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Bird caging is a specific type of wire rope distortion that causes a section of rope to appear like a birdcage. It is one of the most distinct types of wire rope deterioration and also one of the most severe. Bird caging calls for the immediate removal of the rope from service.

Wire rope manufacturers produce their products in order to provide a high load capacity, versatile alternative to weaker ropes like manila rope or hemp rope. Wire rope products are used for a wide variety of motion transmission applications, among them: lifting, baling, tie down, hoisting, hauling, towing, mooring, anchoring, rigging, cargo control, guidance and counterbalance. They can also be used as railing, fencing and guardrailing.

Wire rope is a must-have for many heavy duty industrial applications. From mining to forestry to marine and beyond, there’s wire rope for almost every job. Some of the many industries in which wire rope is popular include: construction, agriculture, marine, industrial manufacturing, fitness, sports and recreation (plastic coated cables for outdoor playground equipment and sports equipment), electronics, theater (black powder coated cables for stage rigging), mining, gas and oil, transportation, security, healthcare and consumer goods.

Wire rope as we know it was invented just under 200 years ago, between 1831 and 1834. At that time, the goal was to create a rope strong enough to support work in the mines of the Harz Mountains. Invented by Wilhelm Albert, a German mining engineer, this wire rope consisted on four three-stranded wires. It was much stronger than older rope varieties, such as manila rope, hemp rope and metal chain rope.

While studying at Freiburg School of Mines, a man named L.D.B. Gordon visited the mines in the Harz Mountains, where he met Albert. After he left, Gordon wrote to his friend Robert Stirling Newall, urging him to create a machine for manufacturing wire ropes. Newall, of Dundee, Scotland, did just that, designing a wire rope machine that made wire ropes with four strands, consisting of four wires each. After Gordon returned to Dundee, he and Newall, along with Charles Liddell, formed R.S. Newall and Company. In 1840, Newall received a patent for “certain improvements in wire rope and the machinery for making such rope.”

In 1841, an American manufacturer named John A. Roebling began producing wire rope for suspension bridges. Soon after, another set of Americans, Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, started incorporating wire rope into coal mining and railroad projects, forming Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LC&N Co.). In 1848, wire rope from their wire rope factory in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania provided the lift cables needed to complete the Ashley Planes Project. This project sought to improve the performance and appearance of the freight railroad that ran through Ashley, Pennsylvania, by adding lift cables. This increased tourism and increased the railroad’s coal capacity. Before, cars took almost four hours to return; after, they took less than 20 minutes.

Wire rope likewise changed the landscape (again) in Germany, in 1874, when an engineering firm called Adolf Bleichert & Co. used wire rope to build Bi-cable aerial tramways. These allowed them to mine the Ruhr Valley. Several years later, they also used wire rope to build tramways for the German Imperial Army and the Wehrmacht. These tramways were wildly successful, opening up roads in Germany and all over Europe and the USA.

Since the 1800s, manufacturers and engineers have found ways to improve wire rope, through stronger materials and material treatments, such as galvanization, and different rope configurations. Today, wire rope makes possible many heavy industrial processes. It has become a necessity of the modern world.

Strands are made by tightly twisting or braiding individual wire together. One strand could have anywhere between two and several dozen wire filaments depending on the necessary strength, flexibility, and weight capacity.

One of the most dynamic elements of wire cables is the inner core. The strands are wrapped around the core, and it can be made of different metals, fibers, or even impregnated fiber materials. For heavy applications, cores are often made of a different strand of wire called an independent wire rope core (IWRC). An IWRC has a considerable amount of flexibility and it is still very strong. In fact, at least 7.5% of the strength increase in a wire rope can be attributed to an IWRC.

While they sometimes use other metals, like aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, and even bronze for some applications, manufacturers primarily produce wire rope from steel. This is because steel is very strong and stretchable. Among the most common types they use are: galvanized wire, bright wire, stainless steel and cold drawn steel.

Of the wire rope steels, cold drawn carbon steel wire is most popular, although stainless steel wire rope is sometimes employed as well. Stainless steel rope is most popular for its anti-corrosive properties. Bright wire rope, a type of ungalvanized steel wire rope, is also popular. For added strength and durability, galvanized steel wire rope/galvanized steel cables are a very popular choice. Galvanized aircraft cable, for example, is always a must in aerospace.

