priming a hydraulic pump factory
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I have a New Holland TC45D that recently decided to blow the hydraulic pump shaft seal and leak 4 gallons of hydraulic oil into my engine. I bought a pump rebuild kit, swapped out the parts, reinstalled the pump, topped off the hydraulics and drained off the extra hydraulic oil in the engine. My problem is that now I don"t have any hydraulics. The pump does not have a bleed screw. The hydrostatic drive and my power steering both work (different pumps?) but my 3PH and FEL are both dead at the moment. I ran the engine for a minute and tried to cycle the controls but I was afraid to run the pump dry for any longer than I had. I backed the tractor out of my garage and up a slight hill hoping that the new oil will drain downhill into the pump and i"ll have a primed pump in the morning. Other than what I have already done, does anyone have any suggestions? Thanks in advance!
Engine-driven hydraulic systems have become a staple among truck upfitters. One of the things that most upfitters don"t think about is having to bleed the clutch pump system. Without priming, the risk of cavitation increases, reducing the longevity of your pump.
pumps to perform correctly. There are two types of hydraulic systems: flooded and non-flooded. A flooded hydraulic system is one in which oil flows directly into the pump by gravity, filling the system with oil. A non-flooded system starts with the pump empty of hydraulic oil, requiring suction to pull hydraulic oil through the pump. Below we will discuss a non-flooded hydraulic system.
pump"s lifespan. Deweze has two recommended ways to prime your clutch pump system to prevent pump damage and cavitation. One method involves using pressurized air and a bleeder valve; the other requires filling the suction hose with hydraulic oil.
With the bleeder valve open, wait for the excess air in the system to flow out until there is only hydraulic fluid flowing out of the valve and no air.
goal is to bleed the clutch pump system, not to drain the system. Priming the system with pressurized air and a bleeder valve should be completed; anytime there is air introduced into the clutch pump system. Examples would be the initial installation, reservoir or pump is replaced, or changing the hydraulic fluid. Pumps may need to be reprimed if they make loud noises or you experience delayed movement of hydraulic components.
Fill the suction hose with hydraulic oil until filled. Carefully, without spilling the oil, reinstall the suction hose on the barb fitting and tighten the clamp. At this point, you have primed the pump.
introduced into the clutch pump system. Examples would be the initial installation, reservoir or pump being replaced, or changing the hydraulic fluid. Pumps may need to be reprimed if they make loud noises or you experience delayed movement of hydraulic components.
Hydraulics offers a Find-A-Kit feature, allowing you to narrow down the DewEze clutch pump system you need by inputting the make, year, and engine of your truck. Need help finding your closest DewEze Hydraulics Dealer? Use our Dealer Locator to find your nearest DewEze dealer.
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It is helpful in priming pump to fill it with oil prior to installing pump on tractor. Pour oil into intake opening and turn pump in direction of normal rotation until oil comes out pressure opening. If pump does not prime itself readily after starting engine, one or more of the following methods may be used to prime the pump
1) Loosen (plug in front cover of piston pump or) plug at lower front corner on left side of the center housing if equipped with a vane pump and turn enginer over with starter until oil flows
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Pacer"s S Series Self-Priming Centrifugal pumps are lightweight and chemically resistant for general service on water, salt water, waste water, mild acids and bases. The most popular Pacer pump across multiple markets.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers and other components of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical industry, pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
When a pump contains two or more pump mechanisms with fluid being directed to flow through them in series, it is called a multi-stage pump. Terms such as two-stage or double-stage may be used to specifically describe the number of stages. A pump that does not fit this description is simply a single-stage pump in contrast.
In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps have evolved; biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of mechanical pumps.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive-displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam pumps and valveless pumps. There are three basic types of pumps: positive-displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps. In centrifugal pumps the direction of flow of the fluid changes by ninety degrees as it flows over an impeller, while in axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.
Some positive-displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.
Positive-displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal, can theoretically produce the same flow at a given speed (rpm) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus, positive-displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow rate.
