can an overshot jaw correct itself factory

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Undershot is a class III malocclusion that is also referred to as mandibular prognathism, maxillary brachygnathism, mandibular mesioclusion, or an underbite. This malocclusion is characterized by a shorter upper jaw and a longer lower jaw, resulting in lower teeth that are in front of the upper teeth. While this condition is normal for some breeds, such as Bulldogs, in many breeds it is unusual. An undershot jaw occurs when the lower jaw grows faster than normal and becomes longer than the upper jaw, and is usually evident around 8 weeks of age in puppies. This misalignment can cause soft tissue trauma, such as to the lips. When the incisors meet instead of fitting next to each other, it is called a level bite. When the malocclusion causes the lower incisors to be placed in front of the upper incisors, it is called a reverse scissors bite.

The cause of overshot and undershot jaws in dogs relate to the increased or decreased rate of growth of the upper and lower jaws in relation to one another. This can occur due to a: Genetic disorder Trauma; Systemic infection ;Nutritional disorder; Endocrine disorder; Abnormal setting of puppy teeth; Early or late loss of puppy teeth.

After a quick physical exam, your vet may have to sedate your dog in order to perform a thorough oral exam. This will assess your dog’s skull type and teeth location in relation to the teeth on the opposite jaw. Often, the placement of the upper and lower incisors in relation to one another can determine what type of malocclusion your dog has. Your vet will note any areas of trauma due to teeth striking those areas, and any cysts, tumors, abscesses, or remaining puppy teeth that may be present. A dental X-ray can also help to assess the health of the jaws and teeth. These diagnostic methods will lead to a diagnosis of an overshot or undershot jaw in your dog.

Treatment of a jaw misalignment will depend on the severity of the condition. If your dog has a misalignment, but can still bite and chew food without problems, no treatment may be needed. If the misalignment is caught early in a puppy’s life, it may only be temporary and may correct itself over time. However, there are times when intervention may be needed. If your puppy’s teeth are stopping the normal growth of his jaws, then surgery to remove those puppy teeth may be performed. This may allow the jaws to continue to grow, but will not make them grow. For older dogs who are experiencing pain and trauma due to misaligned jaws and teeth, oral surgery is generally performed to extract teeth that are causing trauma, to move teeth so that they fit, or to create space for a misaligned tooth to occupy. Other therapies include crown reductions or braces.

If your dog is genetically programmed to have an overshot or undershot jaw, intervention can help, but will not slow or stop the abnormal growth of either jaw. Prevent jaw misalignments in puppies by not breeding dogs who have overshot or undershot jaws.

An underbite is a fairly common problem for children. With a normal bite, your child’s upper teeth stick out slightly farther than their lower teeth when they bite down. With an underbite, however, the lower teeth actually protrude out farther than the upper teeth.

The University of Maryland Medical Center identifies genetics as the most common cause of underbite. Some children are simply born with a natural tendency for an underbite. If you had an underbite as a child, there is a good chance your son or daughter will have the same issue.

Thumb sucking, constantly pushing one’s tongue against teeth, and extended use of a pacifier can also contribute to an underbite. But these factors are much less common than simple genetics.

Underbites are problematic because they do not look “normal.” It can make others think you are conveying an emotion that you aren’t trying to convey, which can be socially awkward, especially for children.

Not only that, but underbites can also cause difficulties with chewing and eating, excessive jaw pain (such as TMJ), challenges with speaking, tooth decay because of worn down enamel, sleep apnea, snoring, and difficulty sleeping.

Because of the many complications, it is recommended that an underbite is treated as soon as possible. Fortunately, there are several treatment options available, which we will now explore.

There are several treatment options and they tend to vary based off the severity of the underbite. One of the reasons we recommend children visit the orthodontist by age 7 is that the earlier treatment begins, the simpler and less expensive it will be.

For some children, a simple appliance is all that is required. An upper jaw expander is a wire-frame device that we place across the child’s palate. Each night, you use a special key to widen the jaw expander a very small amount. Over time, this process causes the upper jaw to widen until there is no longer an underbite. Patients typically wear this appliance for about a year, followed by a retainer that helps hold the teeth in place.

This is another appliance, although it is slightly more complicated. It resembles headgear because it wraps around your child’s head. It uses metal bands fastened to the upper back teeth, and then pulls the upper jaw back into the correct position.

When an appliance won’t do the trick, braces probably will. Braces are the most common way to correct an underbite. Braces are made up of several components, but essentially they involve brackets bonded directly to the front of a tooth. Brackets hold the wires that move teeth in the correct position.

Braces can also include spacers or separators that create space between teeth; the rubber ties that hold the wire to the brackets; and rubber bands that attach to the brackets of both the upper and lower teeth to apply pressure and create a perfect bite.

In rare cases of extreme underbite, surgery might be required. We rarely recommend surgery and avoid it as much as possible. Treating an underbite early will help ensure treatment is easy and does not require surgery.

If your child has an underbite and you are in the Cumming, Hamilton Mill, or Suwanee, Georgia areas, then we recommend you make an appointment with us at Chattahoochee Family Orthodontics. Our team of orthodontists have extensive experience and love working with children.

Each child is unique so we will start by determining the severity of the underbite and then create a treatment plan that suits the specific needs of your child. Remember, leaving an underbite untreated can cause further complications down the road, so don’t delay!

