottom up strokes,  wash out depth, tracking drilling fluid, etc. In this post, you will learn how to calculate pump out put for triplex pump and duplex pump in bothOilfield and Metric Unit.

BW320 Horizontal three cylinder single action reciprocating plunger pump Type Horizontal three cylinder single action reciprocating plunger pump Travel 110 Cylinder Diameter(mm) 80 60 Pump Speed(min-1) 214 153 109 78 214 153 109 78 Displacement(L/min) 320 230 165 118 180 130 92 66 Pressure(MPa) 4 5 6 8 6 8 9 10 Volumetric Efficiency(%) 90 Total Efficiency(%) 78 Power Needed(kw) 30 Large Belt Nodal Diameter(mm) φ480(C×5) φ480(C×5) Speed Input(r/min) 535 Suction Height(m) 2.5 Suction Pipe Diameter(mm) φ76 Discharging Pipe Diameter(mm) φ51 Dimension(LxWxH)(mm) 1280×855×720 Single Pump(Without Engine and Air Chamber) 1905×1100×1200 Entire Pump( Without Engine and Air Chamber) Weight(kg) 650 Single Pump(Without Engine and Air Chamber) 1000 Entire Pump( Without Engine and Air Chamber) BW160/10 horizontal triplex reciprocating acting Mud pump Name BW-160/10 Type horizontal triplex reciprocating acting Cylinder diameter 70mm Stroke 70mm Speed(r/min) 200 132 83 55 Displacement(l/min) 160 107 67 44 Pressure(Mpa) 2.5 4 6.5 10 Input torque 150N*m output speed 610r/min Power(KW) 11(electric motor) Power(KW) 14.7(diesel engine) Suction pipe diameter 51mm Drain pipe diameter 25mm Weight(Kg) 500(include electric motor) 560(include diesel engine) Dimengsion 1920×830×1000mm BW160 Horizontal type single-cylinder double-acting Mud pump BW250 Horizontal, Three-cylinder single-acting, reciprocal piston pump

Our mud pump is an important part of oil drilling equipment, and mud pumps must be replaced often as parts wear out frequently. Based on this situation, our company focuses on the oil drilling industry and provides a wide range of drilling mud pumps, like the duplex mud pump and triplex mud pump for customers. The following products listed on this page are our drilling mud pumps and pump components, as well as other main oil drilling rigs. If you need other components for oil drilling equipment, please let us know, and we have the raw materials and equipment to make the products our clients demand.

Mud Pump 3NB Series The 3NB series mud pump is designed to have optimized parameters, providing increased stroke and capacity. We reduce the stroke rate reasonably to improve suction capability and extend service life of wearing parts.

Fluid End Module As an important component on the fluid end of mud pump, our Rundong value module is made premium 8620 or 4135 alloy steel with forging, normalizing, rough machining and then quenching and tempering processes. In this way, the interior of the fluid end module will have hardness in the range of HB285 to HB330.

Pump Liner Rundong’s mono-metal liner has its inner bore quenched with the carburized layer thickness as 1.5 to 1.8mm to achieve hardness of 58 to 60 HRC. The liner features high hardness, great corrosion resistance, no deformation and high surface finish.

Piston Assembly Piston is one of the wear parts consumed the most in mud pump for drilling system. Rundong manufactures pistons of various specifications, which can be applied on different drilling pumps, such as F series, 3NB series, P series, PZ series and UNB series.

Piston Rod Our company provides piston rods and extension rods for different mud pumps including F series, 3NB series, QZ series, PZ series, P series, etc.

Pulsation Dampener Rundong provides discharge pulsation dampener assembly, discharge pulsation dampener capsule and suction pulsation dampener capsule and related accessories, which all could be applied on different types of mud pumps such as F series, PZ series and P series, etc.

Safety Valve Our shear safety valve is able to ensure normal operation of the mud pump in conditions with working pressure less than rated value. It comes in flange type and thread type. It features great flexibility in toggling on and off, small pressure-bearing area of the piston attached, easy resetting, good compatibility with most types of mud pumps.