A positive-displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps. A positive-displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.
A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive-displacement pump is therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The internal valve is usually used only as a safety precaution. An external relief valve in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank provides increased safety.
Rotary-type positive displacement: internal or external gear pump, screw pump, lobe pump, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots (e.g. the Wendelkolben pump) or liquid-ring pumps
Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between the rotating pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion, which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through, which reduces efficiency.
Hollow disk pumps (also known as eccentric disc pumps or Hollow rotary disc pumps), similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical rotor encased in a circular housing. As the rotor orbits and rotates to some degree, it traps fluid between the rotor and the casing, drawing the fluid through the pump. It is used for highly viscous fluids like petroleum-derived products, and it can also support high pressures of up to 290 psi.
Vibratory pumps or vibration pumps are similar to linear compressors, having the same operating principle. They work by using a spring-loaded piston with an electromagnet connected to AC current through a diode. The spring-loaded piston is the only moving part, and it is placed in the center of the electromagnet. During the positive cycle of the AC current, the diode allows energy to pass through the electromagnet, generating a magnetic field that moves the piston backwards, compressing the spring, and generating suction. During the negative cycle of the AC current, the diode blocks current flow to the electromagnet, letting the spring uncompress, moving the piston forward, and pumping the fluid and generating pressure, like a reciprocating pump. Due to its low cost, it is widely used in inexpensive espresso machines. However, vibratory pumps cannot be operated for more than one minute, as they generate large amounts of heat. Linear compressors do not have this problem, as they can be cooled by the working fluid (which is often a refrigerant).
Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction. In order for suction to take place, the pump must first pull the plunger in an outward motion to decrease pressure in the chamber. Once the plunger pushes back, it will increase the chamber pressure and the inward pressure of the plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the fluid into the delivery pipe at constant flow rate and increased pressure.
Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other, or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications that demand low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps and foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.
These positive-displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation and the pump"s volumetric efficiency can be achieved through routine maintenance and inspection of its valves.
This is the simplest form of rotary positive-displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs.
A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three screws with opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump"s casing is minimal.
Widely used for pumping difficult materials, such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles, a progressing cavity pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as its width. This can be visualized as a central core of diameter x with, typically, a curved spiral wound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured in a single casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy-duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber sleeve. Such pumps can develop very high pressure at low volumes.
Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the fluid trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90°, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration, both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.
A peristaltic pump is a type of positive-displacement pump. It contains fluid within a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing (though linear peristaltic pumps have been made). A number of rollers, shoes, or wipers attached to a rotor compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally, when the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it draws (restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.
These consist of a cylinder with a reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of the cylinder. In the suction stroke, the plunger retracts and the suction valves open causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke, the plunger pushes the liquid out of the discharge valve.
Efficiency and common problems: With only one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flow varies between maximum flow when the plunger moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the plunger is at the end positions. A lot of energy is wasted when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and
Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, which reduces the pulsation of single reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet can further smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic relationship of the high-pressure fluid and plunger generally requires high-quality plunger seals. Plunger pumps with a larger number of plungers have the benefit of increased flow, or smoother flow without a pulsation damper. The increase in moving parts and crankshaft load is one drawback.
Car washes often use these triplex-style plunger pumps (perhaps without pulsation dampers). In 1968, William Bruggeman reduced the size of the triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car washes could use equipment with smaller footprints. Durable high-pressure seals, low-pressure seals and oil seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplex pumps now are in a myriad of markets across the world.
Triplex pumps with shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person who uses a home pressure washer for 10 hours a year may be satisfied with a pump that lasts 100 hours between rebuilds. Industrial-grade or continuous duty triplex pumps on the other end of the quality spectrum may run for as much as 2,080 hours a year.
The oil and gas drilling industry uses massive semi trailer-transported triplex pumps called mud pumps to pump drilling mud, which cools the drill bit and carries the cuttings back to the surface.
