williams space mission parts free sample

Bally williams 1995 wpc parts service bulletin pinball machine manual free ship. pinball books, manuals & videos. the pictures show the score motor for williams space mission. notice all dirt and carbon dust on and around the score motor, especially the stacks of switches is often dirty and oxidized, it is very important that these switches is absolutely clean and correct adjusted to assure the function of the pinball. 00: ppm- tkc- wh2o: translite plastic keychain - whitewater : $ 7. this machine has all the original artwork and hace never been repainted. you can simply never go wrong with a classic williams mechanical pinball machine. pinball schematics & manuals. side artwork is very well done. space mission; space odyssey; space shuttle;. revenge from mars pinball manual.

williams space mission gp. gottlieb " short frame" latch- trip relays used during the 1970s are even more troublesome ( ax/ bx relays on multi- players, ax on single players. bally/ williams pinball. 50: ppm- tkc- totan: translite plastic keychain - tales of the arabian nights. another view of the art and the coin door. i" m trying to track down some schematics ( and manual, if it exists) for a newly acquired machine ( williams space odyssey). serving the pinball community since 1999. space invaders pinball: space invaders pinball operating manual: 59 pages: 2. space mission ( williams) schematics: price: $ 19. upper playfield has two pop bumpers, a horseshoe and a. 1 mb: space shuttle: space shuttle operating manual: 29 pages: 2.

this is one of the best 70" s em pinball williams space mission pinball manual machines, williams" great " space mission"! bally williams nos flipper coil 11722 excl. wms space mission ( em) 1976 documents - vii williams space mission ( emflyer williams space mission manual. ] 140 kb zip : pinmame romset ( l- 5) documentation: 142 kb pdf : operations manual amendments and additions [ williams electronic games. find out everything about space mission ( williams, 1976) pinball machine; general game details, ratings and reviews, photos, videos, high scores, places to play and find machines currently for sale on our market place. pinball parts: order by phone or. ” check out any of our florida gulf coast locations for our large selection of pinball machines.

for example, if a bally or williams pinball won" t light up after turning it on ( and pressing the left flipper button! 5 mb: speakeasy: english manual: 40 pages: 7 mb: spider- man: spiderman pinball manual ( stern site) ( external link) n/ a: 0: star trek: star trek 25th anniversay pinball operating manual: 21 pages: 2. below is a list of trade stimulator manufacturers & models for your information. getaway williams manual ( reprint) $ 24. we played space mission for a bit. space mission- williams - pinball manual - schematics - instructions - book. this 1976 williams space mission pinball machine has recently been restored to good working condition. check out williams space pinball on ebay. 99- - all others $ 24. space mission ( williams 1976) for making db2s.

a wide variety of classified ads buy, rent, sell and find anything - space mission pinball machine by williams listings. gorgar ( wms) silkscreened backglass. can anyone help with this, please? 99 each games marked with * are $ 29. for more information on pinballs, repair, parts, backglasses, values, go to pinball resource center. space mission ( williams) rubber ring kit: price: $ 14. williams introduction to coin operated amusement williams space mission pinball manual games manual. recent actual sales data history for the williams space shuttle pinball machine. williams space mission pinball machine * * coin or plays meter * used.

50 as low as: au$ 15. view and download pinball manuals for free. watch; williams em pinball machine - pair. a classic pinball glass with the scene from a famous event in history full playfield view. classic 1976 williams space mission electromechanical pinball machine. i have more pinball schematics and manuals than anyone, anywhere. under the playfield view.

if you" ve ever played this machine you already know how great it truly is. williams space mission cards backglass resources. the machine has a wooden cabinet and the backglass art is a reproduction of nasa artist robert mccall’ s “ handshake in space. we are posting it for your information. space mission pinball machine by williams in greensboro, north carolina at americanlisted. it" s very well designed, check out the video williams space mission pinball manual to see what it looks like an.

2 / ~ 22 pages williams/ midway wpc schematics / part# / ~ 20 pages williams wpc theory of operation and schematics manual / part# / ~ 62 pages williams/ midway wpc schematics / part# / ~ 14 pages bally parts manuals. i also have schematics and manuals for most arcade and video games. the backglass is in good condition with only one small flake. space mission; space shuttle; space station; star trek the next generation; star wars episode i; swords of fury; tales of the arabian nights; terminator 2 judgment day; the bally game show; the flintstones; the getaway high speed ii; the machine bride of pinbot; whirlwind; white water; bulk items ; balls; cabinet parts. someone pointed me to the ipdb, which then pointed me to planetary pinball to purchase. view pinball sales:. it is truly in good condition for it" s age. space mission; space odyssey; space shuttle;. star wars premium instructions manual.

williams/ midway wpc schematics / part#. i love the way the game looks, especially the backglass, which has a depiction of the apollo/ soyuz space mission from 1975. click on the picture above for schematic in format. williams space mission cards. the machine is ready to play.

buy it now + $ 3. com – classifieds across north carolina. space mission is a game i got from a guy a while ago. tom cahill, former service manager for williams, told us that approximately 200 space mission games were made with steel cabinets. since mpf is just software that supports lots of different physical hardware, you don’ t actually need to have physical pinball machine hardware to complete the tutorial. 99 addams family wpc pinball williams alien star pinball gottlieb amazon for home sales, private parties and one day rentals – call us!

ppang: no good gofers translite - next gen : $ 129. the space mission pinball machine was manufactured by williams starting in the mid- 1960s and production ended in 1976. it was always a player favorite due to the quick playfield action and the vibrant artwork. ), often this can be traced to the switches in the game- over latch- trip relay. com keywords: pinball repair troubleshooting. see the link for them. pinball manuals $ 24.

this tutorial will walk you through using mpf to create a basic pinball machine config. space mission ( williams) game manual: part # pm0356. inside the pinball cabinet. hawes subject: scanned by www. bally 1968 parts catalog / / ~ 138 pages. t is very few worn areas on the playing surface. please read thoroughly before bidding on item. williams space mission schematic.