When choosing or designing a custom wire rope for your application, suppliers consider factors such as: the environment in which the rope will function, required rust resistance, required flexibility, temperature resistance, required breaking strength and wire rope diameter. To accommodate your needs, manufacturers can do special things like: make your rope rotation resistant, color code your rope, or add a corrosion resistant coating. For instance, sometimes they specially treat and coat a cable with plastic or some other compound for added protection. This is particularly important to prevent fraying if the wire rope is often in motion on a pulley.

Manufacturers and distributors identify the differences in wire cable by listing the number of strands and the amount of wires per strand so that anyone that orders understand the strength of the cable. Sometimes they are also categorized by their length or pitch. Common examples of this include: 6 x 19, 6 x 25, 19 x 7, 7 x 19, 7 x 7, 6 x 26 and 6 x 36.

More complex wire rope identification codes connote information like core type, weight limit and more. Any additional hardware like connectors, fasteners, pulleys and fittings are usually listed in the same area to show varying strengths and degrees of fray prevention.

Cable wire rope is a heavy-duty wire rope. To give it its high strength, manufacturers construct it using several individual filaments that are twisted in strands and helically wrapped around the core. A very common example of cable wire rope is steel cable.

Spiral rope is made up an assemblage of wires with round or curved strands. The assemblage features at least one outer layer cord pointed in the opposite direction of the wire. The big advantage of spiral ropes is the fact that they block moisture, water and pollutants from entering the interior of the rope.

Similarly, stranded rope steel wire is made up of an assemblage of spirally wound strands. Unlike spiral rope, though, its wire patterns have crisscrossing layers. These layers create an exceptionally strong rope. Stranded rope may have one of three core material types: wire rope, wire strand or fiber.

Wire rope chain, like all chains, is made up of a series of links. Because it is not solid, wire rope chain is quite flexible. At the same time, it is prone to mechanical failure.

Wire rope slings are made from improved plow wire steel, a strong steel wire that offers superior return loop slings and better security. The plow wire steel also shields rope at its connection points, which extends its working life. Wire rope slings, in general, provide their applications with increased safety, capacity and performance. Wire rope sling is a rope category that encompasses a wide range of sub-products, such as permaloc rope sling, permaloc bridle slings and endless slings. These and other wire rope slings may be accompanied by a wide variety of sling terminations, such as thimbles, chokers and hooks.

Wire rope offers its user many advantages. First, design of even distribution of weight among strands makes it ideal for lifting extremely heavy loads. Second, wire rope is extremely durable and, when matched properly to the application, can withstand great stress and elements like corrosion and abrasion. In addition, it is very versatile. Its many iterations and the ways in which the rope can treated means that users can get rope custom fit for virtually any application.

Depending on the type of wire rope with which you are working and your application, you may want to invest in different accessories. Among these accessories are: wire rope clips, steel carabiners, fittings, fasteners and connections.

To ensure that your wire rope quality remains high, you must regularly inspect them for wear and degradation. The right wire rope should be selected for a particular use. Watch out for performance-impacting damage like: rust, fraying and kinks. To make sure that they stay in tip-top shape, you should also clean and lubricate them as needed. Check for this need as a part of your regular inspection.

Rope care is about more than inspection. It’s also about making an effort to use and store them properly every time you use them. For example, never exceed your rope’s rated load and breaking strength. Doing so will not only cause the weakening of your cable, but it may even cause immediate breakage. In addition, always store your wire rope cable in a dry and warm area, away from those elements that could cause premature rusting or other damage. Finally, always carefully wind your wire rope when you’re done with it, so as to avoid kinks. If you follow all these tips and treat your wire rope assemblies well, they will reward you with a long and productive service life.

Always make sure that you purchase wire rope that matches your industry and regional standards. Some of the most widely referenced standards organizations for wire rope include: ISO, ASTM International and OSHA. Talk over your specifications and application with your wire rope supplier to figure out what’s best for you.

If you’re in the market for a wire rope or a wire rope assembly, the best way to know you’re getting something that will both perform well and be safe if by working with a vetted professional. Find one among the list we’ve provided on this page. Check out their profiles to get an idea of the services and products they offer. Pick out three or four to whom you’d like to speak, and reach out. Talk to them about your specifications, standard requirements and budget. Ask about lead times and delivery options. Once you’ve spoken with all of them, compare and contrast their answers. You’ll know you’ve found the one when you talk to a wire rope company that is willing to go above and beyond for your satisfaction.

Wire rope is a key part of numerous applications for construction, aerospace, and the marine industry. However, you severely reduce cable service life by causing damage to your wire products and could jeopardize your whole operation or cause injury. Two of the most common types of wire rope damage are kinking and bird caging. Continue reading to learn about these damage types and how to prevent them from occurring in your applications.

