snubbing unit vs workover rig supplier

Snubbing units have evolved into one of the most capable and efficient well servicing tools in the oil & gas industry. In the 1920"s, the need for a rig to work with pressures at surface drove the invention of the snubbing unit. The first snubbing unit was primarily designed to work in well control situations to "snub" drill pipe and or casing into, or out of, a well bore when conventional well killing methods could not be used. The first snubbing unit relied on the draw works of the companion rig to supply its" power. A series of sheaves, cables and counter weights were rigged up so that as the rig"s traveling blocks hoisted up, the snubbing unit would snub in the hole. Conversely, when the traveling blocks on the rig were lowered, the snubbing unit would snub out of the hole. As you can imagine, this required close communication with several different contractors in order to perform the work safely and efficiently.

One of the main components of a snubbing unit is the slip. Stationary and travelling slips are operated in sequence to grip the pipe as it is snubbed into the well. Typically, a minimum of four slip bowls are used in snubbing operations. Two slip bowls are designated for "pipe light" operations. Pipe light is when the well bore forces are greater than the tubular weight in the well bore. The other two slip bowls are designated for "pipe heavy" operations. Pipe heavy occurs when either enough pipe has been snubbed into the well bore and fluid weight inside of the pipe is greater than the snub forces acting against the pipe in the well bore.

While snubbing into the hole, there is a transition point the tubular goes through from being pipe light, to pipe heavy. This transition is an equilibrium typically referred to as the "balance point". The balance point occurs when there is enough pipe weight in the wellbore to equal the snub forces generated against the pipe. In certain instances, thousands of feet of pipe can be moved with minimal effort since the pipe weight is at an equal state with the snub forces. Snubbing contractors calculate this snub force and add in a friction factor from the BOP and wall contact on either a casing or tubing string. If done correctly, the snubbing contractor can predict when this balance point will take place and can properly prepare for it.

Modern snubbing units are powered by sophisticated hydraulic systems. These hydraulic units typically supply all power required by the components of a snubbing operation. With a better understanding of hydraulics and modern advances, companies have been able to harness this hydraulic energy to develop precision controlled snubbing units. These units move tubulars into and out of a well bore by use of a "multi cylinder jack"; a snubbing jack comes in many sizes depending on the task at hand. They are usually denoted in size by the snubbing unit description (i.e. 460K, 340K, 200K, etc). The 460K snubbing unit has the ability to lift 460,000 LBS and a snubbing capacity of 230,000 LBS. Most snubbing units can typically snub half of their lift rating. Assume you had a well with 10,000 PSI at surface and wished to snub in a string of 2 3/8" tubing. The snubbing contractor can calculate the snub force, add in their respective friction calculations and project the snub force to overcome will be approximately 51,000 LBS. This would put a 120K snubbing unit to close to its maximum capacity of 60,000 LBS snub loading. The safest bet would be a 150K or 235K snubbing unit.

Well control is taken very seriously by snubbing contractors. The BOP is the only barrier between the well bore and personnel. Depending upon well conditions, pressures and work performed, the BOP stack configuration varies greatly; there can be a minimum of three BOP"s and in some cases, up to ten. All of this is determined in the pre-job phase of the operation.

Pipe handling is performed by the snubbing units "gin pole" and "pipe winches". The gin pole is typically telescoped out in excess of 40ft above the snubbing unit. With the use of dual tubing winches, multiple joints of pipe can be handled simultaneously, speeding up the operation.

The snubbing "basket" is the platform where the snubbing personnel work. The basket contains all of the necessary hydraulic controls to operate all the features of the snubbing unit, as well as a large bank of BOP"s and hydraulic valve controls.

Today"s snubbing units can be employed to provide a wide range of services. In essence, a snubbing unit is a hydraulic rig that can do everything a rig can do, plus it can perform under pressure in an under balanced live well state. This is especially critical to the operators in the Haynesville Shale, which is known for HPHT wells. With the use of the snubbing units" hydraulic rotary, the unit can be employed for fishing, milling, drilling, side tracking or any task needed to remove bridge plugs, cement or deepen wells.

The industry has become more aware of damages caused by heavy kill weight fluids and mud. This has helped make snubbing units more popular in a completion and workover role, versus its" traditional use as a well control response tool. With the advances in drilling technologies in the unconventional shale market, the benefits of snubbing units have become very apparent. These types of completions often have laterals extending out thousands of feet. With costly stimulations used to help extract the gas more efficiently, operators often times do not wish to turn around and load the well with heavy fluids to complete the well dead.

