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Xiao He (257 BC – 16 August 193 BCWestern Han dynasty. He served Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty, during the insurrection against the Qin dynasty, and fought on Liu"s side in the Chu–Han Contention against Liu"s rival, Xiang Yu. After the founding of the Han dynasty, Xiao He became the chancellor and held office until his death. For his contributions, he is also known as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty" (漢初三傑), along with Han Xin and Zhang Liang.

Xiao He was born in Fengyi County, Sishui Commandery (present-day Feng County, Jiangsu). In his early days, he served as a gongcao (功曹; magistrate"s secretary) in the administrative office of Pei County. He was studious, tactful and amiable. He was well versed in law and had a wide network of friends and acquaintances, among whom include Liu Bang, Cao Shen, Fan Kuai, Xiahou Ying and Zhou Bo.

Once, Liu Bang released some prisoners he was escorting to Mount Li to be labourers, and became a fugitive. He hid in an outlaw stronghold on Mount Mangdang (in present-day Yongcheng, Henan) and maintained secret contact with Xiao He and Cao Shen. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang started the Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty, and was followed by numerous other rebellions throughout China. The magistrate of Pei County considered rebelling as well, so he heeded Xiao He and Cao Shen"s advice to invite Liu Bang back to support him. However, he changed his mind later and denied Liu Bang"s party entry into the city. As he was afraid that Xiao He and Cao Shen might open the gates for Liu Bang, he intended to have them executed, but Xiao and Cao escaped and joined Liu. As suggested by Xiao He, Liu Bang had letters sent to the townsfolk, fired into the city on arrows, urging them to join him. The people responded to Liu Bang"s call and killed the magistrate and welcomed him back into the city.

After returning to Pei County, the townsfolk wanted Liu Bang to lead them to overthrow the Qin dynasty. However, Liu Bang expressed reluctance in taking up the leadership position and the people agreed to decide their leader by luck. Xiao He was in charge of the process and he had the names of ten respectable men in town, including Liu Bang, written on separate pieces of paper and shuffled. Xiao He then asked Liu Bang to pick any piece from the pile, without seeing the name on it, and Liu picked his own name by chance. Liu Bang looked at Xiao He and wanted to decline again. Xiao He immediately grabbed the remaining pieces of paper, put them into his mouth and chewed them to shreds, after which he proclaimed Liu Bang as their leader. Liu Bang became known as the "Duke of Pei" and built his rebel army in Pei County, with Xiao He and his friends supporting him. Liu Bang learnt from Xiao He later that actually all the ten pieces of paper contained his name, and Xiao had deliberately tampered with the system to help him.

In 206 BC, the Qin dynasty collapsed after the last Qin ruler, Ziying, surrendered to Liu Bang. Liu Bang"s army occupied the Qin capital Xianyang. Upon entering the Epang Palace, Liu Bang and most of his men seized treasures and women for themselves, while Xiao He rushed to the chancellor"s office and ordered it to be heavily guarded. Xiao He then brought a few men with him to collect all official documents in the office and bring them out safely. Xiao He later explained that the documents were more valuable than riches and women, because they contained crucial information about the Qin Empire and would be useful in intelligence.

Liu Bang was forced to retreat from Xianyang later as Xiang Yu"s army arrived and occupied the city. After plundering Xianyang and destroying the palace, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Liu Bang received the title of "King of Han" and was relocated to the remote Bashu region (in present-day Sichuan), with Xiao He and his followers accompanying him. Liu Bang was unhappy and wanted to attack Xiang Yu because the land of Guanzhong rightfully belonged to him, according to an earlier promise by Emperor Yi of Chu, but was granted by Xiang to three surrendered Qin generals instead. However, Xiao He and others managed to persuade Liu Bang to temporarily remain in Bashu and build up his forces in preparation for a battle for supremacy with Xiang Yu later. Xiao He was appointed by Liu Bang as the chancellor of the Han kingdom.

During that time, Xiao He met Han Xin, who had recently joined Liu Bang"s army and was serving as a low-ranking soldier, and recognised Han Xin"s brilliance in military strategy. Not long later, many of Liu Bang"s men deserted as they were unable to cope with living in remote Bashu, and Han Xin also left as he was disappointed because he felt his talent would go to waste in Liu Bang"s camp. When Xiao He learnt that Han Xin had left, he immediately rushed to find Han and bring him back, without managing to inform Liu Bang in time. Xiao He caught up with Han Xin after trailing him for a few days, even at night, and succeeded in persuading Han to return. Meanwhile, Liu Bang thought that Xiao He had also deserted him and was shocked, but was relieved when he saw Xiao returning with Han Xin days later. Liu Bang asked Xiao He, "Of all those who deserted, why did you choose to bring back Han Xin only?" Xiao He then strongly recommended Han Xin to Liu Bang, saying that Han"s talent was unmatched. Liu Bang heeded Xiao He"s suggestion and appointed Han Xin as a general.