Flanges and Cylinder Parts Rundong provides different flanges and cylinder parts, which include cylinder head, cylinder liner, valve cover, cylinder head flange and cylinder liner flange, etc. Those parts could be applied on various mud pumps, such as F series, 3NB series, PZ series and P series.

Rubber Pump Parts Rundong provides varieties of rubber pump parts including piston rubber cup, valve rubber, seal ring, O-ring, gasket, etc. These rubber parts could be applied on different mud pumps, such as F series, 3NB series, PZ series and P series.

Crosshead and Parts Rundong manufactures crossheads, crosshead pins and crosshead slides for different mud pumps including F series, 3NB series, PZ series and P series. Our crosshead pins are made of premium structural alloy steel through one-piece forging process, while crossheads and crosshead slides are made...

Other Mud Pump Parts Rundong offers drilling rig mud pumps and pump components. There are wide ranges of mud pump parts like bearings, manifolds, cross fittings, pump housings, clamps and others. Besides the components listed on this page, we can provide all of the mud pump components our customers’ demand.

Drilling Hose Our drilling hose is mainly applied in oil drilling and mud transport systems. It is suitable for flexible connection between the top of the drilling riser and the drilling swivel which can move vertically. It makes connection quite easy and isolates vibration very well.

Hydraulic Tools Hydraulic hand pump is the component that converts mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure, which in turn produces force in the cylinder. Hence, it usually acts as hydraulic power source for many industrial machines.

This article will focus on understanding of MWD signal decoding which is transmitted via mud pulse telemetry since this method of transmission is the most widely used commercially in the world.

As a basic idea, one must know that transmitted MWD signal is a wave that travels through a medium. In this case, the medium is mud column inside the drill string to mud pumps. Decoding is about detecting the travelling wave and convert it into data stream to be presented as numerical or graphical display.

The signal is produced by downhole transmitter in the form of positive pulse or negative pulse. It travels up hole through mud channel and received on the surface by pressure sensor. From this sensor, electrical signal is passed to surface computer via electrical cable.

Noise sources are bit, drill string vibration, bottom hole assemblies, signal reflection and mud pumps. Other than the noises, the signal is also dampened by the mud which make the signal becomes weak at the time it reaches the pressure sensor. Depth also weaken the signal strength, the deeper the depth, the weaker the signal detected.

Rock bit may create tri-lobe pattern. This pattern is created by the cones of the bit on the bottom of the hole. While drilling, the bit’s cones ride along this tri-lobe pattern and makes the bit bounce or known as axial vibration. As the bit bounces, back pressure is produced at the bit nozzles and transmitted to surface. The frequency of the noise created by bit bounce correlates with bit RPM. The formula to calculate its frequency is 3*(bit RPM)/60. When the bit bounce frequency match with MWD signal frequency, decoding is affected.

BHA components that have moving mechanical parts such as positive mud motor and agitator create noise at certain frequency. The frequency produced by these assemblies depends on the flow rate and the lobe configuration. The higher the flow rate and the higher the lobe configuration creates higher noise frequency.

Thruster, normally made up above MWD tool, tends to dampen the MWD signal significantly. It has a nozzle to use mud hydraulic power to push its spline mandrel – and then push the BHA components beneath it including the bit – against bottom of the hole. When the MWD signal is passing through the nozzle, the signal loses some of its energy. Weaker signal will then be detected on surface.

The common sources of signal reflection are pipe bending, change in pipe inner diameter or closed valve. These are easily found in pipe manifold on the rig floor. To avoid the signal reflection problem, the pressure sensor must be mounted in a free reflection source area, for example close to mud pumps. The most effective way to solve this problem is using dual pressure sensors method.

Mud pump is positive displacement pump. It uses pistons in triplex or duplex configuration. As the piston pushes the mud out of pump, pressure spikes created. When the piston retracts, the pressure back to idle. The back and forth action of pistons produce pressure fluctuation at the pump outlet.