Coiled tubing has its limitations in reach, due to wall to wall mechanical friction in horizontal wells. Often times the coiled tubing units cannot reach TD or supply the needed weight on bit to mill up composite plugs typically used in completions.

Another clear advantage to using a snubbing unit is its" small footprint, which is critical on the tight locations in the unconventional shale"s. Moreover, the small size and ease of mobilizing is especially useful and cost effective with offshore wells.

In conclusion, with the snubbing unit"s size, ability to handle pressure, rotary capabilities, rigidity of jointed tubing and minimal wall contact, snubbing units have become the chosen resource for these types of completions.

A Snubbing System is basically a well servicing system capable of running and retrieving jointed pipe under live wells conditions. A typical Snubbing System is illustrated in Figure 1.

The use of a Snubbing Unit is not only already providing cost effective technology for a wide range of Drilling and Well Servicing applications but also has the potential for providing an alternative way to optimally develop future fields.

Present Snubbing and Hydraulic Workover applications include the undertaking of remedial well work without resorting to the use of kill fluids or lost circulation material and the performing of conventional tubing replacement workovers Snubbing well intervention operations are also now routine where coiled tubing operations are not feasible due to well bore geometry or length and should be considered where platform facilities are unable to handle the weights of larger coiled tubing reels.

Historically, workovers performed through existing tubing ("through-tubing workovers") have been undertaken with wireline or coiled tubing equipment, often supported by the use of a derrick equipment set. Snubbing systems are now performing similar work and are proving to be far more versatile than wireline coiled tubing and conventional workover rigs with the additional ability of being able to run and rotate tubulars while there is pressure on the well. Although certain workover situations will still call for wireline coiled tubing or workover rigs, there are now many situations where a Snubbing Unit is the logical choice. In principle, all of the downhole work that can be carried out by standard rig or through-tubing workover equipment can also be completed by Snubbing Units, with the (current) exception of running large >10 3/4") tubulars.

Future applications for the technology include the horizontal side-tracking of existing wells (which could be performed conventionally or underbalanced). Such operations can either be undertaken through the existing tubing or, where such operations are not deemed feasible, the Snubbing Unit can be used to pull the existing completion prior to the side-track and used for the subsequent running of the liner and completion after drilling.

One of the main advantages of utilising Snubbing equipment is the ability to undertake a whole variety of operations and hence supply the versatility that has, up to now, only been regarded as available from a full derrick equipment set in combination with wireline or coiled tubing equipment.

Pumping services tend to get more expensive offshore, because of the degree to which the equipment must be assembled on location. Wire based services still require assembly, but because the parts are smaller can usually be mobilized in larger ‘chunks’ thus requiring less assembly on location. On land, fluid pumping equipment is much more readily portable on trucks or trailers. Workover rigs on land are incredibly cheap in most places as measured on a per diem basis. Part of their advantage is that they arrive to location with most of their key components already assembled in/on one truck. This advantage disappears offshore where the rig must be assembled on site first.

Paying for a drilling rig or intervention vessel is the price of gaining physical access to the well. Everything else must be added to it to get physical access to the general area and then gain access to the well. There is no need for various forms of standalone pumping services because the vessel or rig will already have a cementing unit and/or the mud pumps available for that sort of work.

Performing the same operation over and over again has significant cost savings attached to it. Once the correct housing and supply arrangements are in place, and all the necessary people and equipment have been assembled, continuing to use it altogether ‘as is’ can save an enormous amount of money compared to dispersing it all and starting over again later. For land operations, this is most pronounced in areas where reservoir, surface, and operational practices allow for grouping wells together in relatively small areas, and for clustering well pads. Depending on what work is being done to the wells and how close together they are it may be possible to ‘hop’ from one well to the other without ever moving the equipment on a road or doing a complete rig-down.

Deepwater operations can benefit from this too, but not as much as ‘traditional’ fixed or surface access facilities, because the overall day rate of the rig or intervention vessel is often much higher, and the process of switching between wells is often much lengthier.

On land, you hire the unit and crew, and a small diem fee is added to the cost of employing them so they can stay in a hotel and get food when they are not working. The crews will transport themselves to and from the well and move the equipment to and from the well also.

