overshot the mark manufacturer

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The modernization of existing melting furnaces pays off quickly: foundry and processor of car parts „Česká zbrojovka“ from Southern Bohemia recently had the opportunity to experience this for itself. In cooperation with StrikoWestofen, the expert for melting and dosing furnaces as well as heat treatment units from Gummersbach in Germany, the renowned company realized a comprehensive modernization project. So, the StrikoMelter shaft melting furnace from 1998 has been put on a par with the state of the art. The results in terms of energy consumption (-20%) and melting performance (+40%) have exceeded the expectations by far. The investment paid off in the first year.

Even after 17 years of use, the foundry Česká zbrojovka from Strakonice in the Czech Republic still saw its StrikoMelter as a reliable partner. Therefore, it was not to be replaced but modernized instead. The company relied on the know-how of the German manufacturer StrikoWestofen here. The main purpose of the project was to increase productivity and energy efficiency in order to reduce principal costs.

The focus here was on the heart of the furnace, the lining: depending on the operational demands and the wear, relining is unavoidable in the system’s lifecycle. The flow guidance and with it the structure of the lining are crucial for the energy efficiency of any melting furnace. This is why StrikoWestofen focuses in particular on the geometry of the lining and the materials used. Relining at Česká zbrojovka was also performed according to the latest technical knowledge and allowed significant energy savings to be realized while increasing the melting performance. So the relining paid for itself within a short time.

To ensure that customers suffer no downtimes during the modernization, StrikoWestofen offers a special service: depending on the requirements, it is possible to lease melting capacities. However, as the downtime was scheduled beforehand, that was not necessary in the case of Česká zbrojovka. In the course of the modernization, the company also decided to retrofit a shaft filling level laser. This allows the charging cycles to be optimized so that the shaft has an optimal filling level at all times. Thereby, the ETAMax principle of integrated heat recovery can unfold its full effect. Through the intelligent utilization of the waste heat in the melting shaft, fuel consumption and metal loss are considerably lower than they are with comparable technologies to be found on the market. At the same time, the experts from StrikoWestofen installed a new charging unit. Besides increasing the operational reliability, this also makes a considerable contribution to the efficiency and performance of the system.

The aim was for the upgrade to reduce the energy consumption to 670 kWh/t. The actual result exceeded the expectations, however: after modernization, an energy consumption of only 520 KWh/t was measured, i.e. only approx. 52 m3 of natural gas per tonne of molten aluminium. Also, it was possible to increase the melting performance by 40% – from one tonne per hour to about 1.4 tonnes. “We didn’t think it was possible. Also, thanks to the smooth handling, we had next to no downtimes and were able to take the furnace back into operation after a short time,” says Petr Havelec, the director of the metallurgy division at Česká zbrojovka. Now the modernized furnace can match the performance of a comparable new installation.

The excitement continued, so that StrikoWestofen is also being consulted now that the second StrikoMelter is to be adapted to meet the latest standards. This is extremely gratifying for Holger Stephan, manager of the Service and Spare Parts division of StrikoWestofen: “We are glad to see more and more aluminum foundries realizing that investments in existing tried-and-tested systems can be worthwhile. If these are made in cooperation with us as the OEM, we are often also able to retrofit our latest developments. Thereby, enormous increases in performance and efficiency are possible. The rising number of inquiries coming in after the completion of individual modernization projects shows us that the word is spreading.”

Modernized StrikoMelter at Česká zbrojovka: put on a par with the state of the art, the melting furnace exceeds all expectations regarding energy efficiency and productivity.

The EU Medical Device Regulation (MDR)has applied since 26 May 2021, significantly extending the legal specifications for the medical technology sector. This EU Regulation comprises 123 articles and 17 attachments amounting to a total of 175 pages. The German amendment act comprises 99 paragraphs, whereas the previous German Medical Products Law (MPG) contained 44 paragraphs.

The MDR represents a huge extra effort for medical product companies, for example, on account of the requisite personnel increases and greater bureaucracy involved. Around half of the companies participating in a survey by the Federal Association of Medical Technology (BVMed) incurred extra financial costs of more than a million euro when implementing the MDR. Accordingly, not only medical experts are warning that patient care is in great danger.

After all, approximately 93% of medical technology companies are small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with fewer than 250 employees. “But if SMEs in particular are forced to relocate all of their development resources to regulation procedures and at the expense of innovation, it is obvious that the MDR has overshot the mark,” claims Dr Meinrad Lugan, CEO BVMed. This also means that development projects and innovations are being postponed or simply relocated to the US market, which is having a negative impact on prosperity.