a great space themed pinball machine from williams. it includes new, cool, high efficiency, long- life, plug- in replacement led lamps for all flashers, backbox general illumination, playfield general illumination, and playfield switched feature lamps. space mission was the most popular electro- mechanical pinball machine ever made by williams with almost 12, 000 machines produced! this is a fun game to play and is one of the first 4 player em" s.

com has been visited by 1m+ users in the past month. this is the led lamp complete conversion kit for the williams space mission pinball machine. the picture surely was of the painting made by noted space artist robert mccallwhich can be seen here. bad cats pinball manual ( reprint) $ 24. i have been collecting these for over 30 years from manufactures, distributors, various shows, and operators all over the country.

this video was made to assist in the repair of em late model williams 4 player pinball machines. this auction is for a 1975 williams space mission pinball machine. it’ s a good “ player” game, meaning it plays nice, but it needs a lot of restoration work. circa 1976), and it" williams space mission pinball manual s history and background, photos, repair help, manuals, for sale and wanted lists, and census survey is brought to you by the international arcade museum at the museum of the game. the space mission coin- operated pinball by williams electronics, inc. 50 each status: in stock.

title: williams pinball troubleshooting and reference manual author: james t. williams system 9 release date: december 1984. ball shooter; buttons. inside the backbox.

browse verified compatible pinball parts for williams space odyssey ( space mission) from marco specialties. i contacted planetary pinball but they are telling me they don" t sell them. pinball snapshots, pagesmike pacak" s pinball flyer reference book s- z: rule sheets: space station rulesheet ( jul/ 25/ 1993), by steve loft : roms: 144 kb zip : game rom l- 5 [ williams electronic games, inc. click on the picture above for manual in format.

Notes:The 2-Player version of this game is pop bumper caps while others have white ones. We don"t know the reason for this difference. The 2-player "Space Odyssey" seems to always have yellow pop bumper caps.

Steve Kordek told us that the backglass art was derived from a picture he obtained from NASA. The picture surely was of the painting made by noted space artist Robert McCall (1919-2010) which can be seen here.

It won"t work on multiplayer games, but just wanted to note that if you (incorrectly) have the Match feature plugged in as "ON" on Williams single-player machines while also having the game set to give extra balls (add-a-ball) instead of free credits, if you match, the match will quickly kick in and give the player a ball right as the ball count unit decreases (so you can keep on playing), although the match number is never displayed as it is so quick of a jump in and out of game over; I don"t think the game even ever fully goes to game over. There is a card inside or somewhere saying to make sure you set match to "OFF" if using add-a-ball, but it does no harm, but I could see why it would be undesirable and would probably leave a lot of games walked away or look broken/wacky, from hence the card.

Space Odyssey is a space flight themed pinball machine that is the two-player version of Space Mission. Up to two players can play, alternating turns between balls. Settings are available for 3 or 5-ball play as well as extra ball or credit and numerous scoring options to set the game’s difficulty (and earnings).

Additionally, at the end of a ball, the bonus is awarded (with a max bonus of 20,000 or double bonus of 40,000) assuming the player has not gotten a tilt. The penalty for a tilt on Space Odyssey is that the ball in play ends and no bonus or extra ball is awarded. After 3 balls have been played, the “Game Over” light on the backglass will illuminate as well as a pseudo-random two digit number. If these two digits happen to match the last two digits of your score, a credit (free game) will be awarded as indicated by a knocking sound. Your score will remain on the back glass until a new game is started; if your score is over 100,000, a light to the right of the score reels indicating that will illuminate.

Artist’s impression of the Mars Base Camp in orbit around Mars. When missions to Mars begin, one of the greatest risks will be that posed by space radiation. Credit: Lockheed Martin

In 1972, the space race officially ended as NASA sent one last crew of astronauts to the surface of the moon (Apollo 17). This was the brass ring that both the US and the Soviets were reaching for, the "moonshot" that would determine who had supremacy in space. In the current age of renewed space exploration, the next great leap will clearly involve sending astronauts to Mars.

Their research was also the subject of a presentation made during the seventh session of the Space Biology Virtual Workshop hosted by the Lunar Planetary Institute (LPI) – which took place between Jan. 20th and 21st. As Biswal and Annavarapua indicated in their study and presentations, Mars occupies a special place in the hearts and minds of scientists and astrobiological researchers.

Addressing these issues in advance is paramount if NASA and other space agencies hope to conduct the first crewed missions to Mars in the next decade and after. Based on their analysis, Biswal and Annavarapu identified 14 distinct challenges, which include (but are not limited to):

All of these challenges experience some degree of overlap with one or more of the others listed. For instance, an obvious issue when it comes to planning missions to Mars is the sheer distance involved. Because of this, launch windows between Earth and Mars only occur every two years when our planets are at the closest in their orbits to each other (i.e., when Mars is in "opposition" relative to the sun).

During these windows, a spacecraft can make the journey from Earth to Mars in 150 to 300 days (about five to ten months). This makes resupply missions impractical since astronauts cannot wait that long to receive much-needed shipments of fuel, food, and other supplied. As Biswal told Universe Today via email, the distances involved also creates problems where astronaut safety and are power-generation are concerned:

"In case of any emergency situation, we cannot bring back astronauts from Mars [as we could] in the case of LEO or Lunar Missions… Similarly, distance reduces the solar flux from Earth orbit to Mars orbit resulting in the deficit power production which is very significant to power vehicle and maintain thermal stability (As again the far distance may lead to low environment temperature causing hypothermia and frost formation (especially in mouth)."

In other words, simply getting to Mars presents multiple specific challenges that Biswal and Annavarapu included in their analysis. When talking about astronaut healthy and safety, there are several specific challenges that come into play here as well. For instance, the fact that astronauts will be spending an several months in deep-space creates all kinds of risks for their physical and mental health.

For starters, there"s the psychological toll of being confined to a spacecraft cabin with other astronauts. There"s also the physical toll of long-term exposure to a microgravity environment. As research aboard the International Space Station (ISS) has shown—particularly, NASA"s Twin Study—spending up to a year in space takes a considerable toll on the human body.