If your lower teeth extended outward farther than your upper front teeth, you may have an underbite. While some cases of underbites are minor, others are more serious and cause the lower teeth to extend far forward. Contrary to popular belief, an underbite is not just a cosmetic problem. Although it can make you feel self-conscious, it can also make it difficult for you to bite and chew your food and speak. In addition, it can cause pain in your mouth and face.

Underbites are often inherited so if your parents or grandparents had them, it’s not surprising that you have one too. Childhood habits can also lead to underbites. These include thumb sucking, pushing on the teeth with a tongue, excessive pacifier use, and long-term feeding from a bottle beyond infant years. Severe injuries and tumors may result in underbites as well.

In a perfect world, an underbite would resolve itself over time. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case and treatment is necessary to correct an underbite. The good news is that there are a variety of effective treatments that can help you get rid of your underbite and achieve the beautiful, healthy smile you deserve.

The most common way to treat an underbite is braces. While metal braces can be used, clear braces like Invisalign are often preferred as they can allow you to achieve beautiful teeth without metal or wires. Our dental team can inform you whether you’d be a better fit for Invisalign or metal braces.

A tooth extraction may also be performed to treat an underbite. It can help get rid of teeth that are crowding your jawline, reduce overall pressure, and allow your remaining teeth to move into their proper positions. This is often the first step to correcting underbites in adults. An upper jaw expander may be an option as well as it can help pull your lower jaw into correct alignment.

If you would like to fix an underbite, we encourage you to schedule an appointment at our spa-like dental office. Call us at 804-262-1060 today. We look forward to hearing from you!

An overbite might not seem like a serious condition for your dog, but severely misaligned teeth can lead to difficulty eating, gum injuries and bruising, bad breath and different types of dental problems, including tooth decay and gingivitis. Fortunately, there are ways to help fix the problem before it becomes irreversible.

An overbite is a genetic, hereditary condition where a dog"s lower jaw is significantly shorter than its upper jaw. This can also be called an overshot jaw, overjet, parrot mouth, class 2 malocclusion or mandibular brachynathism, but the result is the same – the dog"s teeth aren"t aligning properly. In time, the teeth can become improperly locked together as the dog bites, creating even more severe crookedness as the jaw cannot grow appropriately.

This problem is especially common in breeds with narrow, pointed muzzles, such as collies, shelties, dachshunds, German shepherds, Russian wolfhounds and any crossbred dogs that include these ancestries.

Dental examinations for puppies are the first step toward minimizing the discomfort and effects of an overbite. Puppies can begin to show signs of an overbite as early as 8-12 weeks old, and by the time a puppy is 10 months old, its jaw alignment will be permanently set and any overbite treatment will be much more challenging. This is a relatively narrow window to detect and correct overbites, but it is not impossible.

Small overbites often correct themselves as the puppy matures, and brushing the dog"s teeth regularly to prevent buildup can help keep the overbite from becoming more severe. If the dog is showing signs of an overbite, it is best to avoid any tug-of-war games that can put additional strain and stress on the jaw and could exacerbate the deformation.

If an overbite is more severe, dental intervention may be necessary to correct the misalignment. While this is not necessary for cosmetic reasons – a small overbite may look unsightly, but does not affect the dog and invasive corrective procedures would be more stressful than beneficial – in severe cases, a veterinarian may recommend intervention. There are spacers, braces and other orthodontic accessories that can be applied to a dog"s teeth to help correct an overbite. Because dogs" mouths grow more quickly than humans, these accessories may only be needed for a few weeks or months, though in extreme cases they may be necessary for up to two years.

If the dog is young enough, however, tooth extraction is generally preferred to correct an overbite. Puppies have baby teeth, and if those teeth are misaligned, removing them can loosen the jaw and provide space for it to grow properly and realign itself before the adult teeth come in. Proper extraction will not harm those adult teeth, but the puppy"s mouth will be tender after the procedure and because they will have fewer teeth for several weeks or months until their adult teeth have emerged, some dietary changes and softer foods may be necessary.

An overbite might be disconcerting for both you and your dog, but with proper care and treatment, it can be minimized or completely corrected and your dog"s dental health will be preserved.

Here is a visual look into what an “undershot” and “overshot” jaw looks like. In recent years, I’ve noticed more and more dogs with this issue. Can a dog live productive life with a malocclusion: (imperfect positioning of the teeth when a jaws closed) Yes but with some issues along the way.

Let’s begin with a puppy will have 28 “puppy teeth” by the time it reaches six months old (this number can vary from breed to breed) By adulthood, most breeds will have a total of 42 teeth. As defined above a malocclusion or simply a misalignment of a dog’s teeth occurs when their bite does not fit accordingly beginning as puppy’s teeth come in and worsening as their adult teeth follow.

the upper jaw is longer than the lower one, an overshot or overbite. When a dogs mouth is closed, a gap between the upper and lower incisors (teeth) will be present. In most cases, puppies are born with a slight over/under bite and with time the problem can correct itself if the gap is not too large. What should be noted is if a dog’s bite remains over/undershot by 8-10 months old, that’s how it will remain for the remainder of its life. In overbite’s the structure may worsen as the permanent teeth come in as they are larger and can damage the soft parts of the mouth. Teeth extractions are sometimes necessary.