The costs of conducting business in each of these 3 areas tend to scale very roughly in factors of 10. 100 wells making 50 bbls of oil each on land is a cash cow. Offshore that is a disaster, because the cost of servicing those wells is prohibitive. A more reasonable scenario is 10 wells making 500 bbls of oil each. In deepwater, a well making 500 bbls of oil a day is an abandonment candidate, if indeed it got that far along before abandonment. One well making 5,000 bbls a day is more. The direct cost of hiring (for example) a snubbing unit do not scale by factors of 10, but the overall cost of employing a snubbing unit do. As a result, different types of well servicing make sense in one area which may not make sense in another. On land in areas with ordinary access to infrastructure (not the Sahara or Alaska) operations like slickline are often so cheap that they are a routine procedure, with preventative or predictive maintenance schedules to scrape away paraffin or remove small amounts of scale. By contrast, it is completely cost prohibitive to try and attempt to perform similar work in deepwater – you either design and operate the well in such a way that paraffin and scale do not build up in the wellbore at appreciable rates, or you P&A the well. The cost of routine mitigation is simply too high. The relative cheapness of most workover rigs on land is another major factor. Many types of operations which could in theory be carried out in some other way are done with a workover rig simply because it is the most cost-effective technique, even if other methods might be faster, or involve fewer people. The relatively high cost of a rig for offshore facilities means that in most cases every effort short of getting a rig is tried first. Then a catalogue or list of operations to be conducted by a rig at a given facility will be gradually built up over time until they reach a critical level. At that point, a rig will be sent out to conduct all the operations which only it can perform, moving from one well another to save costs by making the work repeatable.

BHA: Bottom hole assembly. Describes the production or workover tools used for completion or workover operations. (i.e. packers, bridge plugs, fishing tools, etc).

BOP stack: A series of blow out preventers stacked together using an equalizing and bleed of spool. Stack normally consists of an annular; equalize spool and a set of stripping rams. In snubbing operations the BOP stack is considered a secondary BOP. When working in conjunction with a workover, service or drilling rig the rig supplies the primary BOP’s.

Counter Balance Winches: A winch that can hydraulically counter balance the weight it is picking up. This gives the winch the ability to automatically feed off should the load placed upon it become greater than the actual weight being held via the hydraulics. Typically the snubbing unit will have two of these winches.

Equalize line: High pressure line pipe, chick sans (swivels) and valves for use during a snubbing operation to equalize or bleed off pressures within different chambers in a snubbing BOP stack.

Equalize spool: A ported spool for use in a snubbing operations allowing the operator the ability to equalize or bleed off certain sections of the BOP stack.

Gas well snubbing: Workover or completion work on a gas well which is either live or underbalanced with a rig assist or self-contained snubbing unit. Many gas well formations are fluid sensitive making a snubbing operation ideal for maximum production of the well. Eliminates the need for expensive kill fluids.

Guide Tube: Any arrangement of support system that prevents columnar buckling of the pipe being snubbed. Typical arrangements can be telescopic or static depending on the design of the snubbing unit structure.

Hydraulic Workover Unit: A unit that competes directly with conventional work over rigs. By utilizing hydraulic cylinders instead of a traditional draw-works arrangement, the unit maintains a small footprint allowing rig up in tight areas such as on offshore platforms.

Live well completions: A well condition where tubulars and tools are pulled or inserted into a well with the use of a rig assist snubbing unit or self-contained snubbing unit. The well has surface pressure from the down hole formations. Wells can be either gas or oil.

Live well workovers: Describes the condition of a gas or oil well is in when tubulars are snubbed in or out of well. There is pressure at surface in these wells making them ideal candidates for snubbing operations.

Lower snubbing basket: The work floor area which allows access to the snubbing crew to the BOP stack components and stationary snubbing and heavy slips.

Passive Rotary: A turn-table integrally mounted in the snubbing unit traveling plate which allows the rotation of the string with the slips closed on the pipe in either the snub mode or pipe heavy mode. This rotary must be driven with an external force be it by hand or with a power swivel rigged above the unit.

Pipe Heavy: In regards to snubbing, this is a pipe condition in which the tubing has sufficient string weight to overcome the forces acting on its cross-sectional area. Once the weight is sufficient, it overcomes the force applied by the pressure in the well and will fall under its own weight into the well.

Pipe Light:  In regards to snubbing, this term describes the condition when the well bore forces acting on the cross-sectional area of the pipe being snubbed are greater than string weight; if tubing is not controlled, the snubbing unit will eject itself from the well.

Power-Pack: This is the prime mover that provides the force needed to turn hydraulic pumps which allow the operation of the snubbing jack and BOP systems. Diesel engines are the most common form, although electric drives are also utilized in special circumstances.

Powered Rotary: A turn-table integrally mounted in the snubbing unit traveling plate which allows the rotation of the string with the slips closed on the pipe in either the snub mode or pipe heavy mode. This rotary is driven with hydraulic motors, allowing the unit to perform string rotation without external support equipment.