One modern application of positive-displacement pumps is compressed-air-powered double-diaphragm pumps. Run on compressed air, these pumps are intrinsically safe by design, although all manufacturers offer ATEX certified models to comply with industry regulation. These pumps are relatively inexpensive and can perform a wide variety of duties, from pumping water out of bunds to pumping hydrochloric acid from secure storage (dependent on how the pump is manufactured – elastomers / body construction). These double-diaphragm pumps can handle viscous fluids and abrasive materials with a gentle pumping process ideal for transporting shear-sensitive media.
Devised in China as chain pumps over 1000 years ago, these pumps can be made from very simple materials: A rope, a wheel and a pipe are sufficient to make a simple rope pump. Rope pump efficiency has been studied by grassroots organizations and the techniques for making and running them have been continuously improved.
Impulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). In some impulse pumps the gas trapped in the liquid (usually water), is released and accumulated somewhere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the liquid upwards.
Instead of a gas accumulation and releasing cycle, the pressure can be created by burning of hydrocarbons. Such combustion driven pumps directly transmit the impulse from a combustion event through the actuation membrane to the pump fluid. In order to allow this direct transmission, the pump needs to be almost entirely made of an elastomer (e.g. silicone rubber). Hence, the combustion causes the membrane to expand and thereby pumps the fluid out of the adjacent pumping chamber. The first combustion-driven soft pump was developed by ETH Zurich.
It takes in water at relatively low pressure and high flow-rate and outputs water at a higher hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device uses the water hammer effect to develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input water that powers the pump to a point higher than where the water started.
The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of flowing water.
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity. This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the
A practical difference between dynamic and positive-displacement pumps is how they operate under closed valve conditions. Positive-displacement pumps physically displace fluid, so closing a valve downstream of a positive-displacement pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of pipeline or pump. Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).
Such a pump is also referred to as a centrifugal pump. The fluid enters along the axis or center, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially); an example is the centrifugal fan, which is commonly used to implement a vacuum cleaner. Another type of radial-flow pump is a vortex pump. The liquid in them moves in tangential direction around the working wheel. The conversion from the mechanical energy of motor into the potential energy of flow comes by means of multiple whirls, which are excited by the impeller in the working channel of the pump. Generally, a radial-flow pump operates at higher pressures and lower flow rates than an axial- or a mixed-flow pump.
These are also referred to as All fluid pumps. The fluid is pushed outward or inward to move fluid axially. They operate at much lower pressures and higher flow rates than radial-flow (centrifugal) pumps. Axial-flow pumps cannot be run up to speed without special precaution. If at a low flow rate, the total head rise and high torque associated with this pipe would mean that the starting torque would have to become a function of acceleration for the whole mass of liquid in the pipe system. If there is a large amount of fluid in the system, accelerate the pump slowly.
Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-flow pumps. The fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees from the axial direction. As a consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle of the flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and mixed-flow.
Regenerative turbine pump rotor and housing, 1⁄3 horsepower (0.25 kW). 85 millimetres (3.3 in) diameter impeller rotates counter-clockwise. Left: inlet, right: outlet. .4 millimetres (0.016 in) thick vanes on 4 millimetres (0.16 in) centers
Also known as drag, friction, peripheral, traction, turbulence, or vortex pumps, regenerative turbine pumps are class of rotodynamic pump that operates at high head pressures, typically 4–20 bars (4.1–20.4 kgf/cm2; 58–290 psi).
The pump has an impeller with a number of vanes or paddles which spins in a cavity. The suction port and pressure ports are located at the perimeter of the cavity and are isolated by a barrier called a stripper, which allows only the tip channel (fluid between the blades) to recirculate, and forces any fluid in the side channel (fluid in the cavity outside of the blades) through the pressure port. In a regenerative turbine pump, as fluid spirals repeatedly from a vane into the side channel and back to the next vane, kinetic energy is imparted to the periphery,
As regenerative turbine pumps cannot become vapor locked, they are commonly applied to volatile, hot, or cryogenic fluid transport. However, as tolerances are typically tight, they are vulnerable to solids or particles causing jamming or rapid wear. Efficiency is typically low, and pressure and power consumption typically decrease with flow. Additionally, pumping direction can be reversed by reversing direction of spin.