Structural dentition of a puppies jaw should be checked very early on to help eliminate this issue. Unfortunately most dog owners won’t notice until is late in the game. More so is the issues of backyard and/or inexplicable breeders breeding dogs with undershot/overshot jaws and potentially passing along this trait to future generations.

With an overbite, the upper jaw is longer than the lower one. When the mouth is closed, a gap between the upper and lower incisors occurs. Puppies born with an overbite will sometimes have the problem correct itself if the gap is not too large. However, a dog’s bite will usually set at ten months old. At this time improvement will not happen on its own. Your pet’s overbite may worsen as the permanent teeth come in because they are larger and can damage the soft parts of the mouth. Teeth extractions are sometimes necessary.

Problems that can arise from malocclusion are; difficulty chewing, picking up food and other objects, dogs with overshot jaws tend to pick up larger chunks of food since they can’t chew nor pick up smaller morsels which can lead to choking and future intestinal issues. These dogs are also prone to tartar and plaque build up which if left untreated can lead to other significant health issues such as heart problems. Other issues are listed below:

What’s important to note is that most malocclusions do not require treatment, it’s simply how a dog will live its full life as. This is important since most breeders breeding for financial gains don’t think about. What can be done is to brush the teeth regularly to prevent abnormal build-up of tartar and plaque. A veterinarian in cases that can be solved will sometimes recommend a dental specialist if a client want to correct the teeth misalignment. Recently I’ve heard o specialist putting “braces” on puppies to realign the teeth.

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This condition is most often spotted at either the first or second puppy checks or between 6 and 8 months of age as the permanent (adult) teeth erupt. Either the deciduous or permanent lower canines occlude into the soft tissues of the roof or the mouth causing severe discomfort and, possibly, oral nasal fistulae.

The fact sheet answers many questions you may have about the cause of this problem and the various treatments available. It is important not to delay treatment of deciduous lower canines as the window of opportunity is only a matter of a few weeks until the permanent canines erupt at 22 to 26 weeks of age. A new problem can then present with bigger teeth causing more damage.

We advise you email us images of the teeth (mouth closed, lips up and side on for both left and right) just a few days before you travel. Things change quickly in growing dogs and it might save you a wasted journey.

This is an inherited condition - an autosomal recessive mutation. Both parents may look normal but carry recessive genes for the condition. When this genetic information is passed onto the litter, approximately one pup in four will be affected, appear abnormal and can pass the genetic information on if bred from. In addtion, two pups in four will carry an abnormal gene from one parent and a normal gene from the other. This pups will look normal but can pass the problem on if bred. Finally one pup in four will not be a carrier of abnormal genes, will be unaffected and cannot pass the trait on to future generations.

If this condition appears in the litter, the most responsible course of action is not to breed from the parents again - either as a pair or individually with others. As there is currently no test to identify this gene, selecting another mate may mean they too are recessive carriers. All the normal looking sibling pups are likely to also carry the recessive genes. It is wise that they too do not contribute to passing the problem back into the breed"s gene pool. In many affected breeds, the gene pool of breeding individuals to select from is very small. If recessive carriers are routinely mating then it is not long before increasing numbers of pups appear with this condition. Over four decades we have monitored the breeds treated here and it is disappointing to note that many previously unaffected breeds are now being seen on a regular basis.

When a pup is treated for this condition we routinely supply the Kennel Club with a Change of Conformation form so they can track the parental origin. We also ask for permssion to send a DNA swab to the Animal Health Trust. This is anonymously evaluated as part of a research programme to identify the exact genetic origin of the condition with the aim of a simple test becoming available to identify recessive carriers. In time this will allow owners of known recessive carriers to select a mate unaffected by the condition.

Owners with young puppies identified with this problem at first presentation are advised to have the deciduous lower canines removed as soon as possible. There are three reasons for this:

Firstly, and most importantly, these teeth are sharp and hitting the soft tissues of the palate. These pups cannot close their mouth without pain and often hold the mouth slightly open to avoid contact. This is not pleasant. See above for an example of the damage caused to the hard palate by this problem.

Secondly, the growth of the mandible is rostral from the junction of the vertical and horizontal ramus. If the lower canines are embedded in pits in the hard palate, the normal rostral growth of the mandible(s) cannot take place normally due to the dental interlock caused by the lower canines being embedded in hard palate pits. This can cause deviation of the skull laterally or ventral bowing of the mandibles (lower jaws).

Thirdly, the permanent lower canine is located lingual to the deciduous canine. This means that if the deciduous lower canines are in a poor position it is a certainty the permanent teeth will be worse. See the radiograph below. The deciduous canines are on the outside of the jaws and the developing permanent canines are seen in the jaw as small "hats". It is clear that the eruption path of the permanent canines will be directly dorsal and not buccally inclined as is normal.

For these three reasons it is advisable to surgically remove the lower canine teeth as soon as possible to allow maximum time between the surgery and the time the permanent teeth erupt at between 22 and 24 weeks of age. See our file for illustration of removal of deciduous canines.

The deciduous tooth root is three to four times longer than the visible crown and curved - often 2.5cm in length and curved. The root apex is often located below the third lower premolar. See middle and right images below with extracted deciduous tooth laid over extraction site.