Pressure fluctuation is dampened by a dampener which is located at the pump outlet. It is a big rounded metal filled with nitrogen gas and separated by a membrane from the mud output. When the piston pushes the mud the nitrogen gas in the dampener will be compressed storing the pressure energy; and when the piston retracts the compressed nitrogen gas in the dampener release the stored energy. So that the output pressure will be stable – no pressure fluctuation.

The dampener needs to be charged by adding nitrogen gas to certain pressure. If the nitrogen pressure is not at the right pressure, either too high or too low, the pump output pressure fluctuation will not be stabilized. This pressure fluctuation may match the MWD frequency signal and hence it disturbs decoding, it is called pump noise.

When the pump noise occurs, one may simply change the flow rate (stroke rate) so that the pump noise frequency fall outside the MWD frequency band – and then apply band pass frequency to the decoder.

The formula to calculate pump noise frequency is 3*(pump stroke rate)/60 for triplex pump and 2*(pump stroke rate)/60 for duplex pump. The rule of thumb to set up dampener pressure charge is a third (1/3) of the working standpipe pressure.

Sometime the MWD signal is not detected at all when making surface test although the MWD tool is working perfectly. This happen whenever the stand pipe pressure is the same with the pump dampener pressure. Reducing or increasing test flow rate to reduce or increase stand pipe pressure helps to overcome the problem.

When the MWD signal wave travels through mud as the transmission medium, the wave loses its energy. In other words, the wave is giving some energy to the mud.

The mud properties that are affecting MWD signal transmission is viscosity and weight. The increasing mud weight means there is more solid material or heavier material in the mud. Sometimes the mud weight increment is directly affecting mud viscosity to become higher. The MWD signal wave interacts with those materials and thus its energy is reduced on its way to surface. The more viscous the mud and the heavier the mud, the weaker the signal detected on surface.

Aerated mud often used in underbalance drilling to keep mud influx into the formation as low as possible. The gas injected into the mud acts as signal dampener as gas bubble is compressible. MWD signal suffers severely in this type of mud.

Proper planning before setting the MWD pulser gap, flow rate and pump dampener pressure based on mud properties information is the key to overcome weak signal.

The further the signal travels, the weaker the signal detected on the surface. The amount of detected signal weakness ratio compare to the original signal strength when it is created at the pulser depends on many factors, for example, mud properties, BHA component, temperature and surface equipment settings.

The piston assembly is one of the main parts of the hydraulic end system of the mud pump, and it is also one of the wearing parts in drilling. The discharge pressure of the mud pump is generated by the piston assembly reciprocating linearly in the piston. The piston assembly is composed of piston core, rubber, circlip, pressure plate and so on. The material of the piston core is 42CrMo, and the material of the piston rubber is nitrile rubber or polyurethane rubber. The products produced by our company comply with API standards, have high tensile strength, chemical resistance and anti-wear properties, long service life, and can be used interchangeably with other pistons produced according to API standards.

The material is polyurethane rubber produced in the United States and Japan, which has excellent oil resistance and wear resistance. The working temperature is not higher than 120C, which is suitable for oil-based muds and working environments with high sand content below 35Mpa.

The piston rod is also called the piston rod, which is the main part connecting the hydraulic end and the power end of the mud pump, and it is also one of the wearing parts. The big end is connected to the power end of the mud pump through a clamp to transmit power, and the small end is equipped with a piston to make reciprocating motion in the cylinder liner to generate pressure. The piston rod is forged from 42CrMo alloy steel, and the strength is increased after heat treatment. The product is numerically processed. The surface treatment is galvanized, nickel-plated, or decorative chromium-plated, which can meet different customer requirements.

Piston rubber is also called piston leather bowl, also known as vere rubber. It is the main component of the hydraulic end system in drilling mud pumps, and it is also one of the most used wearing parts in mud pumps. The piston rubber and valve rubber are rubber vulcanized products. The material of ordinary piston rubber is nitrile rubber. Polyurethane rubber can also be used to increase the working temperature range of rubber. Our company has developed a piston rubber with a unique formula, which can effectively improve the wear resistance and extend the service life compared to ordinary piston rubber.