But as Biswal indicated, the single-greatest and most obvious challenge is all the radiation (solar and cosmic) that the astronauts will be exposed to over the course of the entire mission:

"[The] greatest dangers include the risk of prolonged cancer and its effects due to exposure to both interplanetary radiation (during Mars transit) and surface radiation (during extended surface stay). Then, the effect of radiation cause improper brain coordination function and other brain-related diseases; then the psychological effect of the crew during complete isolation. Since the crewed mission relies on the performance of astronaut, the astronaut experience more health-related issues."

In developed nations, people on Earth are exposed to an average of about 620 millirem (62 mSv) annually, or 1.7 millirems (0.17 mSv) a day. Meanwhile, NASA has conducted studies that have shown how a mission to Mars would result in a total exposure of about 1,000 mSv over a two and a half year period. This would consist of 600 mSv during a year-long round-trip, plus 400 mSv during an 18-month stay (while the planets realigned).

Luckily, there are mitigation strategies for the transit and surface parts of the mission, some of which Biswal and Annavarapua recommend. "We are currently developing a Mars subsurface habitat that could address all the health-related issues on the extended mission or permanent settlement on Mars," said Biswal. "[T]he crewed mission should include faster production of crew necessities from in-situ resource [utilization] (ISRU)."

This proposal is in keeping with the many mission profiles that NASA and other space agencies are developing for future lunar and Martian exploration. There are already many existing strategies to keep crews protected from radiation while in space, but in extraterrestrial environments, all concepts incorporate the use of local resources (such as regolith or ice) to create natural shielding.

The local availability of ice is also seen as a must for the sake of ensuring a steady water supply for human consumption and irrigation (since astronauts on long-duration missions will need to grow much of their own food). Aside from all that, Biswal and Annavarapu emphasized how maintaining a fast flight and return trajectory will help reduce travel time.

There is also the possibility of leveraging advanced technologies like nuclear-thermal and nuclear-electric propulsion (NTP/NEP). NASA and other space agencies are actively researching nuclear rockets since a spacecraft equipped with NTP or NEP could make the journey to Mars in just 100 days. But as Bisawl and Annavarapu indicated, this raises the challenge of dealing with nuclear systems and more exposure to radiation.

Alas, all of these challenges can be addressed with the right combination of innovation and preparation. And when you consider the payoffs of sending crewed missions to Mars, the challenges seem a lot less daunting. As Biswal offered, these include proximity, the opportunities to study Martian soil samples in an Earth laboratory, the expanding of our horizons, and the ability to answer fundamental questions about life:

"We have always been fascinated to know where we have come from and if there is any life like us in other astronomical bodies? [W]e cannot execute a crewed mission to any other interplanetary destination due to mission risk and management.

"Mars is the only neighboring planet in our solar system we can explore, it [has] a good geologic record to answer all [of] our unsolved questions, and [we can] bring samples [back] to analyze in our terrestrial lab?" And finally, it would be interesting to execute a human mission to Mars in order to demonstrate the extent of current technology and aerospace progression."

Since the early 1960s, space agencies have been sending robotic missions to Mars. Since the 1970s, some of those missions have been landers that set down on the surface. With the over forty years of data and expertise that"s resulted, NASA and other space agencies are now looking to apply what they"ve learned so they can send the first astronauts to Mars.

The first attempts may still be over a decade (or more) away, but only if significant preparations take place beforehand. Not only do a lot of mission-related components and infrastructure still need to be developed, but a lot of research still needs to be done. Thankfully, these efforts benefit from the kinds of thorough assessments we see here, where all potential risks and hazards are investigated (and counter-measures proposed).

Well, there was one man who made it his mission to collate and preserve much of this historically-significant information during his last days working at Williams, and that man was the hugely successful and prolific game designer, Steve Kordek.

Steve made sure the records from Williams and Bally were saved, storing huge quantities of paperwork in his office and at the factory in the day prior to Williams pulling the plug on their pinball operation in late 1999.  When the doors closed on pinball production at Williams’ Waukegan plant much of the documentation was sold – along with surplus stock and part-developed games such as Wizard Blocks and Playboy – to Gene Cunningham who transported it all to his Illinois Pin Ball Company base in Bloomington, Illinois.

Gene was an avid collector – and some might prefer ‘hoarder’ – of pinballs, parts and paperwork.  Along with the Williams assets, he also bought the remaining stock from Capcom and used some of that to manufacture the Big Bang Bar game which had previously only made it to the prototype stage at Capcom Pinball before they too closed.

However, Gene had financial troubles of his own, and his collection of Williams files was eventually purchased by James Loflin of Pinball Inc. in 2009.  James had been producing reproduction ramps and plastics for many years before selling that side of the business to Starship Fantasy so that he could concentrate on remaking Williams’ upright pinball game Pinball Circus, and more recently the Capcom title Kingpin.

James told Pinball News, “While it was not a buyout of Illinois Pinball itself, the purchase agreement included a majority of their pinball parts inventory, original Williams tooling and the Williams/Bally archives.  The archives are primarily the records which Steve Kordek organized and preserved when he was chief engineer for Williams, thus they mainly consist of engineer files.”

And there were a lot of files.  James told us, “For 8 years I went through and researched the archives. It truly is fascinating stuff which gives a bit of insight as to how machines were developed in the early days. The archives also revealed to me the “who’s who” of Williams pinball. Going through the archives allowed me to discover one man in particular, Gordon Horlick, who it turned out was Harry Williams’ best friend and was the Chief Engineer for Williams pinball and ultimately became Vice President of Williams until the time they were sold in the early ’60s.“

However, James appreciated that he didn’t have the space or the resources to fully exploit the wealth of information contained within these archives.  “While it was an absolute thrill to have them for myself during years I had them, only a few people were able to spend any time to go through them as I didn’t have the means to display them or organize them in a way which made it easy to research them.“, he said.

With such a large collection, we asked Jeremy if The Strong knew the full scope of what they had.  He replied, “The museum’s archivist has not finished processing the collection, but we have a good sense of the dates covered, as well as the kinds of documentation and the games represented in the collection. The collection covers documentation from Bally, Midway, and Williams from 1933 to 2000, with the bulk of materials focused on Williams from 1947 to 1993. It includes bills of material, parts lists, memos, notes, reference materials, engineering drawings, parts diagrams, wiring diagrams, packaging testing documentation, engineer change notices, correspondence, and logbooks.”