Steam pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include any type of pump powered by a steam engine and also pistonless pumps such as Thomas Savery"s or the Pulsometer steam pump.
Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in low power solar steam pumps for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. Previously small steam engines have not been viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines decrease in size. However the use of modern engineering materials coupled with alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are now a cost-effective opportunity.
Valveless pumping assists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering systems. In a valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are present to regulate the flow direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless system, however, is not necessarily lower than that having valves. In fact, many fluid-dynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless pumping to transport the working fluids therein. For instance, blood circulation in the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even when the heart"s valves fail. Meanwhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood long before the development of discernible chambers and valves. Similar to blood circulation in one direction, bird respiratory systems pump air in one direction in rigid lungs, but without any physiological valve. In microfluidics, valveless impedance pumps have been fabricated, and are expected to be particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids. Ink jet printers operating on the piezoelectric transducer principle also use valveless pumping. The pump chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flow impedance in that direction and refilled by capillary action.
Examining pump repair records and mean time between failures (MTBF) is of great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. In view of that fact, the preface to the 2006 Pump User"s Handbook alludes to "pump failure" statistics. For the sake of convenience, these failure statistics often are translated into MTBF (in this case, installed life before failure).
In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc.’s chief engineer for field operations in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, examined the repair records for a number of refinery and chemical plants to obtain meaningful reliability data for centrifugal pumps. A total of 15 operating plants having nearly 15,000 pumps were included in the survey. The smallest of these plants had about 100 pumps; several plants had over 2000. All facilities were located in the United States. In addition, considered as "new", others as "renewed" and still others as "established". Many of these plants—but not all—had an alliance arrangement with John Crane. In some cases, the alliance contract included having a John Crane Inc. technician or engineer on-site to coordinate various aspects of the program.
Not all plants are refineries, however, and different results occur elsewhere. In chemical plants, pumps have historically been "throw-away" items as chemical attack limits life. Things have improved in recent years, but the somewhat restricted space available in "old" DIN and ASME-standardized stuffing boxes places limits on the type of seal that fits. Unless the pump user upgrades the seal chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions. Without this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally around 50 to 60 percent of the refinery values.
Unscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. Keep in mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much longer between repairs. The MTBF of a better pump may be one to four years longer than that of its non-upgraded counterpart. Consider that published average values of avoided pump failures range from US$2600 to US$12,000. This does not include lost opportunity costs. One pump fire occurs per 1000 failures. Having fewer pump failures means having fewer destructive pump fires.
As has been noted, a typical pump failure, based on actual year 2002 reports, costs US$5,000 on average. This includes costs for material, parts, labor and overhead. Extending a pump"s MTBF from 12 to 18 months would save US$1,667 per year — which might be greater than the cost to upgrade the centrifugal pump"s reliability.
Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.
Because of the wide variety of applications, pumps have a plethora of shapes and sizes: from very large to very small, from handling gas to handling liquid, from high pressure to low pressure, and from high volume to low volume.
Typically, a liquid pump can"t simply draw air. The feed line of the pump and the internal body surrounding the pumping mechanism must first be filled with the liquid that requires pumping: An operator must introduce liquid into the system to initiate the pumping. This is called priming the pump. Loss of prime is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and displacement ratios in pumps for liquids, whether thin or more viscous, usually cannot displace air due to its compressibility. This is the case with most velocity (rotodynamic) pumps — for example, centrifugal pumps. For such pumps, the position of the pump should always be lower than the suction point, if not the pump should be manually filled with liquid or a secondary pump should be used until all air is removed from the suction line and the pump casing.