The piston rubber cup for slurry is used for the piston of the mud pump. There are two types of assembled piston cups and integral pistons. The former is composed of oil-resistant rubber lip and nylon root. It is made of NBR and PU. The working pressure is 19.6 MPa. The working temperature is -20 ~ + 80 C.

The piston mud bowl of the drilling mud pump is composed of a lip and a root. The lip is generally made of NBR rubber or PU, and the root is generally made of nylon, PTFE, and rubber canvas. Tests have proven that pistons made of high-performance rubber-coated canvas have a longer service life.

Water pump 50HZ impeller and 60HZ impeller, its outer diameter is not the same, 60HZ impeller slightly smaller. Because the speed of the impeller of 60HZ is faster, the impeller is a little smaller.Flow rate and speed, impeller diameter into a relationship: Q1/Q2 = n1/n2=D1/D2;Head and speed into two relations: H1/H2 = (n1/n2) 2Motor shaft power and speed into three relations: P1/P2 = (n1/n2) 3From the above deduction, we can know that the motor speed formula is n=60f/p, in which n is motor synchronous speed, and F is supply frequency. P is the pole number of the motor. It is known that the power supply frequency of the motor is proportional to the speed of the f. Therefore, to obtain the same head or flow, high speed, to use a smaller impeller.Q:I have a Miniworks EX Water filter with a ceramic filtering element. It has been used a few times without problem, but I am wondering at what point should I replace my ceramic filter? The replacements are $40 and I can"t find any information regarding replacement times--only cleaning information. Does this filter need to be replaced often?I"ve always pumped from a clear river way up in the mountains and the flow is decent.

Could be months yet if you use good water. A filter is good for at least a thousand liters if you"re careful with it. So long as the flow is good keep going. Mine is two years old, no problems. I put sterilizer through it every so often. Simple stuff, just buy Camden tablets or powder from a home wine making store or a pharmacist. Make up the solution, pump it through the filter and leave it for an hour then put tap water through it if you want. The Camden tablets are used to stop fermentation in wines and beers and to sterilize the bottles before filling. It isn"t rinsed out. Just fill the bottles with the solution, empty them and fill them them with wine or beer. You drink it...it breaks down to harmless sodium sulfate and releases sulfa dioxide which does the sterilizing. Otherwise you can use ordinary household bleach if it"s pure bleach with no perfumes or other bits added. A few drops in a pint of water and put it through the unit just as though you are using it normally. Leave it for an hour then run tap water through it. You can use that pure bleach for sterilizing drinking water too but it"s best for hot drinks, juice concentrates, and for cooking to mask the chlorine taste. Two drops per liter of water is enough, and leave it for an hour before using. I"ve used both methods for over forty years of wild camping on five continents, a long malaria field survey in Malaysia, in deserts and forests and on mountains. Never a problem. We used both methods in the Army too for 500 gallon water trucks with barium sulfate filters. Good for 10 000 gallons before changing the barium sulfate. I was the medic doing lab tests on it. Have a good hike.Q:Standard said that the fire pump should be certified by fire water pump, fire water pump and living water pump what is the difference?In addition to the brand, the same function of the pump, the impact of its price factors? Please advise Master ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ only feel so hard ah

1, fire pump is actually divided into many kinds, such as car, fire hydrant system, spray system, etc., life pump is also, the distinction between them is sometimes difficult to tell the exact. Simply put, the fire pump in its design must meet the corresponding fire requirements, such as pressure, speed, work adaptability, etc., specific requirements can be found in "national standard GB 6245-2006, fire pump Fire, pumps""2, the same function of fire water pump, its price is relatively stable. I personally feel that we must find more manufacturers to understand the reasons for the price difference, and then make a choice.Q:Installed new water pump on 90 Jeep. Noticed antifreeze around the edges of the pump. Took it off, replaced with new gasket and sealer, but it seams to be leaking again.