The roots are very fragile and will break easily if unduly stressed during removal. A broken root needs to be identified and removed otherwise it continues to form a barrier to the eruption path of the permanent canine and can cause local infection.

The permanent successor tooth is located lingual to the deciduous tooth and wholly within the jaw at this stage. Any use of luxators or elevators on the lingual half of the deciduous tooth will cause permanent damage to the developing enamel of the permanent tooth. See the images below showing canines (and also the third incisor) with extensive damage to the enamel. The radiograph also shows how much damage can occur to the teeth - see the top canine and adjacent incisor. Some severely damaged teeth need to be extracted while other can be repaired with a bonded composite. This damage is avoidable with careful technique using an open surgical approach.

Surgery to remove the deciduous canines may not prevent to need for surgery on the permanent canines but, without it, few cases will resolve if left to nature. Many owners are reluctant to have young pups undergo surgery. Our view is that surgical removal of the lower deciduous canines will not guarantee the problem does not happen again when the permanent teeth erupt but without surgery the chances are very slim.

In a few selected cases - usually only very mild lingual displacement - we can consider placing crown extensions on the lower canines to help guide them into a more natural position. It carries some uncertainly and will not be suited or work in all cases. The images below show crown extensions on a young Springer Spaniel.

Please note that the use of a rubber ball to assist tipping of the deciduous lower canines buccally is not appropriate at this age and will not work - see below.

If the permanent teeth are lingually displaced the pup is usually older than 24 weeks. The trauma caused by the teeth on the soft tissues can be considerable with pain as a consequence.

Do not try ball therapy with deciduous (puppy) teeth. There are two main reasons for this. Puppy teeth are fragile and can easily break. More importantly, the adult canine tooth bud is developing in the jaw medial to the deciduous canine tooth (see radiograph above in the puppy section). If the deciduous crown tips outwards the root will tip inwards. This will push the permanent tooth bud further medial than it already is.

Ball therapy will only work with adult teeth and only in some cases where the lower canines have a clear path to be tipped sideways - laterally - through the space between the upper third incisor and canine. The window of opportunity can be quite short, around 6 weeks, and starts when the lower canine teeth are almost making contact with the hard palate.

If you are considering ball therapy ask your vet their opinion and get them to send us images of each side of the closed mouth from the side with mouth closed and lips up.

The size and type of the ball or Kong is critical. The ball diameter should be the distance between the tips of the two lower canine teeth plus 50%. Therefore if this distance is 30mm the ball diameter is 45mm. If the ball is too small it will sit between the lower canines and produce no tipping force when the pup bites down. Too large a ball can intrude the lower canines back into their sockets.

The ball should "give" when the pup bites down. The smooth semi-hollow rubber is best. Tennis balls are abrasive and can damage the tooth surface but for a short time may do the job we require.

The owner needs to encourage play with the ball several times a day (6 - 8) or as often as they will tolerate with a short attention span. The ball should be only at the front of the mouth to go any good. If there are no positive results in six weeks a further veterinary evaluation is advised.

These permanent teeth can theoretically be treated by three options. Not all options are available to all cases. These options are described below and are either surgical removal of the lower canines teeth (and possibly incisors also), crown amputation and partial pulpectomy or orthodontics via an inclined bite plane bonded to the upper canines and incisors. The latter option may not be available to all dogs if the diastema (space) between the upper third incisor and canine is too small for the lower canines to move into or if the lower canines are located behind (palatal) to the upper canines.

This is a sterile procedure to reduce the height of the lower canine crown that exposes the pulp. It requires a removal of some pulp (partial coronal pulpectomy) and placement of a direct pulp capping.

This is a very delicate procedure and carries very high success rate (in our hands) since the availability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). We have used it as the material of choice since 2005. The previous agent (calcium hydroxide) was much more caustic and tended to "burn" the pulp. The success rate of MTA treated cases is quoted as 92% in a seminal ten year study based in vet dental clinics in Finland. This compares with 67% when caclium hydroxide was previously the agent. Luotonen N et al, JAVMA, Vol 244, No. 4, February 15, 2014 Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011).

The intention of the procedure is to keep the pulp alive and allow the shortened lower canines to develop normally and contribute to the strength of the lower jaws.

Radiograph left lower canine before (left) and immediately after (right) surgery. Note the immature morphology of the canine teeth - thin walls and open root apices.

In order to monitor this process of maturation we need to radiograph these teeth twice at 4-6 months post-op and again at 12 -16 weeks post-op. This is a mandatory check. The quoted success reate of 92% implies 8% failure. Half of those to fail in the Luotonen study happened over a year post-op. To ensure any failure of maturity is identified we will not perform this surgery unless the owner agrees to this.

The left radiograph shows the left lower canine immediately after crown amputation and partial pulpectomy. The right radiograph is same tooth 18 weeks post-op. Note the thicker dentine walls, development of an internal dentine bridge between pulp and direct pulp cap and the closed and matured root apex. These three criteria indicate a successful procedure at this stage.

The advantage of this procedure is that the whole of the root and the majority of the crown remain. The strength and integrity of the lower jaw is not weakened by the procedure and long term results are very good due to the use of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as a direct pulp dressing.