A kink appears is the place where a wire rope where the rope has been bent past what it can take. It is caused by applying a bending force beyond a wire rope"s tolerable level of flexibility. The problem most commonly occurs when the wires in the wire rope are all closed in the same direction. Kinking is often caused by the improper handling and uncoiling of wire rope products. If kinking occurs, your wire rope product can be severely damaged, and failure becomes inevitable.

While kinking can be a serious problem, it can be easily avoided. One way to prevent kinking is by using lifting hooks with swivels. A swivel helps prevent kinking as it takes the pressure off wire rope. Kinking can also be prevented by using correct uncoiling techniques. By properly handling your wire rope products, you will avoid kinking and have a wire rope product that lasts for many years! If your current wire rope is kinked, it is best to replace the item as soon as possible.

Bird caging happens when a wire rope experiences stress and then frays or pulls apart, resembling the appearance of a birdcage. The problem most commonly occurs where the wires in the wire rope are closed in different directions. Bird caging is often caused by improper installation or having too much slack in the wire ropes. Bird caging can also result from a sudden release of tension or forced through a light sheave.

One way to prevent bird caging is to use the right size and strength of sheaves and pulleys with your wire rope. By proper installation and preparation of your wire rope application, you can also reduce the possibility of bird caging. A third way to prevent bird caging is to make sure there is torsional balance in your wire rope. If your current wire rope has occurred any form of bird caging, you should replace the item.

Now that you understand how to prevent kinking and bird caging, you can expect to get the highest level of performance from your wire rope products. If you are searching for a replacement wire rope, choose Loos and Company! Our products are domestically manufactured to the highest of standards and offer extreme strength and durability. You can find out more about our wire products here. Alternatively, if you have any questions, our team is happy to help! Reach out to us by email at sales@loosco.com or by phone at (860) 928-7981.

It is nearly impossible to list all variations of mechanical damage a rope might be subjected to. Therefore, the following list should only be taken as a guideline. None of these damages are repairable. However, the magnitude of the damages may vary from a slight cosmetic damage to total destruction of the wire rope. If you are not sure about the extent of the damage, change the rope, or call us for technical assistance and advice.

Inspect the fittings on your rope and look for wire breaks at the shank of sockets or sleeves. Inspect the fittings for wear, distortion, cracks, and corrosion. Follow the inspection criteria of the fitting manufacturer and DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REPAIR ANY WIRE ROPE FITTING YOURSELF! Watch for missing hook latches and install new ones if necessary. If latches wear out too rapidly, ask us for special Heavy Duty latches which may fit your hook. Some hook manufacturers offer self-locking and special Gate Latch hooks.

In this blog, we will cover three common forms of wear and tear that wire can experience out in the field. Though wear does occur naturally, regular inspection, maintenance, and equipment repair can help ensure appropriate cycle life for your cable products while also minimizing risks and failures. Be on the lookout for signs of abrasion, bird caging, and kinking as you inspect and operate your equipment.

Abrasion, peening, and corrosion typically impact the outer surfaces of wire rope. Abrasion is a form of metal loss or erosion, and peening describes metal deformation. Both of these phenomena occur when a wire rope contacts other metallic surfaces, or when it passes over a drum or sheave. Sheaves that are heavily worn or badly corrugated can expedite wear and friction, causing the individual cable wires to break down and press together. Additionally, when sheaves are poorly lubricated, they cause pitting in the cable surface that leaves them vulnerable to corrosion and rust. Even a brand new cable is susceptible to premature wear if they are not maintained correctly, and paired with appropriate pulleys.

Bird caging is a severe form of wire rope distortion that causes the individual outer strands of a cable to unravel and expand, creating a bird cage shape at the damage site. Bird caging is usually caused by sheaves that impart unintentional rotation. When a non-rotation resistant cable experiences torsion caused by excessively tight, or incorrectly positioned sheaves, it triggers the outer cable strands to lift away from their normal position. Bird caging poses a severe hazard. To prevent future issues, the damaged cable should be immediately removed from operation, and the sheaves remedied.

A kink is the permanent deformation of strands in a wire rope caused by unintended bending and twisting. This usually occurs when the rope is twisted into a tight loop and then snapped back to a straight direction, leaving a permanent curve at the bend site. Though kinks often result from improperly handling or installing wire rope, they can also appear during service if a heavy load is released suddenly, or if a wire rope bends around too small of a sheave. While most kinks show obvious signs of catastrophic failure, others may appear insignificant or repairable through re-straightening. However, it is important to note that kinks always result in permanent strand damage, no matter how severe they may seem on the surface. If not addressed in a timely manner, kinks pose a severe safety hazard.