Take it off again and inspect the metal around the hole it is going in. Make sure there are no gouges or major damage. Besides that have a friend do the seal. I know what I am, doing and sometimes just a different method, or a new set of hands does the trick. That is probably the problem.Q:how can i choose a water pump that is truely on demand as in shuts off when not needed automaticly i purchaced one that claimed it was a quot;demandpump is mine defective or not a true on demand pump?

RV section is probably under cars and transportation, others. On demand pumps are quite common and used in many RV"s.Q:Im having a hell of a time getting the water pumps to work, even when located right next to a water source (i.e. river, lake, ocean, etc). Ive tried various locations and it has never worked for me. ive made sure the game isnt paused and that the pump has power but nothing works. its not as simple to use as the water pumps in the previous sim city games. Can anyone give me a hint? ive been looking everywhere for a definitive answer.

Depends on the version. Older versions of Sim City you just hook up power to it and make sure it is next to a water source. In more recent versions there is a desalination plant if I recall. Put it next to the salt water then it works. Make sure the plant is right next to the water source because if it is even one block away it won"t work. I learned that by mistake. If it is RIGHT NEXT to the water then the source may be too small. You have to try out various combinations depending on the version. One thing though is do not put a regular water plant next to ocean because it won"t work.Q:How large is the starting current for a 1.5 kW submersible pump?

Disconnect lower radiator hose (8286) from the water pump lower tube. Remove the engine mount nuts. Remove the cowl extension panel. Disconnect the water bypass hose and the heater hose from the water pump outlet tube. Remove the water pump outlet tube bolt and position the tube assembly out of the way. Install the lifting eye to the exhaust manifold (9430). Attach engine lifting equipment and raise the engine 127 mm (5 inches). Remove the bolt and the accessory belt idler pulley. Remove the bolts and the generator support bracket. Remove the four bolts and the water pump pulley (8509). Remove the water pump. Remove the five nuts. Remove the five studs. Remove the four bolts. Remove the water pump, lower tube and gasket as an assembly.Q:A circular swimming pool has a diameter of 12 meters. The sides are 3 meters high and the depth of the water is 2.5 meters. How much work is required to pump all of the water over the side?

the quantity of the water interior the trough is, V(h) the place h is the peak of the water interior the trough. The one million/2 perspective on the backside of the trough is B tan B = h /(w/2) the place w is the area around the trough tan B = 4 /(12/2) = 4/6 = 2/3 2/3 = h /(w/2) (w/2) 2/3 = h w = 3 h the component to the bypass-component to the trough A, is then A = h w /2 = h(3h)/2 = 3/2 h^2 the quantity is then V(h) = A * L = (3/2 h^2) 12 = 18 h^2 dV/dt = 36 h dh/dt dh/dt = dV/dt /(36 h) dV/dt = 9 ft^3/min dh/dt = 9 /(36 * 12) = one million/forty 8 ft /minQ:Water pump belongs to power equipment or mechanical equipment?

When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial their resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding theirheads at the same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.

Centrifugal pumps in series are used to overcome larger system head loss than one pump can handle alone. for two identical pumps in series the head will be twice the head of a single pump at the same flow rate - as indicated with point 2.

With a constant flowrate the combined head moves from 1 to 2 - BUTin practice the combined head and flow rate moves along the system curve to point 3. point 3 is where the system operates with both pumps running

When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their resulting performance curve is obtained by adding the pumps flow rates at the same head as indicated in the figure below.

Centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to overcome larger volume flows than one pump can handle alone. for two identical pumps in parallel and the head kept constant - the flow rate doubles compared to a single pump as indicated with point 2

Note! In practice the combined head and volume flow moves along the system curve as indicated from 1 to 3. point 3 is where the system operates with both pumps running

In practice, if one of the pumps in parallel or series stops, the operation point moves along the system resistance curve from point 3 to point 1 - the head and flow rate are decreased.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers and other components of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.

When a pump contains two or more pump mechanisms with fluid being directed to flow through them in series, it is called a multi-stage pump. Terms such as two-stage or double-stage may be used to specifically describe the number of stages. A pump that does not fit this description is simply a single-stage pump in contrast.