Positive–displacement pumps, however, tend to have sufficiently tight sealing between the moving parts and the casing or housing of the pump that they can be described as self-priming. Such pumps can also serve as priming pumps, so-called when they are used to fulfill that need for other pumps in lieu of action taken by a human operator.
One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or "pitcher pump". It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days before piped water supplies.
In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such community pumps are no longer common, people still used the expression parish pump to describe a place or forum where matters of local interest are discussed.
Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera was transmitted, but physician John Snow suspected contaminated water and had the handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the outbreak then subsided.
Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.
Multiphase pumping applications, also referred to as tri-phase, have grown due to increased oil drilling activity. In addition, the economics of multiphase production is attractive to upstream operations as it leads to simpler, smaller in-field installations, reduced equipment costs and improved production rates. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all fluid stream properties with one piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller multiphase pumps are installed in series rather than having just one massive pump.
A rotodynamic pump with one single shaft that requires two mechanical seals, this pump uses an open-type axial impeller. It is often called a Poseidon pump, and can be described as a cross between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump.
The twin-screw pump is constructed of two inter-meshing screws that move the pumped fluid. Twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high gas volume fractions and fluctuating inlet conditions. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two shafts.
These pumps are basically multistage centrifugal pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method for artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped fluid is mainly liquid.
A buffer tank is often installed upstream of the pump suction nozzle in case of a slug flow. The buffer tank breaks the energy of the liquid slug, smooths any fluctuations in the incoming flow and acts as a sand trap.
As the name indicates, multiphase pumps and their mechanical seals can encounter a large variation in service conditions such as changing process fluid composition, temperature variations, high and low operating pressures and exposure to abrasive/erosive media. The challenge is selecting the appropriate mechanical seal arrangement and support system to ensure maximized seal life and its overall effectiveness.
Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, volumetric flow rate, outlet pressure in metres (or feet) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or metres) of head.
From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular combination of flow rate and head.
The power imparted into a fluid increases the energy of the fluid per unit volume. Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the pump. In general, this is governed by a series of simultaneous differential equations, known as the Navier–Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only the different energies in the fluid, known as Bernoulli"s equation can be used. Hence the power, P, required by the pump:
where Δp is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and Q, the volume flow-rate of the fluid is given in m3/s. The total pressure may have gravitational, static pressure and kinetic energy components; i.e. energy is distributed between change in the fluid"s gravitational potential energy (going up or down hill), change in velocity, or change in static pressure. η is the pump efficiency, and may be given by the manufacturer"s information, such as in the form of a pump curve, and is typically derived from either fluid dynamics simulation (i.e. solutions to the Navier–Stokes for the particular pump geometry), or by testing. The efficiency of the pump depends upon the pump"s configuration and operating conditions (such as rotational speed, fluid density and viscosity etc.)
For a typical "pumping" configuration, the work is imparted on the fluid, and is thus positive. For the fluid imparting the work on the pump (i.e. a turbine), the work is negative. Power required to drive the pump is determined by dividing the output power by the pump efficiency. Furthermore, this definition encompasses pumps with no moving parts, such as a siphon.
Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency or Best Efficiency Point (BEP) ) and then declines as flow rates rise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size).
When a system includes a centrifugal pump, an important design issue is matching the head loss-flow characteristic with the pump so that it operates at or close to the point of its maximum efficiency.
Most large pumps have a minimum flow requirement below which the pump may be damaged by overheating, impeller wear, vibration, seal failure, drive shaft damage or poor performance.
The simplest minimum flow system is a pipe running from the pump discharge line back to the suction line. This line is fitted with an orifice plate sized to allow the pump minimum flow to pass.
A more sophisticated, but more costly, system (see diagram) comprises a flow measuring device (FE) in the pump discharge which provides a signal into a flow controller (FIC) which actuates a flow control valve (FCV) in the recycle line. If the measured flow exceeds the minimum flow then the FCV is closed. If the measured flow falls below the minimum flow the FCV opens to maintain the minimum flowrate.