Rig assist snubbing: A mobile snubbing unit, either truck-mounted or skid-mounted, that works in conjunction with a workover, service or drilling rig for workover or completions work on a live well or underbalanced well. Unit is capable of running or pulling tubulars and tools under pressure.

Scalloped spool: A spacer spool modified for snubbing to allow well bore pressures to equalize or bleed off around the tubing hanger when landing or pulling the hanger.

Self contained snubbing:A snubbing unit which stands alone by itself with no need of a service, workover or drilling rig. A self-contained unit is capable of workover or completion work on a live well or underbalanced well or indirect.

Snubbing: A procedure in which tubing is run or pulled from a well, which is in an underbalanced or live well condition. Snubbing units have specialized pressure control devices which permit them to deliver drilling, completion and workover services while there is pressure in the wellbore. Snubbing units eliminate the need to neutralize well pressure prior to servicing and therefore avoid the formation damage which neutralizing pressure can have on a well’s ability to produce.

Snubbing Assistant: This person’s position is primarily focused on taking direction from the snubbing operator, and entails routine maintenance, pipe handling and power tong operation.

Snubbing jack: The structure of the unit designed to withstand engineered ratings for both the pipe weight and the force applied by the unit’s hydraulic cylinders. The hydraulically operated equipment which enables crews to work on underbalanced or live well.

Snubbing Operator:Equivalent to a driller position, the snubbing operator physically operates the snubbing unit and takes direction from the snubbing supervisor. The operator is responsible for managing the daily activities of the rest of the snubbing crew, and ensuring that the equipment is functioning as designed.

Snubbing slips: A set of hydraulically actuated slips which can be run either inverted or right side up to control the movements of pipe in conjunction with a snubbing jack to insert or extract tubulars under live well or underbalanced conditions.

Snubbing Supervisor:Equivalent to a rig manager or tool push, the snubbing supervisor is responsible for all aspects of the snubbing unit and its operations. He/she is the direct liaison to the oil company representative he/she is working for. All members of the snubbing crew are subordinate to the snubbing supervisor. Typically the supervisor will have in excess of 10 years’ experience in snubbing operations.

Snubbing unit: A hydraulically actuated unit with slips, BOP stack and hydraulic jack for inserting or pulling tubing and BHA’s from underbalanced or live well conditions.

Stand alone snubbing (see self contained unit): Use of a snubbing unit by itself without the aid of a service, workover or drilling rig. Unit is capable of workover or completion work on a live well or underbalanced well.

Stationary snubbing slips: A set of snubbing slips that are typically mounted on top of a BOP stack which will hold pipe that is in a pipe light or neutral state.

Stripping: : During snubbing operations this is the procedure where you move pipe through a closed preventer (pipe rams or annular) on a live or underbalanced well containing pressure from the well bore with a closed preventer.

Stripping on: : The procedure in which a snubbing unit is rigged onto a service, workover or drilling rig, which is holding the pipe heavy tubing string with their tubing slips and not with a tubing hanger landed.

Stripping Ram: A hydraulically operated ram style BOP used during snubbing and stripping operations. Typically the ram front insert is a sacrificial material that is easily replaced for extended stripping. Materials for the inserts can be custom ordered for the application at hand.

TEP: A type of tubing plug developed for snubbing to control well bore pressures inside the tubing. Only viable for snubbing in operations. The plug is a machined collar with a removable disc and “o” ring. Once the tubing string has been snubbed in, the disc can be knocked out by equalizing the tubing string and flowing the casing. Once an overbalanced condition has been achieved inside the tubing string, the disc will fall out. Disc may also be removed by sand line or wire line tapping down on the disc once tubing string has been equalized with casing pressures.

Traveling plate: The plate which connects the rods from the hydraulic cylinders together on a snubbing unit where the traveling and heavy slips are attached. There are many cylinder configurations and stroke lengths possible depending on job requirements.

Traveling snubbing slips: A set of slips mounted upside down on a snubbing jacks traveling plate, which controls the movement of tubing in or out of a well. Slips will hold tubing only when tubing is in the pipe light state.

Underbalanced:A term to describe the pressure conditions in a well. Formation pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of fluid, mud, etc… exerted on the formation causing pressure to migrate to surface in a well. A well in an underbalanced state is a prime candidate for snubbing.

Underbalanced completions: The condition of a well when completion services such as snubbing are performed. Formation pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure inside the well bore causing pressure to be at surface in the well. Underbalanced completions are prime candidates for snubbing. Typically wells have been perforated before snubbing unit arrives and the unit snubs in a production string to allow the well to be produced.