Having said that, the medical technology sector is a key pillar of the industrial health economy (iGW) in Germany: it stabilises the economy, safeguards jobs, and encourages innovations. More than one-fifth of gross value added by the health economy is accounted for by the iGW. Strictly speaking, the medical technology sector stands directly for €15.5 billion gross value added and 235,000 jobs. When indirect and induced effects are included, the MedTech sector represents 450,000 employees and gross value added of €34 billion. The sector is a key driver of medical progress which entails intensive research efforts. On average, MedTech companies invest approximately 9% of their turnover in research and development. German medical technology is particularly successful on the international market, with exports in 2020 accounting for around 66%.

Since it came into force on 26 May 2021, MedTech companies, doctors and associations are in consensus that the MDR has evolved to become a major regulatory issue. The rules are not yet workable: the number and capacities of notified bodies is still too low. It is difficult to record clinical data on existing products. Innovations have been put on hold and are at risk of being relocated abroad. The issuing of 20,000 certificates by the end of the 2024 “grace period” is time-critical. But there is still no legal basis in place for remote audits and the regulations are not harmonized throughout the EU. There are no derogation procedures for “orphan devices” (niche products). The guidelines of the Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG) are inconsistent and lacking in grace periods. The EUDAMED database (the European database for medical products in which economic players and official authorities are obliged to enter data) is not yet operative.

The German ARD production Plusminus also broadcast a piece in early August in which critical medical representatives voiced how medical care is deteriorating as a result of the new MDR.

The associations representing the medical products industry in Germany, Austria and Switzerland have presented a joint 10-point paper outlining the current problem areas in implementing the MDR while making proposals as to how they can be solved to safeguard the care of patients in the form of both innovative medical products and those which have proven their worth for many years.

Pragmatic solutions need to be found for tried-and-tested existing products in particular, for example, using the “Acceptance of clinical practice” instrument.

For orphan devices, the European Commission should create derogation procedures in Europe in line with the US model of “Humanitarian Device Exemption” and the “Orphan Drug” regulations.

Manufacturers of medical technology face the difficult task of being obliged to subject their products to extensive regulatory qualifications and submit comprehensive documentation prior to launching them onto the market and not just since introduction of the new EU MDR. This takes time and demands considerable know-how, as well as a partner availing of exactly this expertise.

At Actega, for example, there is a fixed contact person for each project who offers the corresponding service and specialist competence in the area of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) materials and supports manufacturers and projects from development through to market launch. Extensive and comprehensive documentation is available for the ProvaMed TPE which guarantee compliance with the MDR as well as permit faster and better project success.

Comprehensive support is important because not only the products themselves but often each individual component also needs to meet complex requirements, such as proof of biocompatibility in line with USP Class VI or ISO 10993-5, for example. Biocompatibility means that the properties of the material used must be biologically compatible and should not display any undesirable interactions with other materials or living tissue.

Apart from the general requirement concerning the use of source materials comprising non-toxic substances, this requirement is subject to additional specification for substances which are carcinogenic, toxic to reproduction, and affecting the endocrinal system. Those manufacturers of medical technology relying on successfully tested, non-cytotoxic TPE synthetic granulates which can make an essential contributiontoward successful qualification are significantly facilitated in terms of tasks relating to conformity. The biocompatible ProvaMed TPEs have already been tested to ISO 10993-5, with outstanding results. And they are free of PVC and plasticisers. The use of TPE materials also helps manufacturers of medical technology to counter the increasing criticism of PVC and plasticisers as well as improve the safety of patients and specialist personnel.

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"Chairman Pitofsky"s timely book teaches us important truths about antitrust. This book convincingly rebuts the Chicago School approach to economics and competition policy while reminding us that the antitrust laws, when effectively applied, are robust tools that enhance competition and benefit consumers. Chairman Pitofsky and the other distinguished contributors provide a badly needed counterpoint to the excesses of Chicago School economic theory that has led to an overly hands-off and lifeless approach to antitrust enforcement in recent years. This excellent volume should be studied by all those who care about competition policy."--Senator Herb Kohl

"Into the grand antitrust debate between Warren Court advocates, on the one hand, and the treatises and court opinions out of the Chicago School tradition, on the other, comes finally a voice of reasoned moderation--or rather a full-throated chorus of such voices. With a clear-eyed regard for the paramount importance of consumer welfare a the central governing principle of antitrust enforcement, this collection of essays deserves to be read carefully by practitioners, academics and politicians--but especially-- and exceedingly carefully--by federal judges all across the country, not least of all by the current justices of the U.S. Supreme Court."--John Shenefield, Former Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust

"When they asserted efficiency as the new benchmark of antitrust, the scholars of Chicago paved the way to very welcome developments. But efficiency is more and more treated as an ideology and therefore it leads to forgetting the facts and restoring presumptions. If avoiding false positives becomes the priority of antitrust, how many real negatives will receive undeserved immunity? The questions raised by this book are no less timely than those raised by those scholars forty years ago and deserve no less attention from practitioners, academics and judges all over the world. I am confident that some copies of it will also be available in the library of the U.S. Supreme Court."--Giuliano Amato, Former Prime Minister of Italy

"This collection of essays--by lawyers and economists, many of whom are former antitrust enforcement officials--will generously reward a close read by anyone who is interested in the current intellectual state of antitrust thinking. As largely a critique of recent legal decisions and of recent enforcement, these essays are likely to form the basis for new directions for antitrust in the coming decade."--Lawrence J. White, Professor of Economics, NYU Stern School of Business

"Taken as a whole, the book makes a forceful argument that the many positive contributions of the Chicago school have been overshadowed by an increasingly conservative laissez faire view of antitrust in the federal agencies and the courts. The results of this change have been an emphasis of theory over empirical evidence and a deliberate choice among confl icting economic theories and evidence, rather than a consensus about that theory and evidence. For me, this was the best and most provocative antitrust book of 2008." --Spencer Weber Waller, Loyola University Chicago, School of Law

The context is a scheme where a company draws customer"s areas of interest for a product (prices, quality, innovation...) and plots its position in each area and the competitors" position.

Our job is the health and safety of your patients. We support you, as a physician, with all means available to us. Our implants and instruments are designed to allow the treating physician to focus fully on his/her work. We make complex interventions simpler and make it child"s play for experts to conduct minor procedures.

We do not believe in any form of compromise when it comes to quality. Being a young company, our quality must be beyond reproach at all times. But what does quality actually mean? We develop and manufacture our products in line with the latest insights into medicine and technology and only use tried and tested materials. Our products are made in Germany and all our sites are certified as per ISO 13485.

But comprehensive quality is more than just an ISO standard. It is present in our development processes, product design, service, logistics, and in our fast response times, as well as in many other aspects of our operations. We have established excellent quality management across the entire value chain with well thought-out and streamlined processes.

Whether it is in the field of electronics, PCB design, theoretical analysis, or in the area of sports, accuracy is the ultimate goal. However, phrases like, “you missed your mark,” or “you overshot your target,” are all too common. In any case, it is never a good thing.

For example, if you are a CFO of a company and the budget for the current fiscal year is 1 billion dollars, and you overshoot it by 50%. Well, you may have an MBA from Harvard, but it no longer stands for Master of Business Administration; now it represents your choices; McDonald"s, Burger King, or Arby’s. Moreover, this is not a slight, but rather a point on the fact that missing your mark can have devastating repercussions on your career path.

Similarly, in the field of electronics, overshoot is the existence of a signal or function surpassing its target or final value. As you can imagine, this is not an acceptable parameter, and a circuit by design is to afford control over such phenomena. In the paragraphs to follow, I will discuss in more detail the subject of overshoot and methods of reducing it as well.

In control theory, signal processing, mathematics, and electronics, overshoot is the manifestation of a function or signal that exceeds its target. It occurs primarily in bandlimited systems, for example, low-pass filters during the step response. Also, ringing often follows the overshoot, and at times, they combine.

Also, in control theory, we refer to overshoot as an output that exceeds its steady-state or final value. Moreover, in a step input, the PO or percentage overshoot is the maximum value minus the step value divided by the step value. Whereas with a unit step, the overshoot is simply the maximum value of the step response minus one.

Overshoot is a reference to the transient values of any parametric measurement that exceeds its steady-state or final value during its transition from one value to another. Moreover, in terms of the application of the term overshoot, it includes the output signals of amplifiers.

Note: Furthermore, there is another parameter that warrants mentioning in the area of control systems, and it is called maximum overshoot. Also, the definition of maximum overshoot is the maximum peak value when measuring a response curve of the desired response of a system.

Overshoot occurs when the transient values exceed the final value. Whereas, undershoot is when they are lower than the final value. Furthermore, within the confines of acceptable limits, a circuit’s design targets the rise time to minimize it while simultaneously containing the distortion of the signal. However, in its purest form, overshoot represents a distortion of a signal.