As the fluids are recycled the kinetic energy of the pump increases the temperature of the fluid. For many pumps this added heat energy is dissipated through the pipework. However, for large industrial pumps, such as oil pipeline pumps, a recycle cooler is provided in the recycle line to cool the fluids to the normal suction temperature.oil refinery, oil terminal, or offshore installation.
Engineering Sciences Data Unit (2007). "Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps. Introduction" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Tanzania water Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine blog – example of grassroots researcher telling about his study and work with the rope pump in Africa.
C.M. Schumacher, M. Loepfe, R. Fuhrer, R.N. Grass, and W.J. Stark, "3D printed lost-wax casted soft silicone monoblocks enable heart-inspired pumping by internal combustion," RSC Advances, Vol. 4, pp. 16039–16042, 2014.
"Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps" (PDF). Institution of Diploma Marine Engineers, Bangladesh. June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-08. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Quail F, Scanlon T, Stickland M (2011-01-11). "Design optimisation of a regenerative pump using numerical and experimental techniques" (PDF). International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow. 21: 95–111. doi:10.1108/09615531111095094. Retrieved 2021-07-21.
Rajmane, M. Satish; Kallurkar, S.P. (May 2015). "CFD Analysis of Domestic Centrifugal Pump for Performance Enhancement". International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 02 / #02. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
Wasser, Goodenberger, Jim and Bob (November 1993). "Extended Life, Zero Emissions Seal for Process Pumps". John Crane Technical Report. Routledge. TRP 28017.
Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", cf. Donald Hill, Mechanical Engineering Archived 25 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine)
Australian Pump Manufacturers" Association. Australian Pump Technical Handbook, 3rd edition. Canberra: Australian Pump Manufacturers" Association, 1987. ISBN 0-7316-7043-4.
Flomax 15 Self-Priming Pumps by MP pumps. FM pumps have 3" pipe size. Cast iron construction or Stainless Steel, impellers are semi-open style. These pumps used to be sold under the Jaeger brand name. Extremely popular in the Ag industry for pesticides, fertilizers, irrigation and de-watering applications.
Used in trenchless horizontal drilling machines, Vermeer Ditch Witch Case. Mixing drilling fluid additives bentonite with water and delivering the slurry to horizontal directional drilling units for drilling, backreaming, and product pullback, Hydroseeding.
Self-priming centrifugal pumps are unique. As the name suggests, they have the ability to prime themselves under suction lift conditions. They draw fluid up from tanks or pits below, making them easier and safer to work on than those that work below ground. Under the right conditions, they’ll free themselves of entrained gas and function normally on their own, but sometimes, they can’t.
A BRIEF NOTE OF CAUTION:Just because self-priming pumps able to pull fluid into them, doesn’t mean that they should start up dry. Self-priming, centrifugal pumps need fluid in the casing to get started. Running dry, even for a short while, will cause damage to the mechanical seal, and pump failure.
Once the pump is turned on, the impeller begins to turn in a counter clockwise rotation. The fluid inside, or the “initial prime”, flows through the volute into the discharge cavity. Here, the air and fluid separate, the air evacuates through an open ended line, or air release line, while the fluid returns to the impeller through a recirculation port.
While the fluid is recirculated and the air is removed from the discharge cavity, low pressure is being created at the eye of the impeller. Atmospheric pressure is higher than the lower pressure created at the eye of the impeller, thus fluid is forced up the suction line.
As fluid moves up the suction line, the air ahead of the fluid is pushed into the casing and handled as the initial prime was handled through the recirculation process. Once the fluid arrives in the pump, it operates as normal.
As fluid recirculates in the pump and forces air out of the discharge chamber, it’s trying to create an area of low pressure. However, if there’s a leak in the suction line, air continues to be drawn into the pump, never allowing it to release enough to create that area of low pressure.
If a valve on the air release line is closed, and the valve on the discharge line is closed, again, it"s giving no place for the air to go and get out of the pump.