In 206 BC, Liu Bang conquered the Three Qins and left Xiao He in charge of Guanzhong and Bashu, while he led his army eastward to attack Xiang Yu"s Western Chu kingdom. Xiao He governed those territories effectively and provided support to Liu Bang"s army at the warfront in the form of supplies, provisions and reinforcements. While in Guanzhong, Xiao He restored peace and order by implementing a new system of governance and reconstructing destroyed buildings. Under the new system, taxes were readjusted to reduce the burden on the poor; land that used to belong to the Qin aristocracy was redistributed to peasants, in order to increase agricultural output; capable and respectable men were selected from among commoners to assist government officials in administration.

Liu Bang eventually defeated Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BC and unified China under his rule. He was proclaimed "Emperor" and became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Han". The following year, when Gaozu rewarded his subjects according to their contributions, Xiao He received the title of "Marquis of Zan" (酇侯) in addition to his appointment as chancellor. Besides, Gaozu also granted Xiao He a rare special privilege: Xiao was allowed to enter the imperial court carrying a sword and with his shoes on, and not required to walk in briskly while others had to.

In 201 BC, Emperor Gaozu wanted to build his capital in Luoyang but Zhang Liang suggested Xianyang instead, because it was surrounded by natural defences such as mountain passes, and had fertile land for agriculture. Gaozu put Xiao He in charge of the constructions in Xianyang. Two years later, the project was completed and Xiao He took Gaozu on a tour of Xianyang. The new palace was called Weiyang Palace and served as the central imperial palace throughout the Western Han dynasty and Xin dynasty. Gaozu also renamed Xianyang to "Chang"an", which meant "long-lasting peace".

In 196 BC, while Gaozu was away on a military campaign to suppress a rebellion by Chen Xi, one of Han Xin"s servants reported to Empress Lü Zhi that his master was involved in a conspiracy with Chen Xi and was planning a coup in Chang"an. Empress Lü approached Xiao He for help and they formulated a plan to lure Han Xin into a trap. Xiao He had an imperial edict sent to Han Xin, announcing news of Gaozu"s victory over Chen Xi, asking Han to meet the emperor and offer his congratulations. As soon as Han Xin arrived in Changle Palace, he was arrested and executed in a torturous manner for alleged treason.

In 195 BC, Xiao He saw that Chang"an was becoming more congested and the imperial garden was full of uncultivated land, hence he suggested to Gaozu to carve out parts of the garden and grant them to peasants as farmland. Gaozu was unhappy and accused Xiao He of accepting bribes and dishonouring imperial authority. Xiao He was arrested and imprisoned, but was released later after Gaozu was convinced that Xiao He had the people"s interests at heart. Gaozu summoned Xiao He to see him and he said with jest and embarrassment, "The chancellor was asking for the fields in the imperial garden out of interest for the people, but I did not approve. This showed that I"m only like Jie and Zhou (Emperors of the Xia and Shang dynasties), and that you"re the most understanding chancellor. Therefore, I intentionally imprisoned you to show the people that I"m a tyrant."

After the death of Gaozu, Xiao He continued serving Gaozu"s successor Emperor Hui as chancellor until he died in 193 BC. Before his death, Xiao He recommended Cao Shen to succeed him. Cao Shen inherited the system of governance left behind by Xiao He and maintained it well but did not implement any new changes.

Two of his descendants would later found imperial dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Xiao Daocheng would found the Southern Qi, while his distant cousin Xiao Yan would found the subsequent Liang dynasty.

Xiao He chases Han Xin under the moonlight (蕭何月下追韓信): Originated from the event where Xiao trailed Han Xin for a few days, even at night, in order to catch up with the latter and bring him back to Liu Bang. It is used to describe an urgent situation in which action has to be taken immediately without notification.

Success is due to Xiao He, downfall is also due to Xiao He (成也蕭何 敗也蕭何 Hangul: 성야소하 폐야소하): Xiao He helped Han Xin become a general, which enabled Han to put his talent to good use. However, Xiao also played an important role in Han"s death. It is used to describe a situation where one"s success and failure are both due to the same factor.