Underbalanced drilling: This term describes the condition of the well when drilling operations are ongoing. Snubbing units are used to snub out drill strings, i.e. bit changes and then snub in the drill string again or run productions strings.

Underbalanced workovers: The well is live with pressure to surface when workover operations are performed. Rig assist snubbing or self-contained snubbing units are used for the running or pulling of tubulars and BHA’s. Typically the snubbing unit pulls pipe from the well, the original zone is worked over, abandoned, or a new zone perforated and the snubbing unit snubs the production string back into the well.

Well control:In regards to snubbing, well control is the operation of containing well bore pressure with the use of a blowout preventer stack and tubing pressure by the use of a plugging system.

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The big difference between this type of flush-by rig and conventional flush-by unit is drawworks. Mechanical drawworks are adopted on ourflush-by rig.

Snubbing is a type of heavy well intervention performed on oil and gas wells. It involves running the BHA on a pipe string using a hydraulic workover rig. Unlike wireline or coiled tubing, the pipe is not spooled off a drum but made up and broken up while running in and pulling out, much like conventional drill pipe. Due to the large rigup, it is only used for the most demanding of operations when lighter intervention techniques do not offer the strength and durability.drilling and completions operations, snubbing can be performed with the well still under pressure (not killed). When done so, it is called hydraulic workover. It can also be performed without having to remove the Christmas tree from the wellhead.

A snubbing rigup is a very tall structure. It consists of a hydraulically powered snubbing unit, which provides the force on a pipe, above a string of multi-layered pressure control components.

At the top of the snubbing unit is the basket, which serves as the control post for the rigup. Below the basket are the hydraulic jacks, which power the pipe into and out of the hole. It consists of two mechanisms for applying force to the pipe in either direction. Each mechanism consists of travelling and stationary slips. The travelling slips are used to move the pipe, while the stationary slips are used to hold the pipe while the travelling slips are repositioned between strokes.

Unlike coiled tubing or wireline, where the wire or tubing is always the same diameter allowing for a single unmoving primary barrier (stuffing box or stripper), snubbing uses a pipe, which will have an enlarged collar at the connection between the joints. Therefore, the pressure control system must be able to accommodate this variable diameter. The stripping rams accomplish this. The first stage of lowering a collar through the stripping system is to close the lower rams so as to seal off the mechanism above from wellbore pressure. The space between the rams can then be bled off allowing the upper rams to be opened. The collar can then pass through the opened upper rams. Once the collar is in between the rams, the upper rams are closed and pressure is equalised either side of the lower rams. The lower rams are then safely opened and the collar is lowered through the rams.

Because snubbing is normally done under pressure, initially, the weight of pipe in wellbore is less than the force due to the wellbore pressure. This is described as light-pipe: downward force is required on the pipe to force it in against resistance. Once a sufficient amount of pipe has been run into the hole, the weight becomes sufficient to overpower the wellbore pressure and the pipe naturally wants to fall in the hole; this is heavy-pipe. At this point, the snubbing mechanism is changed over to the one which provides upward force to hold the pipe and lower it controllably into the well.

The more complex method of pressure control, as compared to coiled tubing and wireline, naturally invites more opportunity for things to go wrong. One such peril was seen in June 2007 on the Shearwater platform. Snubbing was being used to clean out large pebble, which had entered the well through a collapsed liner. While pulling out of hole, one stripping ram was not opened sufficiently and a collar on the pipe string caught on the ram. The excessive force applied to the pipe caused it to break apart, dropping the string below the failure into the well. In the time it took to prepare to fish out the pipe, the pebbles in the process of being circulated out, settled on the pipe, preventing successful fishing.

Not all Snubbing units are large and time consuming to rig up. In the Canadian oilfield many companies use small "Stand Alone" snubbing units which can be broken down and rigged up in less than 3hrs. These Units consist of 4 segments which can be placed onto 4 separate trucks. These 4 segments consist of the following:

Units varies in strength, there are 95K, 120K, 150K, 170K, 225K, 340K, 460K, 600K The number indicates their working strength in pulling force, and 150K means the unit is capable of pulling maximal 150000 pounds. This is based on the hydraulic force acting on the size of the unit"s piston size. Also are there more complex special built unit to find as the CSU 160 a special build rig assist unit, and stand alone units like

Mitey Titan (MT) is one of the first manufactures of CM HWO or Snubbing Units. Our first CM Unit was mounted on a 1-Ton truck, designed and manufactured starting in 2005. MT is a leading designer and manufacturer of these units at present, leading the snubbing industry in innovation, safe performance, and user friendly HWO equipment. Mitey Titan HWO equipment is built to high quality standards and has earned a near-perfect reputation for its performance and design worldwide.