Though cable damage may happen unexpectedly, you can set yourself up for success by employing high quality wire rope from the start. Luckily, Strand Core manufactures high quality domestic aircraft cable and wire rope for military and commercial applications. Start a quote today, or contact us with any questions at https://strandcore.com/contact/.

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The following is a simplified guide to common wire rope problems. In the event of no other standard being applicable, Bridon recommends that ropes are inspected/examined in accordance with ASME B30.5.

Mechanical damage caused by the rope contacting the structure of the crane on which it is operating or an external structure - usually of a localized nature.

Opening of strands in Rotation Resistant ropes - in extreme circumstances the rope may develop a “birdcage distortion” or protrusion of inner strands.

Note - Rotation Resistant ropes are designed with a specific strand gap which may be apparent on delivery in an off tension condition. These gaps will close under load and will have no effect on the operational performance of the rope.

Check sheave and drum groove radii using sheave gauge to ensure that they are no smaller than nominal rope radius +2.5% - Bridon recommends that the sheave and drum groove radii are checked prior to any rope installation.

Check if the rope has been cut “on site “ prior to installation or cut to remove a damaged portion from the end of the rope. If so, was the correct cutting procedure used? Incorrect cutting of Rotation Resistant, low rotation and parallel closed ropes can cause distortion in operation (See page 88 to 89).

Check tension on underlying layers. Bridon recommends an installation tension of between 2% and 10% of the minimum breaking force of the wire rope. Care should be taken to ensure that tension is retained in service.

Two single axial lines of broken wires running along the length of the rope approximately 120 degrees apart indicating that the rope is being “nipped” in a tight sheave.

Check sheave and drum groove radii using sheave gauge to ensure that they are no smaller than nominal rope radius + 2.5% - Bridon would recommend that the sheave/drum groove radii are checked prior to any rope installation.

One line of broken wires running along the length of the rope indicating insufficient support for the rope, generally caused by oversize sheave or drum grooving.

Short rope life resulting from evenly/randomly distributed bend fatigue wire breaks caused by bending through the reeving system. Fatique induced wire breaks are characterized by flat ends on the broken wires.

Localized fatigue breaks indicate continuous repetitive bends over a short length. Consider whether it is economic to periodically shorten the rope in order to move the rope through the system and progressively expose fresh rope to the severe bending zone. In order to facilitate this procedure it may be necessary to begin operating with a slightly longer length of rope. Broken rope - ropes are likely to break when subjected to substantial overload or misuse particularly when a rope has already been subjected to mechanical damage. Corrosion of the rope both internally and/or externally can also result in a significant loss in metallic area. The rope strength is reduced to a level where it is unable to sustain the normal working load.

Consider use of Rotation Resistant rope. Rotation of the load in a multi - fall system resulting in “cabling” of the rope falls. Possibly due to induced turn during installation or operation.

Check sheave and drum groove radii using sheave gauge to ensure that they are no smaller than nominal rope radius +2.5% - Bridon recommends that the sheave/drum groove radii are checked prior to any rope installation.

Review drum design with original equipment manufacturer - consider adding rope kicker, fleeting sheave etc. Sunken wraps of rope on the drum normally associated with insufficient support from lower layers of rope or grooving.

Check tension on underlying layers - Bridon recommend an installation tension of between 2% and 10% of the minimum breaking force of the wire rope - Care should be taken to ensure that tension is retained in service. Insufficient tension will result in these lower layers being more prone to crushing damage.

Make sure that the correct rope length is being used. Too much rope (which may not be necessary) may aggravate the problem. Short rope life induced by excessive wear and abrasion.

Review rope selection. The smooth surface of Dyform wire ropes gives better contact with drum and sheaves and offers improved resistance to “interference” between adjacent laps of rope. External corrosion.

Scope. This section applies to slings used in conjunction with other material handling equipment for the movement of material by hoisting, in employments covered by this part. The types of slings covered are those made from alloy steel chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural or synthetic fiber rope (conventional three strand construction), and synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).

Cable laid endless sling-mechanical joint is a wire rope sling made endless by joining the ends of a single length of cable laid rope with one or more metallic fittings.

Cable laid grommet-hand tucked is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of rope wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the rope inside the six wraps.

Cable laid rope sling-mechanical joint is a wire rope sling made from a cable laid rope with eyes fabricated by pressing or swaging one or more metal sleeves over the rope junction.

Master link or gathering ring is a forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel chain sling or wire rope sling. (See Fig. N-184-3.)