Cao following Xiao"s rules (萧规曹随): Cao Shen, Xiao He"s successor as chancellor, inherited the system of governance left behind by Xiao and maintained it well but did not implement any new changes. It is used to describe the continuation of the work of one"s predecessor.

Xiao He is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Koei. He also appears as a non-playable character in the action RPG

On the afternoon of March 20, the 2009 OML Lighting National Excellent Distributors Conference was successfully held at Crowne Plaza Xiaolan Hotel, with the theme of "OML Line Light, New Wave, Creating New Riches".

Dou Linping, Secretary-General of China Lighting Society, Cao Lihui, Editor-in-Chief of Guzhen Lighting Newspaper, Executive Director of Dengdu Lighting Technology Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Ma Chi, National Senior Lighting Designer, Li Xiaoping, President of Guangdong OML Technology Co., Ltd., Deng Chao, General Manager of Oman Lighting Products Division, Lai Rongsheng, Wang Qun, Senior Consultant, Feng Xiao, Vice General Manager of Domestic Marketing, Lin Deming, Marketing Manager and other company leaders, as well as nearly 300 excellent distributors and guests from all over the country, participated in the event to discuss the development plan for 2019.

Li Xiaoping, president of Guangdong OML Science and Technology Co., Ltd., stressed that the key to how far an enterprise can go is with whom to go. OML will become a brand from the beginning: first, we choose to live next door, OML Xiaolan factory in Huadi, near Changqing; OML Dongfeng factory in Dinggu, Iron General, near Mei, "We need to save money, before we make ourselves valuable!" Therefore, OML to become a brand, we need to learn to "close to big money", first to learn from brand enterprises; second, to mix with excellent enterprises in the same circle.

Lai Rongsheng, senior consultant of OML Lighting, takes "New Trends, New Waves, Creating New Riches" as the theme. Lai has analyzed the current industry trends of e-commerce, Wechat, high-speed rail, demolition and LED. OML Line Light and Innovative Category, which belong to the charm of lines, is a new wave of catalogue changes, and a new opportunity to create wealth. Line Light Illumination is the "prelude" of a new catalogue explosion. Demand and and technological progress have been promoting the renewal and upgrading of catalogues, accumulating temperature in the general environment. This is undoubtedly a new trend, new category, new subversion and new type. Waves, new opportunities. OML creates a new line of light products in gene, foundation, insight, planning, integration, operation, manufacturing, processing, service and so on. We all trust Oman, come for OML and come for ourselves.

Feng Xiao, deputy general manager of OML Lighting"s domestic marketing, gave a keynote speech entitled "OML Lighting Promotion and Line Lighting Workshop". It is the so-called "one move, one true chapter, one line, one light, one profession". OML"s main lighting era has come! Feng also introduced the star products of OML Linear Light: the superb double pride in the high-voltage lamp belt, the unexpected in the linear light source, the X-MAN in the linear lighting, the new favorite in the channel business photograph, the All-Star in the engineering business photograph, the emerging patents in the power supply category, etc.

Zhejiang distributors: Zhejiang distributors on behalf of Wang Yi came to the stage to share the "three barriers of my career", the first one is the first venture; the second one is the chance to come into contact with the important integrated ceiling industry chain of Jiaxing - Youbang integration; the third one is through the deep processing business of linear lighting products, many shops have certain needs. Ask. At present, the popularization of linear lighting market has begun. This time OML brings light. He believes in OML and trusts Oman.

Beyond flowering regulation, florigen may be involved in many other development processes because it is expressed in many other tissues and organs besides leaf veins (Liu et al., 2014). A previous report proved that FT functions in leaf development (Teper-Bamnolker and Samach, 2005). We observed a visual phenotype that GmFTL-RNAi plants had greater number and sizes of leaves than wild-type plants (Figure 2 and Supplementary Figure 11). A lower expression level of FT gene enhanced leaf growth, especially that of later initiated leaves (produced after the seventh trifoliolate leaves), which had a much larger size than early initiated ones, suggesting that the role of GmFTL in leaf growth and initiation is in a developmental stage-dependent mode. We further investigated the leaf structure in leaf sections. Transmission electron microscopy clearly showed that there was no significant difference in cell size of the early initiated leaves (the third trifoliolate leaves) between wild-type and GmFTL-RNAi line #4 plants (Figures 3A,B). However, the cell size in the later initiated leaf (the seventh trifoliolate leaves) of GmFTL-RNAi line #4 was larger and longer (Figures 3C,D), suggesting that GmFTL was involved in leaf cell growth in a developmental stage-dependent mode in soybean. Previous studies have shown that florigen expresses increasingly according to developmental progress (Kardailsky et al., 1999; Krzymuski et al., 2015); and in that way, it is no surprising that the effect of GmFTL-RNAi is much obvious at late developmental stages. Taken together, the results suggest that GmFTL inhibits leaf growth and development in soybean.