Major players in the hydraulic workover unit market are Archer limited, Basic Energy Services, Inc. , Canadian Energy Equipment Manufacturing FZE, Cudd Energy Services, Easternwell Group, Elnusa, Halliburton Company, High Arctic Energy Services Inc, Key Energy Services, LLC, NOV Inc.

New York, March 24, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Hydraulic Workover Unit Global Market Report 2022" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p06247583/?utm_source=GNW

The global hydraulic workover unit market is expected to grow from $8.65 billion in 2021 to $9.58 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.7%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The market is expected to reach $12.40 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 6.7%.

The hydraulic workover unit market consists of sales of hydraulic workover unit services by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that utilize versatile, cost-saving, and safe techniques for the repair and maintenance of all types of wells.Hydraulic workover is a well intervention technique used for installing or removing tubes (pipes) in and out of dead wells (the well with zero surface pressure).

The main services in the hydraulic workover unit are workover and snubbing.The snubbing services are used to install or eliminate tubular from a well while the well is pressurized.

Snubbing has the advantage of allowing work to be done without dying the well, which eliminates reservoir formation damage and costly stimulation procedures.The various installation types include skid mounted, trailer mounted and has a capacity in different ranges such as 0-50 tonnes, 51-150 tonnes, above 150 tonnes.

North America was the largest region in the hydraulic workover unit market in 2021. The regions covered in this report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa.

The increasing shale gas production is projected to propel the growth of the hydraulic workover unit market in the coming years.Shale gas is natural gas generated from a type of sedimentary rock called shale that is formed from clastic origins such as sedimentary rock or siltstone.

The most adaptable technology available in the upstream oil and gas industry is the snubbing unit, which is a type of hydraulic workover unit. According to the United States Energy Information Administration, shale gas production in the USA is expected to increase from 27.90 trillion cubic feet in 2021 to 32.50 trillion cubic feet by 2025. Therefore, the increasing shale gas production drives the growth of the hydraulic workover unit market.

The introduction of multiphase projects is a key trend gaining popularity in the hydraulic workover unit market.Major players operating in the hydraulic workover unit sector are launching multiphase projects in collaboration with technology players to set a new offshore snubbing unit or hydraulic workover world record.

For instance, in September 2020, SBS Energy Services (SBS), a US-based provider of snubbing, hydraulic workover services entered into a strategic partnership with Helix Solutions to complete a multi-phase project that deactivates roughly 29,000 feet of 10 inches by 6 inches insulated pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico.

In April 2019, High Arctic Energy Services Inc., a Canada-based drilling oil and gas wells company acquired assets of snubbing services equipment from Precision Drilling for $8.5 million. The acquisition provides the High Arctic with additional quality snubbing equipment and access to experienced personnel and crews. Precision Drilling is a Canada-based drilling rig contractor involved in offering snubbing services, oil field rental, and supplies.

The countries covered in the hydraulic workover unit market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK and USA.

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Snubbing is a process that controls the pressure of oil or gas in order to run or pull tubing, drill pipe, or casing. These applications use the standard snubbing unit to complete or re-complete wells in a “live well” condition. Any type of workover application can be performed utilizing quick jacks.

Snubbing units are often used in place of workover units for offshore applications. Snubbing can offer the same services at a greatly reduced cost to the customer. Snubbing can be performed on live and dean wells. Milling operations can be faster and more precise with snubbing units due to infinite control of torque and speed of the rotary mounted on the snubbing jack.   Snubbing is versatile alternative that can overcome the limitations of other workover systems - wireline, coiled tubing and conventional workover rigs.  It eliminates the use of kill fluids that can damage the producing formation and require costly disposal. Snubbing is also a faster solution.  Snubbing units can often have the task completed before a conventional workover operation is even rigged up.

Snubbing is your best choice when conventional draw works are absent.  The self-contained equipment requires little space and can finish the job quickly.  The hydraulic system"s precise control over force protects against overload and allows responsive tool manipulation.