If there is excessive clearance between the impeller and the wear plate, the pump has a difficult time creating a low-pressure area. This is typically caused by wear, but could also be due to improper reassembly.
During the priming process, as discussed above, fluid is recirculated through the volute casing. If the recirculation port becomes plugged, the eye of the impeller is unable to create an area of low pressure in which to pull liquid up the suction line.
If you’ve undersized the pump for the suction line, it will not be able to create the low-pressure area it needs to prime. It’s important to understand the suction lift requirements before selecting a pump for the application. Use Gorman-Rupp’s Pump Selection Guide for the calculations you’ll need.
The ability for self-priming pumps to prime hinges on all the right conditions. The pump must be able to evacuate air from inside the pump, create a low-pressure area at the eye of the impeller, and also be properly sized for the right NPSHconditions.
Engineers and experts rely on Crane Engineering for insight and help with centrifugal pumps and positive displacement pumps. Our in-house team of engineers can answer questions related to not only pumps but valves and skid systems. We provide a complete service and repair team who will fix pumps back to OEM standards. We are ready to assist you, contact us, today!
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A hydraulic pump can be defined as a mechanical power source which converts mechanical power into hydraulic energy. Hydraulic pumps are typically used for hydraulic drive systems. The way it works is by generating flow with sufficient power capable of overcoming the pressure created from the pump outlet’s load. When in operation, a hydraulic pump generated a vacuum right at the pump inlet, and that forces liquid to move via an inlet line into the pump from the reservoir.
Hydraulic gear pumps that typically come with outer teeth are economically simple pumps. While they have a swept displacement or volume range between 1 to 200 mm, they tend to have the lowest volumetric efficiency of all pump types.
Rotary vane pumps, both simple adjustable and fixed displacement tend to have higher efficiency compared to gear pumps, however, they are functional for mid range pressures (180bar). Units made today can withstand pressures more than 300bar during continuous operation.
Screw pumps are made of 2 Archimedes’ screws which intermesh and closed into a single chamber. Screw pumps are suitable for high flows with low pressures of around 100bars. Screw pumps are mainly used because they generate little to no noise, however they are not that efficient.
Piston pumps make use of a swashplate principle to devices both adjustable and fixed displacement. This gives them the design advantage of being compact. These pumps are much more economical and easier to make, however, one disadvantage is that they do become prone to contamination by oil. Axial piston pumps are known to be the most used variable displacement type, as it has been found in nearly everything from mobile to heavy industrial applications.
A hydraulic motor can be defined as a mechanical actuator which transforms hydraulic flow and pressure into angular displacement and torque. A hydraulic motor is the movable piece of a hydraulic cylinder. In a broader sense, devices known as hydraulic motors sometimes include those that are able to run in hydropower, however, this term has been refined to define only motored that make use of hydraulic fluid as a portion of their closed hydraulic circuits.
Vane and gear motors: these are basic rotating systems with benefits such as a high rpm at a reduced initial cost. A vane motor is made up of a housing which contains an erratic bite which then tunes a rotor consisting of bands that slide out and in. An integral element of the design is the way the vane tips have been created to meet the motor housing and the vane tip.
Piston and Plunger motors:are much more complicated as they have been created for high quality rotating drive systems. Certain axial piston and Plunger motors offer adaptable transfer ratios.
To avoid any unnecessary and frustrating breakdowns, it is important to keep your machinery well maintained. With regular preventative maintenance you will be able to spot any developing problems and have them repaired quickly and efficiently by CJ Plant, before any further, more severe, and expensive damage occurs. Below are some key steps to prioritise when maintaining your hydraulic motor.
Pressure and flow make up the foundation of hydraulic operation. Consistent testing of these measures will provide a good indication of the overall health of your hydraulic motor. Changes in either level will generally suggest a bigger problem that could range from leaking seals to contaminated hydraulic fluid.