Also, since a circuit’s design goal is to minimize overshoot, as well as decrease rise times, these two functional tasks often cause conflicts. In other words, if your job requires you always to find the highest quality when making a business purchase, but at the same time, you must always find the overall lowest price.

Moreover, in terms of magnitude, in reference to overshoot, it is dependent on time and the damping. Furthermore, we usually associate overshoot with settling time or the length of time an output requires to reach its steady-state.

In terms of approximation, the term overshoot describes the quality of the approximation. For example, the summation of terms representing a square wave. Such as an expansion in orthogonal polynomials or a Fourier series, the estimation of the function by a condensed number of terms in the series can display undershoot, overshoot, and ringing. Moreover, the more significant the number of terms retained in the series, the less distinct the migration of the estimate from the function it represents.

However, this function of overshoot or ringing of Fourier series and other eigenfunction series that occurs at simple discontinuities; we refer to it as the Gibbs phenomenon. In other words, it is a span in which the amplitude of the signal does not decrease, but at the same time, the oscillations do. Also, a Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function in terms of an infinite sum of sines and cosines. Moreover, its use pertains to the representation of a periodic signal in terms of sine and cosine waves.

Furthermore, with regards to signal processing, overshoot is essentially the point in which the filter output is a higher maximum value than the input, and it is explicitly for the step response. Also, this will frequently yield the relative phenomenon, ringing artifacts. In terms of a definition, ringing artifacts are artifacts that occur in signal processing, that appear as specious signals near the sharp transitions of a signal.

In control systems engineering, there is a subfield of mathematics called control theory. The primary function of control theory is to address the control of continuously operating dynamical systems that exist within machines and in engineered processes. Furthermore, the overall objective is to cultivate a control model for the purpose of controlling such systems through the use of optimized control actions. This, of course, encompasses actions that optimally address these control functions without overshoot or delays, thus ensuring control stability.

Also, a device called the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller is in extensive use as a facilitator of control theory. The PID controller is a versatile feedback compensator that is complex in its functional design, but easy to use. Furthermore, the two most essential characteristics of the PID controller is its ability to be easily understood and its effectiveness.

Moreover, it affords engineers the conceptional understanding of its differentiation and integration functions. This, in turn, makes it easier for them to implement the control system even without an in-depth knowledge of control theory. Although the PID controller’ compensator is simple, it is rather complicated since it can both anticipate future system behavior and capture system history.

When using a PID controller, increasing the proportional gain effectively and proportionally increases the control signal equal to the level of the error. Furthermore, this will cause closed-loop systems to increase reaction since the PID pushes harder for a specified level of error. However, the unwanted side effect of this increase in reaction time is overshoot. Moreover, an additional effect of increasing the proportional gain is the fact that it also tends to reduce the steady-state error, but not entirely.

However, adding the derivative to the controller affords the ability to anticipate errors. Also, in simple proportional control, if the proportional gain is static, the control will only increase if the error increase. Whereas with derivative control, if the error begins sloping upward, the control signal may increase substantially, even with a small error magnitude. Moreover, the ability to anticipate system behavior lends itself to the addition of system damping, and thus decreases overshoot. Overall, the added derivative term does not affect the steady-state error.

Finally, the adding of the integral term to the controller helps to reduce steady-state error. Furthermore, if there happens to be a persistent, steady-state error, the integrator builds and builds, thus increasing the control signal and in turn, driving the error down. However, the side effect of the integral term is that it slows the system because when an error signal changes sign, there is an integrator delay.

Another essential technique is to use damping resistors (snubbing resistor) in series near all driving signal sources with fast rise and fall times. Therefore, any signal reflection that occurs will be abruptly diminished by each pass through the resistor. Generally, these resistors are less than 100 ohms and positioned close to the driving signal source. In summary, this creates a damped circuit so that the signal rises to the proper logic level once without excessive ringing and overshoot.

Overshoot is more often than not, an undesired occurrence, mainly when it results in clipping. However, there are times when it is a desirable occurrence, such as in image sharpening, but for those in the field of PCB design, overshoot resides on the side of undesirable. Moreover, with the increasing competition for space on a finite landscape, approaching the ever-increasing design demands is even more critical. Though, all is not lost, with the proper care and simulation regimen in your design plans, overcoming overshoot and the myriad of other design challenges are but a simulation away

Cadence’s suite of design and analysis tools will have you and your designers and production teams working together to reduce overshoot in all of your PCB designs.Allegro PCB Designer can make it easy for your design to be segmented where signal integrity can be optimized while layout is happening among other production concerns.