The pEarlyGate202-GmFDL19-cYFP and pEarlyGate202-GmFTL3-nYFP or pEarlyGate201-GmFTL4-nYFP binary vectors were transiently expressed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Both recombinant Agrobacterium cells were co-infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Empty vectors were used as negative controls, and AtAHL22-RFP was used as a nuclear marker (Xiao et al., 2009). N. benthamiana was grown under long-day (16-h light:8-h dark) conditions at 22°C for at least 48-h post infiltration. Leaves were observed under a confocal microscope (Zeiss LSM700, Jena, Germany).

Kong, F., Liu, B., Xia, Z., Sato, S., Kim, B. M., Watanabe, S., et al. (2010). Two coordinately regulated homologs of FLOWERING LOCUS T are involved in the control of photoperiodic flowering in soybean. Plant Physiol. 154, 1220–1231. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.160796

Liu, L., Farrona, S., Klemme, S., and Turck, F. K. (2014). Post-fertilization expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T suppresses reproductive reversion. Front. Plant Sci. 5:164.

South, P. F., Cavanagh, A. P., Liu, H. W., and Ort, D. R. (2019). Synthetic glycolate metabolism pathways stimulate crop growth and productivity in the field. Science 363:eaat9077. doi: 10.1126/science.aat9077

Xiao, C., Chen, F., Yu, X., Lin, C., and Fu, Y. F. (2009). Over-expression of an AT-hook gene, AHL22, delays flowering and inhibits the elongation of the hypocotyl in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol. Biol. 71, 39–50. doi: 10.1007/s11103-009-9507-9

Xiao He 蕭何 (died 193 BCE) was a counsellor or emperor Han Gaozu 漢高祖 (r. 206-195 BCE), the founder of the Former Han dynasty 前漢 (206 BC-8 CE). In his early years he acted as a jail overseer (yuli 獄吏) in the district of Peixian 沛縣. In 209 he became a follower of Liu Bang 劉邦, the eventual Emperor Gaozu, in his rebellion against the Qin dynasty 秦 (221-206 BC). After the conquest of the capital of Qin, Xianyang 咸陽, when everybody ran through the palace and looted gold, silver and other precious objects, Xiao He was the only person caring for the imperial archives. He secured laws and regulations, household register and any reports about the local situation of the empire for Liu Bang, a booty that proved to be more important than anything else for the administration of the future Han dynasty. In 206, when the hegemonial king Xiang Yu 項羽 distributed the regions of the empire among the victors, Liu Bang was invested as king of the remote region of the Han River 漢 valley. Yet Xiao He, his Counsellor-in-chief (cheng 丞) perceived how important it was to secure this region, as well as Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴 (the later province of Sichuan), and the region of the so-called Three Qin 三秦 (south of the modern province of Shaanxi), the old heart of the empire. Liu Band was also, according to Xiao He"s suggestion, to attract competent advisors and to exert a benevolent government in order to gain the support of the population. He also introduced the competent general Han Xin 韓信 to Liu Bang who played an important role in the war against Xiang Yu. The region of Qin was important for the supply of Liu Bang"s armies, especially after the defeats of Xingyang 滎陽 and Chenggao 成臯. For this high merits Xiao He was not only made Counsellor-in-chief after Liu Bang"s accession to the imperial throne in 202, but also given the title of Marquis of Zan 酇. He has been granted the posthumous title of Marquis Wenzhong of Zan 酇文終侯. As an imperial counsellor, Xiao He revised the Qin law and created a new codex of nine chapters, the Jiuzhang lü 九章律. In 196, Xiao he was granted the title of national Counsellor-in-chief (xiangguo 相國) for his plot to arrest the rebellious Han Xin. After the death of emperor Gaozu, Xiao He was very sick and suggested making Cao Shen 曹參 his successor. He died as chief counsellor of Emperor Hui 漢惠帝 (r. 195-188 BCE).

Source: Zhang Lie 張烈 (1992), "Xiao He 蕭何", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, p. 1310.