Surgical extraction of the lower canine may seem attractive to clients as the problem is immediately dealt with without the uncertainties of orthodontics and the post-op check that is part of any crown amputation procedure.

However, many owners are concerned (rightly) about the loss of the tooth and the weakness it may cause to the lower jaw(s). It is not our preferred option. This is not an easy surgical extraction and the resulting loss of the root causes a weakness in the lower jaws. This is compounded if both lower canines are removed.

As this is an elective procedure (e.g. sterile) it is possible to use a bone allograft to fill the void created by the loss of the large canine tooth. The graft will promote new bone growth within a few weeks. Grafts can be very expensive as the void to be filled is large. This can increase the cost of the procedure markedly.

In some mild cases of lingual displacement we may be able to use crown extensions for a few weeks. For this treatment we bond composite resin extensions on the lower canines to increase the crown length by around 30%. This allows the lower canines to occupy the correct position and also provides more leverage to tip the crown tips buccally. The crown extensions remain in place for around 2 months and are then removed and the tooth surface smoothed and treated. The major downside is that if the dog damages or breaks them off, you need to return here for repairs. Sticks and other hard objects can easily cause damage and some toys also have to be withdrawn for the treatment period.

Orthodontic tipping as a treatment has the least certain outcome of all three option. It might seem less invasive than surgery but does require very careful case selection and management.

Normally a composite resin bite plane is bonded onto the upper teeth (see below) with an incline cut into the sides. The lower canine makes contact with the incline when the mouth closes and, over time, the force tips the tooth buccally. This takes around four to eight weeks. The lower canine will often migrate back into a lingually displaced position when the bite plane is removed. This can occur if the tooth height of the lower canine is too short (stunted). If the lower canine is not self-retained by the upper jaw when the mouth is shut further surgery may be required.

Orthodontic treatment will also conceal a defect and will not be performed unless the patient is neutered. In addition we have an ethical obligation to inform the Kennel Club of a change in conformation.

The images below show a lingually displaced left lower canine before treatment and after application of a bite plane. The bite plane remains in the mouth as long as it takes for the power of the bite to tip the lower canine into the normal position by pushing it up the incline.

Not all dogs or owners are suited to this. Bite planes can become dislodged if the dog bites a stick or other hard object. Bite planes also need cleaned and adjusted from time to time under sedation or anaesthesia. All of this means more travel and expense for you and more anaesthesia for your pet. It is our view that if a treatment has uncertain outcomes built in it should probably not be used.

In the hydrocarbon recovery industry stuck tools are known to all but the very newest hands. Tools can become stuck in the downhole environment in more ways than one would be happy to recount and they occur often. For this reason “Fishing” has developed as an industry. Fishing tools are designed to be run in the hole to ultimately engage the stuck tool (“fish”) and pull it out of the hole. Over the years fishing has been very successful in developing tools to accommodate most every iteration of a stuck tool. In most cases however, the range of a specific tool with respect to the size fish it can engage is about plus or minus 1/16 inch. Due to the limited range of individual tools and the plethora of tool sizes that might and do become stuck, a great many fishing tools must be stocked to ensure that a right sized tool is available to retrieve whatever is stuck in the well. Having such a large number of tools at the ready can be expensive if an operator intends to stock his own and requires a lot of storage space, or in the event that a fishing operator will be engaged to bring tools to remove the stuck tool, can create undesirable delays. The art will therefore be receptive to alternatives to traditional fishing tools. SUMMARY

A fishing tool gripper head including at least one moveable jaw of a set of jaws, a motivator including one or more of an SMA, SMP, or EAP material in operable communication with the at least one moveable jaw.

A method for engaging a fish in a wellbore including running a fishing tool with an adjustable gripper head and facilitating a threshold condition at the gripper head to cause a change in the dimension of the gripper head, the method further including engaging a fish. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the disclosed apparatus and method are presented herein by way of exemplification and not limitation with reference to the Figures.

An adjustable gripper head 10 as referred to herein may have one or more engagement jaws 12 that are movable radially inwardly or radially outwardly or both depending upon the construction and intent of the fishing tool of which they will be a part. In all cases, at least one of the set of engagement jaws will be mobile. For purposes hereof, the term set includes one or more. This will be the case whether or not one or more other of the segments (if more than one) are mobile. The mobility of the segments in conjunction with a motivator 14 to cause movement thereof is discussed further hereunder with reference to the figures.