Once the collection has been processed and secured – which is expected to be completed in Q3 of this year – the intention is to use in exhibits and also make it accessible to anyone interested in researching specific areas of pinball’s history.  Jeremy described how someone would get access to the archive. “Anyone interested can contact our Brian Sutton-Smith Library and Archives of Play for more information about the collection or to schedule a research appointment.  The materials will also be accessible for use in our physical and online exhibits. For example, museum guests can already play a variety of pinball machines from our collection in our Pinball Playfields exhibit, but there’s also a whitewood prototype of George Gomez’sThe Lord of the Ringsand reproductions of playfield drawings by Harry Williams and Mark Ritchie on display. Other pinball materials, including images of machines, flyers, photographs, and design drawings are available to view in our online exhibit with Google Arts and Culture entitled Pinball in America.“

Planarian flatworms are known for their mastery of regeneration (Reddien & Sanchez Alvarado, 2004; Sanchez Alvarado, 2003; Sheiman & Kreshchenko, 2015). These bilaterians have the ability to completely recapitulate all body parts, including complex organs, from small pieces of the body, with high morphological and proportional fidelity (Hill & Petersen, 2015) in a vast variety of perturbations (Morgan, 1898). The complex organs include a full, centralized brain (Pagán, 2014; Sarnat, 1985) and central nervous system (Cebria, 2008) which has the ability to produce a continuous brain wave pattern (Aoki, Wake, Sasaki, & Agata, 2009) and complex behaviors (Corning, 1964; Inoue, Hoshino, Yamashita, Shimoyama, & Agata, 2015) with impressively variable sensory capabilities as inputs (Asano, Nakamura, Ishida, Azuma, & Shinozawa, 1998; Brown, 1962a, 1966; Brown & Park, 1964; Brown, Dustman, & Beck, 1966; Carpenter, Morita, & Best, 1974; Hyman, 1951; MacRae, 1967). Planaria exhibit complex learning, curiosity, and problem‐solving abilities (Best & Rubenstein, 1962; Corning & Freed, 1968; McConnell, 1965; Pagán, 2014; Wells, 1967). Moreover, they are able to repair and remodel three major polarity axes, dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior, and medial/lateral, with outstanding accuracy (Gentile, Cebria, & Bartscherer, 2011; Gurley, Rink, & Alvarado, 2008; Kato, Orii, Watanabe, & Agata, 2001; Lange & Steele, 1978; Molina, Saló, & Cebrià, 2007; Orii & Watanabe, 2007; Owlarn & Bartscherer, 2016; Reddien, Bermange, Kicza, & Alvarado, 2007). These complex regenerative abilities are attractive for human regeneration research especially because planaria have more genomic similarities to vertebrates than do Drosophila melanogaster or Caenorhabditis elegans (Sánchez Alvarado, Newmark, Robb, & Juste, 2002). All of these properties make planaria a prime model for research in diverse areas of biomedicine, from stem cell biology to drug addiction (Rawls, Cavallo, Capasso, Ding, & Raffa, 2008a; Rawls, Gerber, Ding, Roth, & Raffa, 2008b; Rowlands & Pagan, 2008; Sacavage et al., 2008).

Microbes are also impacted by space conditions. Classically, it was concluded that cells smaller than 10 μM, including bacteria, would be affected very minimally by weightlessness (Pollard, 1965); however, more recently, experiments observing microorganisms in space‐like environments have suggested otherwise (Horneck, Klaus, & Mancinelli, 2010). Moreover, microgravity conditions have been shown to increase bacterial growth kinetics, biofilm formation, and stress resistance (Kim, Matin, & Rhee, 2014; Rosenzweig et al., 2010). Microbes continue to maintain their adaptability in the changing environment and have been shown to change their secondary metabolite production, gene expression, and virulent capability (Leys, Hendrickx, De Boever, Baatout, & Mergeay, 2004; Nickerson et al., 2000, 2003). Although it still remains to be determined what physical factors are contributing to these changes (such as whether they are due to microgravity or fluid dynamics), it is clear that spaceflight can reshape microbial communities and what they produce. Aside from the clear biological implications, this also poses questions regarding manned spaceflight and protection from microorganisms that may be encountered while away from Earth.

If space travel environments can change cellular behavior and physiology, it is imperative to begin to understand how they can impact regeneration. Much of the previous work studying the impact of spaceflight on regeneration has been done in urodeles, in particular investigating limb and lens regeneration (Grigoryan, Mitashov, & Anton, 2002; Mitashov, Brushlinskaya, Grigoryan, Tuchkova, & Anton, 1996). Newts undergoing limb regeneration have shown increased regenerative rates on biosatellites as well as increased proliferation in limb blastemas in a synchronous manner. Lenses also showed increased regenerative ability. After landing, there was a two‐fold increase in the number of proliferative cells within the region that provides the cells for lens regeneration as well as other parts of the eye. Upon further investigation replicating these experiments in microgravity conditions on Earth, it was suggested that these effects occur due to weightlessness (Blaber, Sato, & Almeida, 2014a; Grigoryan, Anton, & Mitashov, 1998). Conversely, tail regeneration experiments did not find this same advancement in regenerative ability; however, changes in the pigmentation of tail blastemas in spaceflight animals were observed (Grinfeld, Foulquier, Mitashov, Bruchlinskaia, & Duprat, 1996). In Schmidtea mediterranea planaria, one study using simulated microgravity observed lethality while hypergravity led to decreased proliferation rates (Adell, Salo, van Loon, & Auletta, 2014). In contrast, another study found no distinguishing effects on Girardia tigrina (Gorgiladze, 2008). We used the species Dugesia japonica, not previously explored in space travel, with a range of analysis methods, to examine the effects of spaceflight conditions.

Our study sought to determine how spaceflight and the conditions on the International Space Station (ISS) would affect planarian regeneration (Fig. ​(Fig.1).1). What effects would microgravity and micro‐geomagnetic fields produce, and might these effects be persistent after return to Earth? We used a panel of behavioral, microbiological, and morphological assays to understand how the total experience of spaceflight (including the stresses of take‐off and landing, as well as the weightless and 0 GMF conditions on the ISS itself) would affect this complex regenerative model system. This project was also designed to establish protocols for performing planarian research in space so as to determine proper transfer logistics and conditions for future missions. As humans transition towards becoming a space‐faring species, it is important that we deduce the impact of spaceflight on regenerative health for the sake of medicine and future space laboratory research.