DC-5 (HPLC purity ≥ 99%) was designed, synthesized and purified in our laboratory (Figure 1) according to the method of Lin [33]. Streptozotocin (purity ≥ 95%) was bought from Shanghai McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Soluble starch (purity ≥ 95%) was obtained from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Guangdong, China). Glucose test kit was purchased from Shanghai Rongsheng Bio-pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Microplates were manufactured by Thermo Scientific, Shanghai. (Shanghai, China).

A blood glucose test was performed referring to previously reported methods with some modification [37]. After 12 h of fasting, blood samples were taken from the caudal vein for FBG determination. All blood samples were stored at 4 °C for 0.5 h and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min. After centrifugation, the supernatant (plasma) was collected for the blood glucose test. Blood glucose was detected in a microplate reader (Thermo Scientific, Shanghai, China) using a glucose test kit (Shanghai Rongsheng Bio-pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

7. Hanefeld M., Fischer S., Julius U., Schulze J., Schwanebeck U., Schmechel H., Ziegelasch H.J., Lindner J. Risk factors for myocardial infarction and death in newly detected NIDDM: The Diabetes Intervention Study, 11-year follow-up. Diabetologia.1996;39:1577–1583. doi: 10.1007/s001250050617. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

22. Liu Y.-j., Zhu J., Yu J.-M., Chen X., Zhang S.-Y., Cai Y.-X., Li L. A new functionality study of vanillin as the inhibitor for α-glucosidase and its inhibition kinetic mechanism. Food Chem.2021;353:129448. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129448. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

34. Zeng J., Xiao P., Nie J., Ling L., Lin P., Tang D., Zhang Q., Chen J., Yin Z. Absorption and Metabolism of a 1-Deoxynojirimycin and Hydroxychalcone Heterocomplex as a Novel α-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Rats. Food Sci.2022;43:103–110.

40. Liu G.-M., Liang L., Yu G.-Y., Li Q. Pumpkin polysaccharide modifies the gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes in rats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.2018;115:711–717. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.127. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

53. Zhang Y.-L., Gao H.-L., Liu R.-L., Liu J., Chen L., Li X.-B., Zhao L.-J., Wang W., Li B.-L. Quinazoline-1-deoxynojirimycin hybrids as high active dual inhibitors of EGFR and α-glucosidase. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett.2017;27:4309–4313. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.035. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

58. Hu T.-G., Wen P., Shen W.-Z., Liu F., Li Q., Li E.-N., Liao S.-T., Wu H., Zou Y.-X. Effect of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Isolated from Mulberry Leaves on Glucose Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model. J. Nat. Prod.2019;82:2189–2200. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00205. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

The intestine is the main organ for nutrient digestion and absorption and colonizes trillions of microorganisms (Yang et al., 2018). According to statistics, the human intestine inhabits over 1014 microorganisms, about 10 times the total amount of human cells (Koboziev et al., 2014). Mounting evidence indicated that gut microbiota played essential roles in immunity, intestinal homeostasis, and epithelium differentiation (Liu et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2020). Moreover, numerous investigations also revealed the positive regulation roles of gut microbiota in intestinal barrier function, metabolism, and host health (Cani and Delzenne, 2009; Dong et al., 2020). Some bacteria have the ability to restrict the proliferation of pathogenic and opportunistic pathogens in the intestine by producing beneficial metabolites, which was considered a vital barrier against pathogen infection (Wang et al., 2018a). Although intestinal microorganisms reside in the intestine, they may cause systemic effects. Numerous studies provided supporting evidence that gut microbiota was a central or driving factor of many diseases, injuring both near and far organ systems (Acharya and Bajaj, 2021). Gut microbial alterations may extend their detrimental influences beyond the intestine and impair liver and brain (Albhaisi et al., 2020). However, gut microbial homeostasis is easily affected by many factors, such as stress, antibiotics, heavy metal, and pesticide (Kakade et al., 2020). Early studies revealed that gut microbial alternations were associated with many diseases, including diarrhea, diabetes, obesity, and even colorectal cancer (Frazier et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2018b).