Referring to FIG. 1, a plurality of segments or jaws 12 are illustrated with at least one of a shape memory alloy or polymer, or an electrically activated polymer wire 14 helically wrapped therearound. It is noted that the material can also be combined with other materials and remains within the scope of this disclosure. Because each of the materials noted has the capability of changing dimension upon a temperature change or upon the application of a voltage thereto, each can be configured to act as a motivator for the one or more mobile segments 12. In the particular embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the gripper head 10 comprises two jaws 12 that are illustrated as diametrically opposed to one another. This arrangement could have merely two jaws or could have another number of jaws that are positioned outside the plane of the cross section illustrated. Either or both of the illustrated jaws 12 can be configured to be movable as desired. In either case, the spacing between the jaws 12 is adjustable through actuation of the wire motivator 14 wrapped therearound, the wire being fixedly located at both longitudinal ends thereof (or some other spaced apart locus for affixation not necessarily at the end of the wire 14). As will be recognized, shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers and electrically activated polymers all can be configured to, under a temperature threshold or electrical input threshold, change their shape. One of the changes that is possible is length of the material in a wire form. This is the configuration employed in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1. When a temperature to which the motivator 14 is exposed or an electrical input to which the motivator 14 is exposed exceeds a selected value, the material will shorten axially of the wire material itself. This causes a shortening of the wire 14. Because the wire is affixed at its longitudinal ends or at least at some spaced apart location therealong, the shortening of the wire 14 causes an effective radial load to be placed upon the jaws or segments 12. This will cause the at least one mobile segment or jaw 12 to move radially inwardly thereby reducing the distance between the jaws 12. The reduction in distance makes the gripper head 10 more tolerant to different size fish. Rather than being restricted to a tolerance of about plus or minus 1/16 inch, the tolerance of the gripping head as disclosed is about plus or minus ⅛ inch. Further, while the illustration contemplates an adjustability from a rest position to an actuated position that is smaller than the rest position, it will be understood that the capability of shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers and electrically activated polymers or combinations including at least one of the foregoing (hereinafter SMA, SMP and EAP) is not limited to a shortening of the material but rather can also be configured to lengthen the material. Therefore it will be appreciated that the illustration of FIG. 1 can be reversed such that the restring position is the smallest position and the actuated position is a larger diametric position.

In a second embodiment, and referring to FIG. 2, a band 20 of SMA, SMP, EAP or combinations including at least one of the foregoing is positioned around a set of jaws or segments 12 similar to that of the foregoing embodiment of FIG. 1. Each of the operational features or the FIG. 1 embodiment applies to the embodiment of FIG. 2. In this embodiment, a greater actuation force is achievable due to the increase in amount of SMA, SMP, EAP or combinations including at least one of the foregoing employed. The greater force capability comes at the expense of increased material cost for manufacturing. Again, as in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the components may be reversed in operation to expand rather than contract the arrangement.

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a different configuration of is employed to directly act upon one of the jaws 12 at a time, one being shown. It will be understood that one or more jaws in a set of jaws may be configured as illustrated in FIG. 3. In this embodiment the shape change capability of SMA, SMP, EAP or combinations including at least one of the foregoing is being utilized differently than in the previously disclosed embodiments in that the shape change directly rather than a length change caused by the shape change is employed. A review of the difference between FIGS. 3A and 3B clearly illustrated the direct displacing action of the embodiment. As in the foregoing embodiments, the components may be easily reversed to cause the jaws 12 to move radially inwardly or radially outwardly depending upon the action desired in the tool.

While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustrations and not limitation.

Most people aren’t born with perfectly aligned teeth. Usually, slightly misaligned teeth don’t require any medical treatment. However, correcting an underbite, especially when it’s severe, can have big benefits.

Teeth will become easier to clean. Your risks for tooth decay and gum disease will decrease. You’ll also feel less strain on your teeth, jaws, and facial muscles.

This can reduce your risks of breaking a tooth and also painful symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, which are common with underbites. Some common treatments for underbite include:

Brushing and flossing your teeth regularly in addition to visiting a dentist for checkups and cleanings are important parts of treatment for healthy teeth. But those with an underbite or other dental issues must take special care of their teeth to prevent further damage and decay.

Brush your teeth at least twice a day for two minutes each time with toothpaste containing fluoride. Pay attention to brushing along your gumline and on the inside, outside, and the back of your mouth. Be sure you floss in addition to brushing. See your dentist at least twice a year for checkups and cleanings.

Medical treatment is the only way to truly correct an underbite and align teeth correctly. At the very least, medical treatment can improve the appearance of an underbite.

In less severe cases of underbite, a dentist may be able to use wire or plastic braces or other dental appliances to move the teeth into their correct place.

Removal of one or more teeth on the lower jaw may also help improve the appearance of an underbite if overcrowding of the teeth is contributing to the issue. A dentist may also use a grinding device to shave down or smooth teeth that are large or stick out.

The earlier an underbite is addressed, the better. If a child’s underbite is less severe, parents should wait until at least age 7 to seek corrective treatment such as braces. That’s when permanent teeth begin to erupt.

If your child has a severe underbite, especially if it’s caused by a birth defect such as cleft lip, early surgery may help. Talk to your child’s dentist and doctor to see what course of treatment they recommend.

Surgery has its risks and should only be used in children when underbite is interfering with their quality of life or ability to eat, breathe, or speak.

I was also working on sending an automated factory to follow after the first interstellar relay I sent a few years back. It"s basically just an automated factory with some RP containers strapped on top of a NSW engine. The "catch up" burn is still over 200,000ms, which is still happening in the background as I type. This factory doesn"t have a stadium-sized dish on top of it, though, and will need to contend with being in range of the relay once it nears its destination. On these sort of scales, it"s all too easy to miss the mark entirely or screw up my timing. If I screw up, this thing will just coast past the target system at roughly 200 kilometers per second. Since the relay is already about 15 times as far from Kerbol as Plock is, my options are either to cross my fingers and hope for the best, or burn for an encounter with the relay earlier and then match velocity again once it gets near so it stays in range.

Still a long burn to complete. I started it while in low Munar orbit, and I"m only a quarter of the way through it even as I"ve long since left Kerbin"s SOI altogether.