HAMBURG (Reuters) - Volkswagen on Wednesday said it regretted how its Voltswagen marketing stunt was perceived, a day after pulling an official statement announcing it as the new name for its U.S. division.

Volkswagen came under criticism on social media for its news release, which it later pulled, with some commentators recalling the company’s diesel emissions scandal and years of misleading customers and regulators.

1 Min ReadThe .38 calibre handgun used by Mark David Chapman to kill John Lennon, December 8, 2005. A bad-tempered French manager of a factory in China overshot the mark at a meeting when he pulled out a pistol and shot the ceiling, state media said on Wednesday. REUTERS/Chip East

BEIJING (Reuters) - A bad-tempered French manager of a factory in China overshot the mark at a meeting when he pulled out a pistol and shot the ceiling, state media said on Wednesday.

The manager, referred to only as Pierre by the China Daily, became enraged over a Chinese woman colleague’s refusal to approve an overtime payment for an assistant, the newspaper said.

“Several employees said the French manager was overbearing and moody and had a very bad temper,” the newspaper said, quoting a reporter for the South Metropolis Daily, who said this was not the first time Pierre had drawn his pistol and fired.

“Any foreigner found in possession of a pistol is liable to be detained and fined, or even deported,” the newspaper quoted a professor with Guangdong Police College as saying.

All TIGERFLOW systems are masterfully engineered, but on occasion, some customers have experienced speed control issues with overshooting and short-cycling. To ensure that your system doesn’t overshoot its setpoint pressure or short-cycle by turning on and off too frequently, use this nifty infographic to fine tune your TIGERFLOW Mark V controller.

For over thirty years, TIGERFLOW Systems LLC is an industry leader in manufacturing engineered packaged pumping systems. Based out of Dallas since 1985, TIGERFLOW was founded to design, manufacture and ship the best packaged system for many different markets like Plumbing, Municipal, Industrial, Fire, Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning and Irrigation.

The major indices ended the week with a thud amid increasing worries that the Federal Reserve will go too far with rate hikes and push the economy into recession. The renewed concerns were in response to Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell’s comments at the annual central bankers meeting in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on Friday. Powell broke no new ground in his remarks, and instead reiterated his stance that the Fed is 1) attempting to moderate demand to allow supply to catch up and 2) monitoring inflation expectations to ensure they remain anchored. He was more direct about the Fed’s commitment to tamping down inflation, saying it is prepared to continue its aggressive rate hike posture for as long as needed, even if it causes pain for the economy and households.

While Chairman Powell’s comments were largely consistent with other statements he’s made during the past several weeks, they were viewed in a different light cast by recent data that indicate the Fed’s rate actions over the past several months have already made a significant impact on demand, and inflationary pressures have eased as a result.

The Federal Reserve Bank’s board of governors is focused on moderating demand to allow supply to regain the footing it lost during COVID. As we’ve noted during the past several weeks, those efforts have been effective, and reports out last week build on that trend.

Personal spending as measured by the Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index (PCE) rose just .2 percent on an inflation-adjusted basis in July. Demand has slowed over the past few months, with inflation-adjusted spending in the latest report up 2.2 percent compared to the same period last year as goods spending has dropped off markedly — up a modest .4 percent year over year. Consumers instead are putting money toward services, which saw a 3.4 percent increase from the same period last year. Demand has slowed; this reading is well below the 6.5 percent year-over-year level that we saw as recently as February 2022, and the 6-7 percent (and more) year-over-year growth in spending that took place for much of 2021.

Housing is another area where rate hikes by the Fed have had a significant and immediate impact on demand. New home sales plummeted 12.6 percent to a seasonally adjusted annualized rate of 511,000, according to the latest report from the U.S. Commerce Department. That marks the lowest level in more than six years — and is a 51 percent drop from the post-COVID high of 1.036 million units in August 2020 — and is down 39 percent from the beginning of 2022. For further context, the record pace for new home sales was 1.389 million at the height of the housing bubble in 2005.

As demand cools, reports out last week point to budding momentum in the Fed’s fight against inflation. PCE, the Fed’s preferred measure of inflation, showed prices in July were down .1 percent from the prior month. On a year-over-year basis, prices were up 6.3 percent, compared to June’s 6.8 percent reading. Core PCE, which excludes gasoline and food, was up .1 percent from June but still below Wall Street expectations. On a year-over-year basis, Core PCE was up 4.6 percent. Compare that to June’s numbers, when core prices rose .6 percent from the prior month and were up 4.8 year over year. While the report offered evidence that the Fed’s actions were making their mark on prices, it also suggested there remained room for improvement.