Pre‐launch preparation and logistics. For logistics on Earth, live worm samples were secured inside the battery powered refrigerated shipping container iQ2 from Micro Q Technologies (Scottsdale, AZ, U.S.A.), and FedEx Space Solutions (Memphis, TN, U.S.A.) was utilized for rapid shipment of the iQ2 container. (A) iQ2, the proprietary battery operated precision‐temperature‐controlled shipping container. (B), (C) iQ2 inside the protective shipping exterior. (D) Manual worm amputation at Kennedy Space Center prior to launch. (E), (F) 50 mL conical tubes (blue caps) containing live worms were sealed, then secured in 3D‐printed custom retainers (yellow and purple), and placed inside the BRIC‐100VC containers (red) provided by NASA. (G) SpX‐5 SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft on top of the Falcon 9 rocket at Cape Canaveral SLC‐40 launch pad. (H) SpX‐5 liftoff on 10 January 2015, at 09:47 UTC. (I) SpX‐5 SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft in orbit prior to berthing with the ISS on 12 January 2015. Images reprinted with permission from Micro Q Technologies (A) and of SpaceX (G–I)

The International Space Station (ISS) is the largest modular space station in low Earth orbit. The project involves five space agencies: the United States" NASA, Russia"s Roscosmos, Japan"s JAXA, Europe"s ESA, and Canada"s CSA.microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields.Moon and Mars.

The ISS programme evolved from the Space Station Freedom, a 1984 American proposal to construct a permanently crewed Earth-orbiting station,Almaz, and Skylab. It is the largest artificial object in the solar system and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth"s surface.maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the

Roscosmos had previouslyOPSEK.2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent international sanctions on Russia, who theoretically, may lower, redirect, or cut funding from their side of the space station due to the sanctions set on them.

The first ISS component was launched in 1998, and the first long-term residents arrived on 2 November 2000 after being launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 31 October 2000.Mir space station. The latest major pressurised module, Nauka, was fitted in 2021, a little over ten years after the previous major addition, Leonardo in 2011. Development and assembly of the station continues, with an experimental inflatable space habitat added in 2016, and several major new Russian elements scheduled for launch starting in 2021. In January 2022, the station"s operation authorization was extended to 2030, with funding secured within the United States through that year.Moon and Mars missions, with former NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine stating: "given our current budget constraints, if we want to go to the moon and we want to go to Mars, we need to commercialize low Earth orbit and go on to the next step."

The ISS consists of pressurised habitation modules, structural trusses, photovoltaic solar arrays, thermal radiators, docking ports, experiment bays and robotic arms. Major ISS modules have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets and US Space Shuttles.Soyuz and Progress, the SpaceX Dragon 2, and the Northrop Grumman Space Systems Cygnus,Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle,SpaceX Dragon 1. The Dragon spacecraft allows the return of pressurised cargo to Earth, which is used, for example, to repatriate scientific experiments for further analysis. As of April 2022space tourists from 20 different nations have visited the space station, many of them multiple times.

In the early 1980s, NASA planned to launch a modular space station called Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. In 1984 the ESA was invited to participate in Space Station Freedom, and the ESA approved the Columbus laboratory by 1987.Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), or Kibō, was announced in 1985, as part of the Freedom space station in response to a NASA request in 1982.

In early 1985, science ministers from the European Space Agency (ESA) countries approved the Columbus programme, the most ambitious effort in space undertaken by that organisation at the time. The plan spearheaded by Germany and Italy included a module which would be attached to Freedom, and with the capability to evolve into a full-fledged European orbital outpost before the end of the century. The space station was also going to tie the emerging European and Japanese national space programmes closer to the US-led project, thereby preventing those nations from becoming major, independent competitors too.

In September 1993, American Vice-President Al Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station, which eventually became the International Space Station.Shuttle–Mir programme.

The ISS was originally intended to be a laboratory, observatory, and factory while providing transportation, maintenance, and a low Earth orbit staging base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. However, not all of the uses envisioned in the initial memorandum of understanding between NASA and Roscosmos have been realised.2010 United States National Space Policy, the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial, diplomatic,

The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research, with power, data, cooling, and crew available to support experiments. Small uncrewed spacecraft can also provide platforms for experiments, especially those involving zero gravity and exposure to space, but space stations offer a long-term environment where studies can be performed potentially for decades, combined with ready access by human researchers.

The ISS simplifies individual experiments by allowing groups of experiments to share the same launches and crew time. Research is conducted in a wide variety of fields, including astrobiology, astronomy, physical sciences, materials science, space weather, meteorology, and human research including space medicine and the life sciences.expeditions of several months" duration, providing approximately 160 person-hours per week of labour with a crew of six. However, a considerable amount of crew time is taken up by station maintenance.

Perhaps the most notable ISS experiment is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), which is intended to detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe. According to NASA, the AMS is as important as the Hubble Space Telescope. Currently docked on station, it could not have been easily accommodated on a free flying satellite platform because of its power and bandwidth needs.dark matter may have been detected by the AMS.

The space environment is hostile to life. Unprotected presence in space is characterised by an intense radiation field (consisting primarily of protons and other subatomic charged particles from the solar wind, in addition to cosmic rays), high vacuum, extreme temperatures, and microgravity.extremophiles,tardigradesdesiccation.

Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long-term space exposure on the human body, including muscle atrophy, bone loss, and fluid shift. These data will be used to determine whether high duration human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible. In 2006, data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggested that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise, such as the six-month interval required to travel to Mars.

Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts. The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space. Usually, there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge. It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult.

In August 2020, scientists reported that bacteria from Earth, particularly environmental hazards, were found to survive for three years in outer space, based on studies conducted on the International Space Station. These findings supported the notion of panspermia, the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed in various ways, including space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids or contaminated spacecraft.