The first "interstellar" shakedown voyage was completed, with the crew taking a shuttle back down to Kerbin while the ship itself boosted back up to the Mun where it got turned to scrap metal at the orbital station.

I decided to do some more housekeeping on the station for a little while, though I had some issues getting everything squared up. I realized I was being stubborn and that I quite literally had the means of making a new station with the current one. Most importantly, this new station would all be a single craft; no modules, no docking ports part of the superstructure. With all that scrap metal from the previous ship at hand, I only had to do three rocket-part deliveries to feed the factory. I could have cannibalized from the station itself and only do two delivery trips instead but that would just lead to more of the same stuff that got me to this point in the first place. All in all, a bit over 20 days to complete...

I had also sent the new Interstellar ship on its own shakedown voyage, to Plock/Karen (OPM"s analogue to Pluto/Charon). Once there, the onboard factory churned out a small ScanSat probe which handily did it"s thing above both worlds before landing on Karen itself. With that done, a choice LZ was designated on Plock, where a crew of 4 soon landed. Although not as outrageous as the previous Lithium-powered lander, this one can do something like 90ms2 of acceleration, which is definitely asking for G-LOC if you"re not careful. Since it was originally designed to land on Tylo, this bby had absolutely no issue landing on Plock. While the region I was landing it was pretty uneven, I chanced to land upon a very small, almost perfectly flat and level plateau! All I needed to do now was make another Fat Cricket rover-factory using the 6000RPs carried by the lander, and from there do the usual by upscaling into a full fledged ground factory (though, this one is 100% automated, no crew space). That done, the new factory will now be used to refuel the lander (though it could probably easily get back to the mothership with what it still got). That"s currently ongoing, though I"m in no hurry.

The Super Mun Station was eventually completed, the crew was transferred over, and then succinctly ate the old station for breakfast. One of the best things about this new station is the upscaled reaction-wheels core. It has excellent attitude control, and doesn"t wobble one tiny bit either. Also, the SystemHeat side of things has been beautified too, now using heat exchangers (which I finally figured out recently). Well, there are only two active loops to take care of, but still. Haven"t found a good name for it yet.

In other news, I believe I have, for the very first time, actually made good use of the exchangers! I"d never gotten them to work (i.e. I r 2 dum) but for once I saved on parts count or mass and the loops are stable! I"ve made interstellar ships, for goodness sake, but couldn"t figure out those swarthy little loopknobs.

On a more serious note, I can"t be the only one who has had troubles getting everything squared up. Radiators are pretty straightforward. Big numbers better, for the most part. Coolant tanks are so situational I can"t think of a situation where they would be better to use than just using more radiators. Exchangers... Well, as you can see I only just managed to figure them out, even though I"m been playing with System Heat for a good while now.

As for me, I swapped out the Deut/LHe3 storage on the orbital station for scrap metal storage. Everything was done "in house" and nothing was wasted. Started by building a simple tug, pulled out the Deut/LHe3 tanks off (bit of a sticky docking port problem but nothing an engineer couldn"t fix by hand) and feeding it into the shredder. Then I built basically the same tug once more but with some scrap metal tanks. Same process was repe7ated, but in reverse. In total, this raised the SM storage capacity of the station from just over 6,500 to over 74,000. It should now be capable of eating up almost anything.

Had a contract to get a craft to fly-by Moho and recover science from its surface. I simply loaded up a surface sample into a quickly put-together return pod and sent it home. Simple stuff.

Started thinking about interplanetary stuff, and decided to start with a totally-not-a-radiotelescope-dish relay that I would send in the general direction of whatever solar system I decide to go and see first. Can"t launch from Kerbin, and even launching that from the surface of the Mun might just spell trouble, so it has now become a job for the Munar orbital facility. It doesn"t have the required storage for the deuterium and Helium-3 needed to power the relay"s fusion engine, so one of the first thing that had to be done was to add some tanks. While the station is capable of completely automated assembly, I decided to finally send some crew up. One pilot, one scientist and two engineers. The pilot would be lowered to the surface facility to work as a trucker for the Helium-3, while the scientist and engineers stayed in orbit to man the station proper. The shuttle was then fed into the grinder. That done, the new storage tanks were made and installed, after which the RCS gantry was also fed back into the station"s grinding maw.

Then I started lifting some rocket parts from the surface to feed the station, The Relay would require just short of fifty-thousand units, which the station can actually hold all at once. Another trip would be necessary to top the RP stores, but I"ll wait and see if anything else can be recycled first.

A day later, I got an alarm telling me my mission to Neidon was about to enter its SOI. At a respectable clip of 14,000m/s relative to the ice giant, the deceleration burn would take a little twenty minutes, which is still happening, right now, as I type this.

EDIT2: Even though the Interstellar crew is still doing a "shakedown" voyage to the outer planets, I churned out another, better version of the ship with a better lander (which is mostly the Tylo lander with some tweaks, instead of the monstrous lithium powered lander). The current vessel will probably get recycled (I"ll also need to vastly expand the scrap-metal capacity of the facility in Munar orbit. It can eat through most tankers and other miscellaneous stuff with room to spare, but just. If I don"t get more storage space, most of it will just get sent to the shadow realm or something. Not that it"s really a pressing matter, as the recycling will not happen yet for at least two years. In any case, one of the things I changed for this version was tone down the amount of lithium on board (it was totally overkill) and put on some liquid hydrogen and liquid methane (plus needed oxidizer). No real uses but it gives me more options for the creation of small probes.