Technical Whitepaper SPE-205330-MS ‘The Use of Hydraulic Completion Snubbing Units (HCU) in Long Laterals in U.S. Shale Plays’ was presented by Deep Well Services at the 2022 SPE International Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference & Exhibition in Muscat, Oman. The new innovative technology of Hydraulic Completion Snubbing Units (HCU) is gaining popularity across North and South America to drill-out frac plugs in long lateral, high-pressure, and multi-well pads. Oil & Gas operators’ desire to reach total depth with the least risk and cost-efficiently as possible has resulted in the HCU gaining market acceptance. This paper will summarize the recent evolution of the HCU system with case histories provided from the Appalachian and Permian shale plays.

Snubbing department is founded in 2012, currently owning two Hydra Rig 225k standalone snubbing units, three Caterpillar powerpacks, two sets of well controlequipment with imported seals, and complete sets of auxiliary equipment. All downhole tools and core accessories are imported from America. All equipment and tools iscertified and inspected by third party. The maximum pressure our units can be applied is 105MPa, highest in China at present, which fills the absence of high pressure wellssnubbing operation in China. Supported workstring size ranges from 1-1/4” to 5-1/2”, and chrome tubing operation can be performed with special tools we owned.Since the day snubbing department was founded, wecommitted ourselves to high pressure oil and gas wells snubbing service. Cooperation with Cudd, Snubco, Topwell, Shengli was made, which contributes to thedevelopment of snubbing technology in China. Through hard effort, our service was recognized by many oil fields and gas fields. We have provided snubbing service forJianghan oil field, Puguang oil field, Tarim oil field, Huabei oilfield, covering operations such as tripping, completion, perforation, fracturing, milling, wash over, paraffinwashing etc. Our outstanding performance and efficiency was recognized and praised by customers for numerous times.(December, 2014)

Snubbing refers to a workover operation, by which specialized equipment are utilized to operate on live wells. During snubbing operation, wellbore pressure can be maintained, and thus eliminate the necessity of well killing (washing) and pressure release. For oil wells, the greatest advantage of snubbing operation is that, original formation pressure is preserved, which effectively protects formation pressure, avoiding pollution to oil reservoir, reducing the times of acidification, fracturing and other well stimulation, and finally providing favorable conditions for long-term development and stable production of oil and gas fields. For high-pressure oil and gas wells, the process of stopping injection and bleeding off are not required prior to operations, which shortens construction duration, saves the costs of kill fluid required for conventional operations and accessary equipment, abates pollution and finally protects the environment.For shale gas wells, well killing is avoided, which can reduce the pollution to shale gas formation, and effectively prevent gas reservoir from over-killing and formation damage.

1.Snubbing operation provides a new idea for exploration and development of oil and gas fields. Traditional well killing method is adopted for oil and gas wells, intending to balance formation pressure, and prevent blowout. The operation cannot be conducted in the wells with pressure, resulting in difficulty in realization of many geological requirements and influence on geological analysis. During application of the technology in oil and gas wells, string tripping, various evaluation testing, change of working system and other processes can be completed in those wells with pressure.

2.The technology maintains original condition of formation in oil - gas layer to the maximum to accurately evaluate the reservoir. When flowing into formation, kill fluid causes pollution and has a negative effect on subsequent data acquisition, well completion, well testing and ultimately, results of reservoir description, as well as recovery efficiency. The oil and gas wells reservoir physical properties get the best protection through snubbing operation which avoids damage to newly exploited reservoirs during conventional exploration, such as blockage of new perforation, mud cake which leads to wrong stratigraphic interpretation, expansion of water-sensitive minerals which weakens the reservoir physical properties, in order to obtain accurate data during oil reservoir evaluation.

Introduction to the application: the operation shall be applied to trip out the pipe string and tool string in the well out of the wellbore under pressure, and trip in new designed pipe string into the wellbore, or replace the existing pipe string in the well. Currently, Yilong snubbing department has tripped in several completion pipe strings in Jianghan Oilfield and Puguang Oilfield. The tripping operation for tubing and BHAs is achieved through controlling pressure with annular blowout preventer or stripper BOPs, and keep pressure equalized all the time. The maximum BHA allowed to go through the unit is 180mm. The maximum lift force of jack is 120 T , maximum snubbing force is 60 T, and can be applied to wells with wellhead pressure less than 105 MPa. The technology is very mature currently.

Operation description: prepare snubbing equipment; dismount the wellhead and rig up blowout preventer and snubbing equipment; trip in completion work string under pressure; land the tubing hanger; test the pressure and rig down the equipment, and recover the oil pathway, hand over to production.

Introduction to the application: since the pipe strings for brine ejection in some gas storages contain high pressure gas after completion of brine ejection, and the operation cannot be realized through conventional workover, coiled tubing and other technologies, which means only snubbing operation shall be applied.