Remote sensing of the Earth, astronomy, and deep space research on the ISS have dramatically increased during the 2010s after the completion of the US Orbital Segment in 2011. Throughout the more than 20 years of the ISS program researchers aboard the ISS and on the ground have examined aerosols, ozone, lightning, and oxides in Earth"s atmosphere, as well as the Sun, cosmic rays, cosmic dust, antimatter, and dark matter in the universe. Examples of Earth-viewing remote sensing experiments that have flown on the ISS are the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3, ISS-RapidScat, ECOSTRESS, the Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation, and the Cloud Aerosol Transport System. ISS-based astronomy telescopes and experiments include SOLAR, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer, the Calorimetric Electron Telescope, the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI), and the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.

Researchers are investigating the effect of the station"s near-weightless environment on the evolution, development, growth and internal processes of plants and animals. In response to some of the data, NASA wants to investigate microgravity"s effects on the growth of three-dimensional, human-like tissues and the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space.

A 3D plan of the Russia-based MARS-500 complex, used for conducting ground-based experiments that complement ISS-based preparations for a human mission to Mars

The ISS provides a location in the relative safety of low Earth orbit to test spacecraft systems that will be required for long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars. This provides experience in operations, maintenance as well as repair and replacement activities on-orbit. This will help develop essential skills in operating spacecraft farther from Earth, reduce mission risks, and advance the capabilities of interplanetary spacecraft.MARS-500 experiment, a crew isolation experiment conducted on Earth, ESA states that "Whereas the ISS is essential for answering questions concerning the possible impact of weightlessness, radiation and other space-specific factors, aspects such as the effect of long-term isolation and confinement can be more appropriately addressed via ground-based simulations".

In 2009, noting the value of the partnership framework itself, Sergey Krasnov wrote, "When compared with partners acting separately, partners developing complementary abilities and resources could give us much more assurance of the success and safety of space exploration. The ISS is helping further advance near-Earth space exploration and realisation of prospective programmes of research and exploration of the Solar system, including the Moon and Mars."A crewed mission to Mars may be a multinational effort involving space agencies and countries outside the current ISS partnership. In 2010, ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other four partners that China, India and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership.Charles Bolden stated in February 2011, "Any mission to Mars is likely to be a global effort".

The Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) aims to inspire children to "pursue craftsmanship" and to heighten their "awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society".Kibō utilisation from 2008 to mid-2010, researchers from more than a dozen Japanese universities conducted experiments in diverse fields.

Cultural activities are another major objective of the ISS programme. Tetsuo Tanaka, the director of JAXA"s Space Environment and Utilization Center, has said: "There is something about space that touches even people who are not interested in science."

Amateur Radio on the ISS (ARISS) is a volunteer programme that encourages students worldwide to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, through amateur radio communications opportunities with the ISS crew. ARISS is an international working group, consisting of delegations from nine countries including several in Europe, as well as Japan, Russia, Canada, and the United States. In areas where radio equipment cannot be used, speakerphones connect students to ground stations which then connect the calls to the space station.

Vostok 1, the first crewed space flight around the Earth. By matching the orbit of the ISS to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible, in terms of ground path and time of day, documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able to film the view that Yuri Gagarin saw on his pioneering orbital space flight. This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive. Nespoli is credited as the director of photography for this documentary film, as he recorded the majority of the footage himself during Expedition 26/27.firstorbit.org.

In November 2017, while participating in Expedition 52/53 on the ISS, Paolo Nespoli made two recordings of his spoken voice (one in English and the other in his native Italian), for use on Wikipedia articles. These were the first content made in space specifically for Wikipedia.

Since the International Space Station is a multi-national collaborative project, the components for in-orbit assembly were manufactured in various countries around the world. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the U.S. components Integrated Truss Structure, and the solar arrays were fabricated at the Marshall Space Flight Center and the Michoud Assembly Facility. These modules were delivered to the Operations and Checkout Building and the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) for final assembly and processing for launch.

The Russian modules, including Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center in Moscow. Zvezda was initially manufactured in 1985 as a component for

The European Space Agency (ESA) Columbus module was manufactured at the EADS Astrium Space Transportation facilities in Bremen, Germany, along with many other contractors throughout Europe.Leonardo MPLM, and the Cupola – were initially manufactured at the Thales Alenia Space factory in Turin, Italy.Kennedy Space Center SSPF for launch processing.

The Japanese Experiment Module Kibō, was fabricated in various technology manufacturing facilities in Japan, at the NASDA (now JAXA) Tsukuba Space Center, and the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. The Kibo module was transported by ship and flown by aircraft to the SSPF.

The Mobile Servicing System, consisting of the Canadarm2 and the David Florida Laboratory) and the United States, under contract by the Canadian Space Agency. The mobile base system, a connecting framework for Canadarm2 mounted on rails, was built by Northrop Grumman.

The assembly of the International Space Station, a major endeavour in space architecture, began in November 1998.Space Shuttle, which required installation by ISS and Shuttle crewmembers using the Canadarm2 (SSRMS) and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs); by 5 June 2011, they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA. 127 of these spacewalks originated from the station, and the remaining 32 were launched from the airlocks of docked Space Shuttles.beta angle of the station had to be considered at all times during construction.

The first module of the ISS, Zarya, was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket. It provided propulsion, attitude control, communications, and electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. A passive NASA module, Unity, was launched two weeks later aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-88 and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs. The Unity module has two Pressurised Mating Adapters (PMAs): one connects permanently to Zarya and the other allowed the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station. At that time, the Russian (Soviet) station Mir was still inhabited, and the ISS remained uncrewed for two years. On 12 July 2000, the Zvezda module was launched into orbit. Onboard preprogrammed commands deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna. Zvezda then became the passive target for a rendezvous with Zarya and Unity, maintaining a station-keeping orbit while the Zarya–Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system. Zarya"s computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda"s computer soon after docking. Zvezda added sleeping quarters, a toilet, kitchen, CO2 scrubbers, dehumidifier, oxygen generators, and exercise equipment, plus data, voice and television communications with mission control, enabling permanent habitation of the station.