In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps have evolved; biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive-displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are three basic types of pumps: positive-displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps. In centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes by ninety degrees as it flows over an impeller, while in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.

Some positive-displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.

Positive-displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal, can theoretically produce the same flow at a given speed (rpm) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive-displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.

A positive-displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive-displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.

A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive-displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually used only as a safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank provides increased safety.

Rotary-type positive displacement: internal or external gear pump, screw pump, lobe pump, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid-ring pumps

Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.

Hollow disk pumps (also known as eccentric disc pumps or Hollow rotary disc pumps), similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a circular housing. As the rotor orbits and rotates to some degree, it traps fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump. It is used for highly viscous fluids like petroleum-derived products, and it can also support high pressures of up to 290 psi.

Vibratory pumps or vibration pumps are similar to linear compressors, having the same operating principle. They work by using a spring-loaded piston with an electromagnet connected to AC current through a diode. The spring-loaded piston is the only moving part, and it is placed in the center of the electromagnet. During the positive cycle of the AC current, the diode allows energy to pass through the electromagnet, generating a magnetic field that moves the piston backwards, compressing the spring, and generating suction. During the negative cycle of the AC current, the diode blocks current flow to the electromagnet, letting the spring uncompress, moving the piston forward, and pumping the fluid and generating pressure, like a reciprocating pump. Due to its low cost, it is widely used in inexpensive espresso machines. However, vibratory pumps cannot be operated for more than one minute, as they generate large amounts of heat. Linear compressors do not have this problem, as they can be cooled by the working fluid (which is often a refrigerant).

Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for suction to take place, the pump must first pull the plunger in an outward motion to decrease pressure in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it will increase the chamber pressure and the inward pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the fluid into the delivery pipe at constant flow rate and increased pressure.

Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.

These positive-displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation and the pump"s volumetric efficiency can be achieved through routine maintenance and inspection of its valves.

This is the simplest form of rotary positive-displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs.

A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump"s casing is minimal.

Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles, a progressing cavity pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core of diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured in a single casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy-duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at low volumes.

Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the fluid trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.

A peristaltic pump is a type of positive-displacement pump. It contains fluid within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws (restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of plungers have the benefit of increased flow, or smoother flow without a pulsation damper. The increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one drawback.

Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampers). In 1968, William Bruggeman reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car washes could use equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high-pressure seals, low-pressure seals and oil seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.

Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours between rebuilds. Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.

The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps called mud pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings back to the surface.

One modern application of positive-displacement pumps is compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air, these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. These pumps are relatively inexpensive and can perform a wide variety of duties, from pumping water out of bunds to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is manufactured – elastomers / body construction). These double-diaphragm pumps can handle viscous fluids and abrasive materials with a gentle pumping process ideal for transporting shear-sensitive media.

Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope pump. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grassroots organizations and the techniques for making and running them have been continuously improved.

Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.

Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone rubber). Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft pump was developed by ETH Zurich.

It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the water started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.

Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the

A practical difference between dynamic and positive-displacement pumps is how they operate under closed valve conditions. Positive-displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive-displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).

Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the centrifugal fan, which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Another type of radial-flow pump is a vortex pump. The liquid in them moves in tangential direction around the working wheel. The conversion from the mechanical energy of motor into the potential energy of flow comes by means of multiple whirls, which are excited by the impeller in the working channel of the pump. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.

These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward to move fluid axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow (centrifugal) pumps. Axial-flow pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If at a low flow rate, the total head rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that the starting torque would have to become a function of acceleration for the whole mass of liquid in the pipe system. If there is a large amount of fluid in the system, accelerate the pump slowly.

Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-flow.