Operation description: prepare tubing plug and snubbing unit, and rig down the wellhead and install blowout preventer and snubbing unit; take out 4-1/2” pipe strings for brine ejection from 7” injection-production pipe strings; rig down snubbing equipment and BOP stacks, and put into production.

For example, the horizontal section of the well is too long in a certain perforating operation. Previously, the perforated pipe string could not be tripped into the target section for 5 consecutive days because of the working capacity of coiled tubing, and construction progress was affected as a result. After the discussion, it was decided to use the snubbing unit to trip the tool string into target section. With long horizontal section and large fluctuations in horizontal well section, the tripping process was blocked several times. However, the perforating gun was finally tripped into the target layer with the excellent working capacity of stand-alone equipment after hard working for two days. Pressure perforating was conducted, pipe string was tripped out after completed perforating, and equipment for operation under pressure was rigged down for standby. Party A conducted fracturing of separate layers through pumping bridge plug and coiled tubing, and 2-7/8EUE tubing was tripped in the well through the equipment for operation under pressure after completion of fracturing, as the completion pipe string. It took 6 days for tubing conveyed perforating through equipment for operation under pressure, including equipment rig up and rig down, and 5 days for pipe string tripping. New solution for well-cased perforating was proposed by tubing conveyed perforating through snubbing unit. There shall be more sections to conduct perforating and fracturing after implementation, so as to increase the production of operating well and create greater economic benefits.

Equipment for operation under pressure will trip motor, nozzles and other tools into the well, pump the circulating liquid or chemicals into the pipe string. With the torque, yield strength, length of tubing and other advantages, if coiled tubing fails to meet the well condition requirements, it shall be solved by taking the advantages snubbing unit, especially for drilling, sand washover, paraffin removal and fishing for wells with high pressure, high production and deep wells. The torque of rotary table reaches up to 6,500 lb.ft, which can conduct drilling and milling for vertical well sections, and also can benefit slip release during blocking of pipe string. With wide coverage capacity and strong working capacity, snubbing unit is suitable for processing highly difficult wells, such as the complicated wells containing sand washover, drilling plug, milling, fishing and other procedures simultaneously.

For the anticorrosion, chromium-containing tubing and small tubing with small wall thickness tripped in the wells with strong corrosion, high sulphur content and high carbon dioxide content, if during tripping-in, the body is scratched by the slips or hydraulic tongs, the service life of tubing will be greatly influenced, which may increase a large number of costs for future maintenance, and even induce complex working conditions, cause engineering accidents. During tubing tripping-in under pressure, both the strong jacking force in the well and dead weight of string will apply on the slips to make bite marks on the tubing body, affecting the normal operation. Therefore, Yilong has introduced advanced tool accessories from abroad, including traceless slip tooth, traceless tong teeth, traceless tubing tong, buckle tools for small tubing, slip adapter, etc., which may realize zero damage to tubing during tripping-in process, greatly save the costs for future oil and gas well maintenance, and avoid working conditions such as tubing corrosion, damage and fracture, etc. After discussion with engineers and mechanician from Hydra Rig, Yilong has creatively invented the slip adapter, making the diameter scope of standalone snubbing unit extended to 1-1/4” – 4-1/2” (which covers most small tubing), and it also is equipped with special tongs and buckle tools for small tubing, which prevents the thread of small tubing from being damaged.

Currently, the Company owns two sets of HRS-225 snubbing rig manufactured by National Oilwell Hydra Rig Company in USA. The HRS-225K snubbing unit is a standalone work over rig that is easy to rig up and transport and capable for various snubbing operations. The basic parameters of HRS-225K snubbing unit are as follows:

The BOP stack is the core equipment for operation under pressure; currently, we have 14 BOPs in total, stripper BOPs, safety BOPs, shear / fully-sealed BOPs, slip BOPs and annular BOPs included, and can simultaneous operate on 2 wells; the BOPs now available are consisted of 10 Cameron type U single ram BOPs (7-1/16”, 105 Mpa), 2 shear ram BOPs and 2 annular BOPs (7-1/16”, 35 Mpa). Snubbing operation with dynamic sealing within 80 Mpa can be conducted.

Since 2012, our crew has successfully conducted about 110 wells in major oil fields; the service areas include the EOG Recourses, Fuling shale gas field, Puguang gasfield, etc.Type of service:Replacement work string under pressure, well completion under pressure (operation of chrome tubing), cooperation with coiled tubing operation,layered fracturing operation, perforation under pressure, well workover under pressure (including sand washing, well washing, fishing, milling, etc.).(December, 2014)