The first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrived in November 2000 on Soyuz TM-31. At the end of the first day on the station, astronaut Bill Shepherd requested the use of the radio call sign "Alpha", which he and cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev preferred to the more cumbersome "International Space Station".Alpha" had previously been used for the station in the early 1990s,naval tradition in a pre-launch news conference he had said: "For thousands of years, humans have been going to sea in ships. People have designed and built these vessels, launched them with a good feeling that a name will bring good fortune to the crew and success to their voyage."Yuri Semenov, the President of Russian Space Corporation Energia at the time, disapproved of the name "Alpha" as he felt that Mir was the first modular space station, so the names "Beta" or "Mir 2" for the ISS would have been more fitting.

Expedition 1 arrived midway between the Space Shuttle flights of missions STS-92 and STS-97. These two flights each added segments of the station"s Integrated Truss Structure, which provided the station with Ku-band communication for US television, additional attitude support needed for the additional mass of the USOS, and substantial solar arrays to supplement the station"s four existing arrays.Soyuz-U rocket delivered the Pirs docking compartment. The Space Shuttles Destiny laboratory and Quest airlock, in addition to the station"s main robot arm, the Canadarm2, and several more segments of the Integrated Truss Structure.

The expansion schedule was interrupted in 2003 by the Space Shuttle disaster and a resulting hiatus in flights. The Space Shuttle was grounded until 2005 with STS-114 flown by Discovery.STS-115 with Atlantis, which delivered the station"s second set of solar arrays. Several more truss segments and a third set of arrays were delivered on STS-116, STS-117, and STS-118. As a result of the major expansion of the station"s power-generating capabilities, more pressurised modules could be accommodated, and the Harmony node and Columbus European laboratory were added. These were soon followed by the first two components of STS-119 completed the Integrated Truss Structure with the installation of the fourth and final set of solar arrays. The final section of Kibō was delivered in July 2009 on STS-127, followed by the Russian Tranquility, was delivered in February 2010 during STS-130 by the Space Shuttle Endeavour, alongside the Cupola, followed by the penultimate Russian module, Rassvet, in May 2010. Rassvet was delivered by Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-132 in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the US-funded Zarya module in 1998.Leonardo, was brought to the station in February 2011 on the final flight of Discovery, STS-133.Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer was delivered by Endeavour on STS-134 the same year.

The ISS is a modular space station. Modular stations can allow modules to be added to or removed from the existing structure, allowing greater flexibility.

Below is a diagram of major station components. The blue areas are pressurised sections accessible by the crew without using spacesuits. The station"s unpressurised superstructure is indicated in red. Planned components are shown in white, non installed, temporarily defunct or non-commissioned components are shown in brown and former ones in gray. Other unpressurised components are yellow. The Unity node joins directly to the Destiny laboratory. For clarity, they are shown apart. Similar cases are also seen in other parts of the structure.

Zarya (Russian: Заря, "Функционально-грузовой блок", lit."Funktsionalno-gruzovoy blok" or ФГБ), is the first module of the ISS to have been launched.Zarya, as of August 2021, is primarily used for storage, both inside the pressurized section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks. The Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Russian Salyut program. The name Zarya ("Dawn") was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international cooperation in space. Although it was built by a Russian company, it is owned by the United States.

The module is cylindrical in shape, with six berthing locations (forward, aft, port, starboard, zenith, and nadir) facilitating connections to other modules. Unity measures 4.57 metres (15.0 ft) in diameter, is 5.47 metres (17.9 ft) long, made of steel, and was built for NASA by Boeing in a manufacturing facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Unity is the first of the three connecting modules; the other two are Harmony and Tranquility.

The Destiny module, also known as the U.S. Lab, is the primary operating facility for U.S. research payloads aboard the ISS.Unity module and activated over a period of five days in February 2001.Destiny is NASA"s first permanent operating orbital research station since Skylab was vacated in February 1974. The Boeing Company began construction of the 14.5-tonne (32,000 lb) research laboratory in 1995 at the Michoud Assembly Facility and then the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.Destiny was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in 1998, and was turned over to NASA for pre-launch preparations in August 2000. It launched on 7 February 2001, aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-98.

The Joint Airlock (also known as "Quest") is provided by the U.S. and provides the capability for ISS-based Extravehicular Activity (EVA) using either a U.S. Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) or Russian Orlan EVA suits. Before the launch of this airlock, EVAs were performed from either the U.S. Space Shuttle (while docked) or from the Transfer Chamber on the Service Module. Due to a variety of system and design differences, only U.S. space suits could be used from the Shuttle and only Russian suits could be used from the Service Module. The Joint Airlock alleviates this short-term problem by allowing either (or both) spacesuit systems to be used.

The Joint Airlock was launched on ISS-7A / STS-104 in July 2001 and was attached to the right hand docking port of Node 1. The Joint Airlock is 20 ft. long, 13 ft. in diameter, and weighs 6.5 tons. The Joint Airlock was built by Boeing at Marshall Space Flight Center. The Joint Airlock was launched with the High Pressure Gas Assembly. The High Pressure Gas Assembly was mounted on the external surface of the Joint Airlock and will support EVAs operations with breathing gases and augments the Service Module"s gas resupply system.

The Joint Airlock has two main components: a crew airlock from which astronauts and cosmonauts exit the ISS and an equipment airlock designed for storing EVA gear and for so-called overnight "campouts" wherein Nitrogen is purged from astronaut"s bodies overnight as pressure is dropped in preparation for spacewalks the following day. This alleviates the bends as the astronauts are repressurized after their EVA.

The crew airlock was derived from the Space Shuttle"s external airlock. It is equipped with lighting, external handrails, and an Umbilical Interface Assembly (UIA). The UIA is located on one wall of the crew airlock and provides a water supply line, a wastewater return line, and an oxygen supply line. The UIA also provides communication gear and spacesuit power interfaces and can support two spacesuits simultaneously. This can be either two American EMU spacesuits, two Russian ORLAN spacesuits, or one of each design.