Regenerative turbine pump rotor and housing, 1⁄3 horsepower (0.25 kW). 85 millimetres (3.3 in) diameter impeller rotates counter-clockwise. Left: inlet, right: outlet. .4 millimetres (0.016 in) thick vanes on 4 millimetres (0.16 in) centers

Also known as drag, friction, peripheral, traction, turbulence, or vortex pumps, regenerative turbine pumps are class of rotodynamic pump that operates at high head pressures, typically 4–20 bars (4.1–20.4 kgf/cm2; 58–290 psi).

The pump has an impeller with a number of vanes or paddles which spins in a cavity. The suction port and pressure ports are located at the perimeter of the cavity and are isolated by a barrier called a stripper, which allows only the tip channel (fluid between the blades) to recirculate, and forces any fluid in the side channel (fluid in the cavity outside of the blades) through the pressure port. In a regenerative turbine pump, as fluid spirals repeatedly from a vane into the side channel and back to the next vane, kinetic energy is imparted to the periphery,

As regenerative turbine pumps cannot become vapor locked, they are commonly applied to volatile, hot, or cryogenic fluid transport. However, as tolerances are typically tight, they are vulnerable to solids or particles causing jamming or rapid wear. Efficiency is typically low, and pressure and power consumption typically decrease with flow. Additionally, pumping direction can be reversed by reversing direction of spin.

Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery"s or the Pulsometer steam pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost-effective opportunity.

Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the heart"s valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the development of discernible chambers and valves. Similar to blood circulation in one direction, bird respiratory systems pump air in one direction in rigid lungs, but without any physiological valve. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pumps have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids. Ink jet printers operating on the piezoelectric transducer principle also use valveless pumping. The pump chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flow impedance in that direction and refilled by capillary action.

Examining pump repair records and mean time between failures (MTBF) is of great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. In view of that fact, the preface to the 2006 Pump User"s Handbook alludes to "pump failure" statistics. For the sake of convenience, these failure statistics often are translated into MTBF (in this case, installed life before failure).

In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc.’s chief engineer for field operations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, examined the repair records for a number of refinery and chemical plants to obtain meaningful reliability data for centrifugal pumps. A total of 15 operating plants having nearly 15,000 pumps were included in the survey. The smallest of these plants had about 100 pumps; several plants had over 2000. All facilities were located in the United States. In addition, considered as "new", others as "renewed" and still others as "established". Many of these plants—but not all—had an alliance arrangement with John Crane. In some cases, the alliance contract included having a John Crane Inc. technician or engineer on-site to coordinate various aspects of the program.

Not all plants are refineries, however, and different results occur elsewhere. In chemical plants, pumps have historically been "throw-away" items as chemical attack limits life. Things have improved in recent years, but the somewhat restricted space available in "old" DIN and ASME-standardized stuffing boxes places limits on the type of seal that fits. Unless the pump user upgrades the seal chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions. Without this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally around 50 to 60 percent of the refinery values.

Unscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. Keep in mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much longer between repairs. The MTBF of a better pump may be one to four years longer than that of its non-upgraded counterpart. Consider that published average values of avoided pump failures range from US$2600 to US$12,000. This does not include lost opportunity costs. One pump fire occurs per 1000 failures. Having fewer pump failures means having fewer destructive pump fires.

As has been noted, a typical pump failure, based on actual year 2002 reports, costs US$5,000 on average. This includes costs for material, parts, labor and overhead. Extending a pump"s MTBF from 12 to 18 months would save US$1,667 per year — which might be greater than the cost to upgrade the centrifugal pump"s reliability.

Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.

Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.

Typically, a liquid pump can"t simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping: An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps, the position of the pump should always be lower than the suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary pump should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.

Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the moving parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming. Such pumps can also serve as priming pumps, so-called when they are used to fulfill that need for other pumps in lieu of action taken by a human operator.

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or "pitcher pump". It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped water supplies.

In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe a place or forum where matters of local interest are discussed.

Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician John Snow suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the outbreak then subsided.

Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.

Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump.

A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft that requires two mechanical seals, this pump uses an open-type axial impeller. It is often called a Poseidon pump, and can be described as a cross between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump.

The twin-screw pump is constructed of two inter-meshing screws that move the pumped fluid. Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and fluctuating inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.