Diagram indicates Forms of Hitch and Kind of Sling. Eye&Eye Vertical Hitch. Eye&Eye Choker Hitch. Eye&Eye Basket Hitch (Alterates have identical load rations). Endless Vertical Hitch. Endless Choker Hitch. Endless Basket Hitch (Alternateve have identical load ratings). Notes: Angles 5 deg or less from the veritcal may be considered vertical angles. For slings with legs more than 5 deg off vertical, the actual angle as shown in Figure N-184-5 must be considered. Explanation of Symbols: Minimum Diameter of Curvature. Represents a contact surface which shall have a diameter of curvature at least double the diameter of the rope from which the sling is made. Represents a contact surface which shall have a diameter of curvature at least 8 times the diameter of the rope. Represents a load in a choker hitch and illustrates the rotary force on the load and/or the slippage of the rope in contact with the load. Diameter of curvature of load surface shall be at least double the diameter of the rope.

Strand laid endless sling-mechanical joint is a wire rope sling made endless from one length of rope with the ends joined by one or more metallic fittings.

Strand laid grommet-hand tucked is an endless wire rope sling made from one length of strand wrapped six times around a core formed by hand tucking the ends of the strand inside the six wraps.

Strand laid rope is a wire rope made with strands (usually six or eight) wrapped around a fiber core, wire strand core, or independent wire rope core (IWRC).

Sling use. Employers must use only wire-rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings as prescribed by the manufacturer, and that indicate the recommended safe working load for the type(s) of hitch(es) used, the angle upon which it is based, and the number of legs if more than one.

Cable laid and 6 × 19 and 6 × 37 slings shall have a minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves or end fittings.

Safe operating temperatures. Fiber core wire rope slings of all grades shall be permanently removed from service if they are exposed to temperatures in excess of 200 °F. When nonfiber core wire rope slings of any grade are used at temperatures above 400 °F or below minus 60 °F, recommendations of the sling manufacturer regarding use at that temperature shall be followed.

Sling use. Employers must use natural and synthetic fiber-rope slings that have permanently affixed and legible identification markings stating the rated capacity for the type(s) of hitch(es) used and the angle upon which it is based, type of fiber material, and the number of legs if more than one.

Safe operating temperatures. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozen slings, may be used in a temperature range from minus 20 °F to plus 180 °F without decreasing the working load limit. For operations outside this temperature range and for wet frozen slings, the sling manufacturer"s recommendations shall be followed.

Splicing. Spliced fiber rope slings shall not be used unless they have been spliced in accordance with the following minimum requirements and in accordance with any additional recommendations of the manufacturer:

In manila rope, eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least six full tucks, three on each side of the splice center line.

In synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall consist of at least four full tucks, and short splices shall consist of at least eight full tucks, four on each side of the center line.

Strand end tails shall not be trimmed flush with the surface of the rope immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This applies to all types of fiber rope and both eye and short splices. For fiber rope under one inch in diameter, the tail shall project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For fiber rope one inch in diameter and larger, the tail shall project at least six inches beyond the last full tuck. Where a projecting tail interferes with the use of the sling, the tail shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck).

Removal from service. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

The cable on a crane moves through a series of motorized pulleys that are controlled by the crane operator to raise and lower items. For safety reasons, a crane usually has several wire rope cables that are attached to the object being lifted. This helps to prevent putting too much strain on a single cable.

To create wire rope cable, manufacturers begin with long strips of high tensile strength metal that are tightly woven together into strands. A large majority of wire rope cables are constructed using steel due to its durability and strength. Several strands are then spun and pressed tightly together into a helix using a machine.

The newly created wire rope cable is then rolled up onto a spool and shipped out, or it is rolled up onto a pulley to be used with a brand new piece of heavy equipment.

Stationary ropes bear tensile forces and are loaded with fluctuating levels of stress. These are the types of cables that would be found on a suspension bridge.

Finally, wire rope slings (also called stranded ropes) are used to harness all kinds of goods. These are bent over sharp edges of goods to hold them in place.

The lay of strands (wire rope) can be twisted either to the left or to the right. To determine whether the lay is left or right handed, look along the rope and see whether the wires appear to turn anti-clockwise (let handed) or clockwise (right handed) as they get further away from you.

Note: Regular rope inspection and maintenance shall be carried out according to the guideline instructions provided by the manufacturer and according to international standard ISO 4309:2009.

Note: The internal examination of wire rope shall not be done as part of regular maintenance, unless the person is trained for that examination (ISO4309 Annex D).