Poisk (Russian: По́иск, lit."Search") was launched on 10 November 2009Progress spacecraft, called Progress M-MIM2, on a Soyuz-U rocket from Launch Pad 1 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Poisk is used as the Russian airlock module, containing two identical EVA hatches. An outward-opening hatch on the Mir space station failed after it swung open too fast after unlatching, because of a small amount of air pressure remaining in the airlock.Orlan suits and provides contingency entry for crew using the slightly bulkier American suits. The outermost docking port on the module allows docking of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and the automatic transfer of propellants to and from storage on the ROS.

Harmony was successfully launched into space aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-120 on 23 October 2007.Unity node,Destiny laboratory on 14 November 2007.Harmony added 75.5 m3 (2,666 cu ft) to the station"s living volume, an increase of almost 20 percent, from 424.8 to 500.2 m3 (15,000 to 17,666 cu ft). Its successful installation meant that from NASA"s perspective, the station was considered to be "U.S. Core Complete".

The European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency had Tranquility manufactured by Thales Alenia Space. A ceremony on 20 November 2009 transferred ownership of the module to NASA.STS-130 mission.

Like the Harmony and Tranquility modules, the Columbus laboratory was constructed in Turin, Italy by Thales Alenia Space. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by EADS in Bremen, Germany. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in an Airbus Beluga. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on 7 February 2008, on flight STS-122. It is designed for ten years of operation. The module is controlled by the Columbus Control Centre, located at the German Space Operations Center, part of the German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich, Germany.

The European Space Agency has spent €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion) on building Columbus, including the experiments it carries and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them.

The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), nicknamed Kibō(きぼう, Kibō, Hope), is a Japanese science module for the International Space Station (ISS) developed by JAXA. It is the largest single ISS module, and is attached to the Harmony module. The first two pieces of the module were launched on Space Shuttle missions STS-123 and STS-124. The third and final components were launched on STS-127.

The Cupola is an ESA-built observatory module of the ISS. Its name derives from the Italian word cupola, which means "dome". Its seven windows are used to conduct experiments, dockings and observations of Earth. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-130 on 8 February 2010 and attached to the Tranquility (Node 3) module. With the Cupola attached, ISS assembly reached 85 percent completion. The Cupola"s central window has a diameter of 80 cm (31 in).

Russian: Рассвет; lit. "dawn"), also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 (MRM-1) (Russian: Малый исследовательский модуль, МИМ 1) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module (DCM), is a component of the International Space Station (ISS). The module"s design is similar to the Mir Docking Module launched on STS-74 in 1995. Rassvet is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. It was flown to the ISS aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-132 mission on 14 May 2010,Rassvet with the ISS was first opened on 20 May 2010.Soyuz TMA-19 spacecraft performed the first docking with the module.

In May 2010, equipment for Nauka was launched on STS-132 (as part of an agreement with NASA) and delivered by Space Shuttle Atlantis. Weighing 1.4 metric tons, the equipment was attached to the outside of Rassvet (MRM-1). It included a spare elbow joint for the European Robotic Arm (ERA) (which was launched with Nauka) and an ERA-portable workpost used during EVAs, as well as RTOd heat radiator, internal hardware and an experiment airlock for launching CubeSats to be positioned on the modified passive forward port near the nadir end of the Nauka module.

The ERA will be used to remove the RTOd radiator and airlock from Rassvet and transfer them over to Nauka. This process is expected to take several months. A portable work platform will also be transferred over, which can attach to the end of the ERA to allow cosmonauts to "ride" on the end of the arm during spacewalks.

The Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM) is a module of the International Space Station. It was flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle on STS-133 on 24 February 2011 and installed on 1 March. Leonardo is primarily used for storage of spares, supplies and waste on the ISS, which was until then stored in many different places within the space station. It is also the personal hygiene area for the astronauts who live in the US Orbital Segment. The Leonardo PMM was a Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) before 2011, but was modified into its current configuration. It was formerly one of two MPLM used for bringing cargo to and from the ISS with the Space Shuttle. The module was named for Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci.

The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) is an experimental expandable space station module developed by Bigelow Aerospace, under contract to NASA, for testing as a temporary module on the International Space Station (ISS) from 2016 to at least 2020. It arrived at the ISS on 10 April 2016,

The International Docking Adapter (IDA) is a spacecraft docking system adapter developed to convert APAS-95 to the NASA Docking System (NDS). An IDA is placed on each of the ISS"s two open Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), both of which are connected to the Harmony module.

The NanoRacks Bishop Airlock Module is a commercially funded airlock module launched to the ISS on SpaceX CRS-21 on 6 December 2020.NanoRacks, Thales Alenia Space, and Boeing.CubeSats, small satellites, and other external payloads for NASA, CASIS, and other commercial and governmental customers.

It had a temporary docking adapter on its nadir port for crewed and uncrewed missions until Prichal arrival, where just before its arrival it was removed by a departuring Progress spacecraft.

Prichal, also known as Uzlovoy Module or UM (Russian: Узловой Модуль Причал, lit."Nodal Module Berth"),Nauka module. One port is equipped with an active hybrid docking port, which enables docking with the MLM module. The remaining five ports are passive hybrids, enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles, as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems. The node module was intended to serve as the only permanent element of the cancelled Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex (OPSEK).

The station was intended to have several smaller external components, such as six robotic arms, three External Stowage Platforms (ESPs) and four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs).MISSE, the STP-H3 and the Robotic Refueling Mission) to be deployed and conducted in the vacuum of space by providing electricity and processing experimental data locally, their primary function is to store spare Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs). ORUs are parts that can be replaced when they fail or pass their design life, including pumps, storage tanks, antennas, and battery units. Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by robotic arms.STS-129,HTV-2 – which delivered an FHRC and CTC-2 via its Exposed Pallet (EP).

There are also smaller exposure facilities mounted directly to laboratory modules; the Kibō Exposed Facility serves as an external "porch" for the Kibō complex,Columbus laboratory provides power and data connections for experiments such as the European Technology Exposure FacilityAtomic Clock Ensemble in Space.remote sensing instrument, SAGE III-ISS, was delivered to the station in February 2017 aboard CRS-10,NICER experiment was delivered aboard CRS-11 in June 2017.Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), a particle physics experiment launched on STS-134 in May 2011, and mounted externally on the ITS. The AMS measures cosmic rays to look for