These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped fluid is mainly liquid.

A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smooths any fluctuations in the incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.

As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature variations, high and low operating pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The challenge is selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure maximized seal life and its overall effectiveness.

Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, volumetric flow rate, outlet pressure in metres (or feet) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or metres) of head.

From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.

The power imparted into a fluid increases the energy of the fluid per unit volume. Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the pump. In general, this is governed by a series of simultaneous differential equations, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only the different energies in the fluid, known as Bernoulli"s equation can be used. Hence the power, P, required by the pump:

where Δp is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and Q, the volume flow-rate of the fluid is given in m3/s. The total pressure may have gravitational, static pressure and kinetic energy components; i.e. energy is distributed between change in the fluid"s gravitational potential energy (going up or down hill), change in velocity, or change in static pressure. η is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the manufacturer"s information, such as in the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation (i.e. solutions to the Navier–Stokes for the particular pump geometry), or by testing. The efficiency of the pump depends upon the pump"s configuration and operating conditions (such as rotational speed, fluid density and viscosity etc.)

For a typical "pumping" configuration, the work is imparted on the fluid, and is thus positive. For the fluid imparting the work on the pump (i.e. a turbine), the work is negative. Power required to drive the pump is determined by dividing the output power by the pump efficiency. Furthermore, this definition encompasses pumps with no moving parts, such as a siphon.

Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency or Best Efficiency Point (BEP) ) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size).

When a system includes a centrifugal pump, an important design issue is matching the head loss-flow characteristic with the pump so that it operates at or close to the point of its maximum efficiency.

Most large pumps have a minimum flow requirement below which the pump may be damaged by overheating, impeller wear, vibration, seal failure, drive shaft damage or poor performance.

The simplest minimum flow system is a pipe running from the pump discharge line back to the suction line. This line is fitted with an orifice plate sized to allow the pump minimum flow to pass.

A more sophisticated, but more costly, system (see diagram) comprises a flow measuring device (FE) in the pump discharge which provides a signal into a flow controller (FIC) which actuates a flow control valve (FCV) in the recycle line. If the measured flow exceeds the minimum flow then the FCV is closed. If the measured flow falls below the minimum flow the FCV opens to maintain the minimum flowrate.

As the fluids are recycled the kinetic energy of the pump increases the temperature of the fluid. For many pumps this added heat energy is dissipated through the pipework. However, for large industrial pumps, such as oil pipeline pumps, a recycle cooler is provided in the recycle line to cool the fluids to the normal suction temperature.oil refinery, oil terminal, or offshore installation.

Engineering Sciences Data Unit (2007). "Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps. Introduction" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2017-08-18.

Tanzania water Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine blog – example of grassroots researcher telling about his study and work with the rope pump in Africa.

C.M. Schumacher, M. Loepfe, R. Fuhrer, R.N. Grass, and W.J. Stark, "3D printed lost-wax casted soft silicone monoblocks enable heart-inspired pumping by internal combustion," RSC Advances, Vol. 4, pp. 16039–16042, 2014.

"Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps" (PDF). Institution of Diploma Marine Engineers, Bangladesh. June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2017-08-18.

Quail F, Scanlon T, Stickland M (2011-01-11). "Design optimisation of a regenerative pump using numerical and experimental techniques" (PDF). International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow. 21: 95–111. doi:10.1108/09615531111095094. Retrieved 2021-07-21.

Rajmane, M. Satish; Kallurkar, S.P. (May 2015). "CFD Analysis of Domestic Centrifugal Pump for Performance Enhancement". International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 02 / #02. Retrieved 30 April 2021.

Wasser, Goodenberger, Jim and Bob (November 1993). "Extended Life, Zero Emissions Seal for Process Pumps". John Crane Technical Report. Routledge. TRP 28017.

Australian Pump Manufacturers" Association. Australian Pump Technical Handbook, 3rd edition. Canberra: Australian Pump Manufacturers" Association, 1987. ISBN 0-7316-7043-4.