During his speech, Powell mentioned the hot labor market as one area in which demand has not slowed. But this Friday’s Non-farm Payrolls report could change that narrative. Expectations are for a robust 300,000 gain in jobs following last month’s 528,000 increase in positions. However, we believe those expectations may overshoot the mark. As we’ve noted recently, a significant gap has opened between the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Nonfarm Payrolls report and its other measure of employment, the so-called Household report. During the past four months, the Nonfarm Payrolls measure has pointed to 1.7 million new hires, while the Household report registered a loss of 168,000 jobs. With the exception of the early months of COVID, the current difference between reports is the greatest in data back to 1957.

We believe this disparity will be settled with the employment picture weakening. Both the ISM and S&P Global PMI surveys — as well as the Conference Board’s labor differential, which measures the difficulty of getting a job — suggest it will, which should have the impact of easing wage pressures. Stubborn high wages have contributed to cost pressures for businesses and have allowed consumers to continue spending in the face of elevated prices. If jobs become scarcer, wage increases should flatten, causing further downward pressure on demand.

Easing home prices:The latest report on home prices out last week from Black Knight Mortgage, a mortgage software and analytics firm, shows housing prices slipped .77 percent in July, which marks the largest decline since January 2011. The pullback is also the second largest since 1991 and trails only the .9 percent decline seen in July of 2010 during the height of the Great Financial Crisis.

Slowing cost pressures and improving inventories:Preliminary readings from the S&P Global Purchasing Managers Index show manufacturing input costs rose at the slowest pace since January 2021. Similarly, prices charged on PMI services rose at the lowest rate since March 2021. The reduced cost pressures translated to good news for end consumers as the report showed the smallest increase in prices charged for manufactured goods in the past 18 months. Equally encouraging was the reading for delivery times from suppliers, which came in at the lowest level in more than two years.

While the report showed U.S. manufacturing still expending, the reading was 51.3, down from 52.2 in July and at the lowest level since June of 2020. The Services index registered a second consecutive month of contraction, coming in at 44.1 for August, off July’s reading of 47.3. It is worth noting that the Services index includes the real estate industry, which has seen a dramatic drop-off in activity as mortgage rates climbed above 5.5 percent in response to the Fed’s rate hikes.

Product InformationHow the Chicago School Overshot the Mark is about the rise and recent fall of American antitrust. It is a collection of 15 essays, almost all expressing a deep concern that conservative economic analysis is leading judges and enforcement officials toward an approach that will ultimately harm consumer welfare. For the past 40 years or so, U.S. antitrust has been dominated intellectually by an unusually conservative style of economic analysis. Its advocates, often referred to as The Chicago School, argue that the free market (better than any unelected band of regulators) can do a better job of achieving efficiency and encouraging innovation than intrusive regulation. The cutting edge of Chicago School doctrine originated in academia and was popularized in books by brilliant and innovative law professors like Robert Bork and Richard Posner. Oddly, a response to that kind of conservative doctrine may be put together through collections of scores of articles but until now cannot be found in any one book. This collection of essays is designed in part to remedy that situation. The chapters in this book were written by academics, former law enforcers, private sector defense lawyers, Republicans and Democrats, representatives of the left, right and center. Virtually all agree that antitrust enforcement today is better as a result of conservative analysis, but virtually all also agree that there have been examples of extreme interpretations and misinterpretations of conservative economic theory that have led American antitrust in the wrong direction. The problem is not with conservative economic analysis but with those portions of that analysis that have overshot the mark producing an enforcement approach that is exceptionally generous to the private sector. If the scores of practices that traditionally have been regarded as anticompetitive are ignored, or not subjected to vigorous enforcement, prices will be higher, quality of products lower, and innovation diminished. In the end consumers will pay.

If you begin to flat sand a draw reed plate and see this, STOP! Flat sanding won"t fix this. The curve in the plate is too big. The F tool™ can handle this!

The curve is so deep that you cannot sand this down to make it right. Here is a view of the plate along with the French Tuner™ used as a reference. Can you see how much space there is in between the French Tuner and the reed plate? An air leak like this makes that harp feel really stiff!

Now, I may have overshot the mark and pushed the middle of the plate back too far. How can you tell? You can check with the French Tuner or you can use the flatsanding process to save some time.