Given feces cannot fully display the gut microbial abundance and diversity, we collected intestinal content for 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Our results indicated an observably reduced alpha diversity in the gut microbial community of chickens exposed to thiram, indicating its gut microbial dysbiosis. Typically, the gut microbial community changes dynamically within limits under the influence of age, diet, and environment and these physiological fluctuations cannot affect normal intestinal functions (Wang et al., 2018b; Li et al., 2021). However, the ecological balance of the gut microbial community may be broken and changed significantly, when the external environment shifts dramatically, including long-term exposure to antibiotics, heavy metals, and pesticides (Li et al., 2019; Zhong et al., 2021). Early investigations demonstrated that the higher gut microbial diversity and abundance were beneficial to the intestine to perform complex physiological functions and energy utilization, whereas the decreased microbial diversity may threaten the host"s health (Wang et al., 2018b, 2021). Several previous studies revealed that the declined gut microbial diversity can significantly affect the metabolism of fat and carbohydrates, thereby further accelerating fat accumulation and inducing obesity and diabetes (DiBaise et al., 2008; Cani et al., 2012). Furthermore, the reduced gut microbial diversity has also been demonstrated to be closely related to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, diarrhea, allergies, and asthma (Tang and Hazen, 2014; Han et al., 2017). The intestine is closely associated with host immunity, metabolism, and nutrient absorption, which in turn depends on the stabilized gut microbial community (Tremaroli and Backhed, 2012; Rooks and Garrett, 2016). Therefore, imbalanced gut microbiota can also affect the immunological function and intestinal permeability of the host, which may increase morbidity (Liu et al., 2019). Moreover, gut microbial dysbiosis can impair intestinal functions and selectively promote the growth of pathogens, which may induce the occurrence of many diseases in neighbor or local organs, such as diarrhea, hepatic injury, and inflammatory bowel diseases (Frazier et al., 2011; Sheehan and Shanahan, 2017). Notably, some opportunistic pathogens that do not initially exhibit pathogenicity may also induce the occurrence of diseases, in the case of hypoimmunity and gut microbial dysbiosis (Wang et al., 2019). During gut microbial alternations, some toxic metabolites produced from pathogens can enter the intestinal hepatic circulation via the intestinal barrier, thereby further exacerbating the hepatic injury (Hussain et al., 2020; Zhong et al., 2021). Currently, thiram has been demonstrated to induce hepatic injury, but the potential relationship between gut microbial dysbiosis and thiram-induced liver damage remained to be investigated (Zhang et al., 2018). The results of PCoA analysis revealed that the experimental group and control group were separated from each other, suggesting an obvious difference in the gut microbial principal component between CI and TI groups. Consequently, we suspected that thiram exposure may the important driving force for shifts in the principal components of gut microbiota.

Dong H., Liu B., Li A., Iqbal M., Mehmood K., Jamil T., et al.. (2020). Microbiome Analysis reveals the attenuation effect of Lactobacillus from Yaks on Diarrhea via modulation of gut microbiota. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 10, 610781. 10.3389/fcimb.2020.610781 PubMed] [CrossRef]

Kakade A., Salama E. S., Pengya F., Liu P., Li X. (2020). Long-term exposure of high concentration heavy metals induced toxicity, fatality, and gut microbial dysbiosis in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Environ. Pollut.

Kong A., Zhang C., Cao Y., Cao Q., Liu F., Yang Y., et al.. (2020). The fungicide thiram perturbs gut microbiota community and causes lipid metabolism disorder in chickens. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 206, 111400. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111400 [PubMed] [CrossRef]

Liu J., Wang H. W., Lin L., Miao C. Y., Zhang Y., Zhou B. H. (2019). Intestinal barrier damage involved in intestinal microflora changes in fluoride-induced mice. Chemosphere

Liu Z., Li A., Wang Y., Iqbal M., Zheng A., Zhao M., et al.. (2020). Comparative analysis of microbial community structure between healthy and Aeromonas veronii-infected Yangtze finless porpoise. Microb. Cell Fact.

Melbye P., Olsson A., Hansen T. H., Sondergaard H. B., Bang O. A. (2019). Short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand.

Wang Y., Li A., Liu J., Mehmood K., Wangdui B., Shi H., et al.. (2019). L. Pseudomesenteroides and L. Johnsonii isolated from yaks in Tibet modulate gut microbiota in mice to ameliorate enteroinvasive Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea. Microb. Pathog. 132, 1–9. 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.020 [PubMed] [CrossRef]

Wang Y., Zhang H., Zhu L., Xu Y., Liu N., Sun X., et al.. (2018b). Dynamic distribution of gut microbiota in goats at different ages and health states. Front. Microbiol.

Yang H., Xiao Y., Gui G., Li J., Wang J., Li D. (2018). Microbial community and short-chain fatty acid profile in gastrointestinal tract of goose. Poult. Sci. 97, 1420–1428. 10.3382/ps/pex438 [PubMed] [CrossRef]