You can monitor for subtle changes in flow and pressure more effectively by keeping accurate documentation of every test result and the date of the test. Some measurements might have statistically insignificant changes between individual tests, but could demonstrate a trend across multiple samples.
Taking samples of the hydraulic fluid or oil from several points on the motor is very important. You should take more than one, as a single sample might not show contamination that occurs further in the system. Compare multiple samples to each other for both viscosity and integrity. Look out for if the fluid appears to thicken, thin, or become contaminated anywhere in the system.
Checking the fluid on a regular basis can prevent inefficient operation and a strain on the motor. A close examination of the fluid also allows for an evaluation of the system itself.
Mark the normal fluid levels on the reservoirs and label each one with the type of fluid to use. If you mix or use the wrong type of fluid, you could contaminate the system and result in it becoming damaged. You should empty the reservoir, clean it, and refill it with fresh fluid on a schedule dictated by the manufacturer’s recommendations. Pay close attention to contaminated fluid and flush the entire system if the hydraulic liquid looks dirty.
Remove and clean key components of the hydraulic system including filters, couplers, gauges and more. Replace any of these that seem damaged or have excessive build up on them. Also, be sure that each junction of the system moves as expected.
Regular maintenance should include the draining and flushing of valves in the hydraulic system. After cleaning these points, test the valves and actuators in operation. Look for signs of any inefficient function, which could suggest a growing issue. Repair the problem to restore to full operation of the hydraulic motor and reduce the risk of it breaking down completely.
Right from the definition of these two types of hydraulic components, you can tell that they are different. In essence, Hydraulic pumps as components absorb mechanical kinetic energy to create hydraulic energy, while hydraulic motored do exactly the opposite.
While a hydraulic pump is connected to a prime mover, with the pump shaft with no extra radial load, the hydraulic motor is connected to the load via pulleys, sprockets and gears, so its main shaft can bear an increased radial load.
A hydraulic pump typically has a vacuum in its low pressure chamber. To ensure that it is able to be more efficient at oil absorption and anti-cavitation capability, its suction nozzle is typically larger than its nozzle for high pressure, however a hydraulic motor does not require any of these.
Hydraulic motors typically need negative and positive rotation, which then causes the motor’s internal structure to be symmetrical. Whereas hydraulic pumps usually rotate in a single direction, which negates the need for such a requirement. For instance, a vane motor’s blades have to be arranged radially, unlike the incline of a vane pump, else the blades could become broken when they reverse. An axial plunger motor needs its distribution plate to be symmetrical in design, however an axial plunger pump does not. This is the same for a gear motor as it has to have a unique leakage tube, which cannot be directly connected into the low pressure chamber as a gear pump would.
A hydraulic motor has a vastly wider speed range which means it is able to switch from lubrication mode to hearing form. A hydraulic motor requires a low minimum stable speed, and certain hydraulic motors also require variable brake and speed.
Hydraulic motors require a large amount of start up torque, so as to be able to overcome the static friction encountered during start-up. They also require enough start-up torque when there is a case of pressure fluctuation. For example, for internal friction to be reduced in a hydraulic motor, the amount of teeth a gear motor has is increased, and an axial clearance compensation device with a smaller compression coefficient than that of a pump is introduced.
Hydraulic pumps have to be integrally self-priming. This is one of the reasons why point contact plunger motors can’t be used as pumps as they do not have the self-priming capability.
A vane pump’s blade is pushed out due to centrifugal force and that creates a working chamber. If this pump is used as a motor, it will not function as the blade is not able to create the external force required of a working chamber when it starts.
For friction to reduce, version plunger motors eradicate slipper to become point contact motors, whereas plunger pumps are unable to function without slippers.
A hydraulic motor has a larger internal leakage, compared to the hydraulic pump. The reason for this is because a hydraulic motor’s leakage direction points in the same way as its motion and that results in motion speed becoming involved.
If you’re looking to get your hydraulic pumps or hydraulic motors repaired, why not contact the experts in hydraulic repairs at CJ Plant on 01527 535 804