Well, it didn"t blow up, which is nice, but it bounced pretty hard. No wheels were broken either, but I"m thinking launching anything heavier than this would be pulling the devil"s tail.

With 500,000ms of dV at my disposal, hohmann transfers are merely a suggestion. I could have gone for 20,000ms burn instead but I decided to wait until Kerbin was traveling in the right direction.

Anyway, the Tylo mission had some issues the very moment it touched down. Namely... ladder, or lack thereof. Had to send the scientist on the crew down with the stake and stay down there, all alone, while the Fattest Cricket was being built. That done, everyone took the plunge off the lander and succinctly faceplanted, before getting into the rover-factory. Unfortunately, I forgot to take the science data with me, which meant I had to somehow get back up there. Built a small crane and lifted a kerbal back to the top, where he collected everything that could still be of use before jumping back down. Sure, it would have been simpler to churn out a few ladder bits and weld them unto the lander but @Ben J. Kerman up there inspired me. Next I built a rover to get some science from nearby biomes, place down some surface stuff, and scan surface features (most of which was also something that needed to be done for contracts). That done, I launched a very light relay satellite so I could call home and send data. I also built a lab-on-sticks to get everyone leveled up to 4.

Next would be to upscale the operation on Tylo. Still got plenty of time before the next alarm for another ongoing mission arrives. At this point, the factory greatly outpaces its ability to create rocket parts, which makes producing small stuff like a rover can take up to ten days. I"m thinking of maybe making the next big step in rover-factory technology by upscaling the idea once more. I haven"t done a launchpad-on-wheels yet.

Bit of a refueling mission to top off the liquid methane and oxidizer on the Tylo lander (ended up being short by around a hundred units but it"ll do). Then I sent the whole thing off with a transfer burn of 5,000m/s.

EDIT: Well, a few more things happened. I ran the Sarnus gauntlet with the Verne-powered ship, visiting all of its moons (though no landing). Got some pretty good pictures, and then burned for home. I also had a landing happening on Gilly around the same time. EZPZ stuff for ground science.

That done, I had a pretty good gap before the next mission needed attention, I decided to expand the Mun orbital station into a full-fledged recycling and production facility. It already had storage for LH2, LF, Ox, lithium, Mono, RP, scrap metal and metal, but no recycler, no furnace, no printer, and no storage for liquid methane, nuclear salt water, fission fragments, and fission pellets. The recycler part is kinda important considering the amount of junk and spent stages I purposefully crash into the Mun. It came into use immediately after being attached, eating its own spent stages, the stages for the next modules, and the monoprop-pod that were used to put smaller stuff into place.

First, I completed, launched and docked the crew+lab+storage (mono, lithium, rocket parts, misc)+a small onboard factory section to the NSW-ES in low Munar orbit.

Second, I sent up a tanker-probe to top-off the lithium stores. I kinda forgot about how tight the tolerances were for the octo-docking ports and I had to "shed" some solar panels in the process by crumpling them against the side of the NSW-ES+ craft. Unfortunately, I kinda bumped them a bit hard and managed to break a few things at the same time. Namely, some large radiator panels and both reflectors.

Fourth, I built and sent up a very over-designed factory-starter/lander. Damn thing requires 18000EC/s to run, which means a fusion reactor had to be included. The deuterium and He3 required to run it, I lifted from Kerbin properly and flew to the Mun and did the transfer on the surface. I ditched the extraneous bipropellant RCS pods at this point. The ship has surprisingly good attitude control by itself.

Fifth, I lifted a mix of veteran and fresh recruits to man the NSW-ES+. It can technically accommodate 18 Kerbals, but I"m leaving the lander empty, writing the final manifest at 10 souls.

Damn thing overall has just over half a million meters per seconds of delta-v, and the lander by itself a few thousands. Shakedown voyage will be to Neidon (OPM), since both Sarnus and Ulrum already have missions staked for them. The Kerbin ejection will burn through 10,000m/s for a rather pedestrian voyage (compared to what it can truly do). Only thing I gotta be careful about is that the NSW-ES+ doesn"t actually carry any scientific or scanning equipment and will have to fabricate small probes for that.

I don"t need to land fully functional factories. I just need to land enough Rocket Parts and an assembly module to build a small, functional factory! I"m not giving up the ridiculous lithium-powered-Marvin-getting-shocked-ridiculous factory lander for the NSW-ES+, but I am dumping that whole scheme from now on. I"m trying to get about 8 contracts for Tylo completed, included Kerbal-ground stuff, and I couldn"t figure out a way to make it work without going ridiculous overkill on the lander. After my little epiphany, I realized I just needed to land a bit under 6,000RP to build a Fatter Cricket factory rover. That was much easier to design for. It"s so simple compared to my previous designs! No even a single heat-loop to keep an eye on! Just an assembly module, and a big container of rocket parts on top of a (somewhat) ridiculous engine stack.

The Gilly "rover" has returned and was landed without a hitch. I tried to also land the engine section but it burned up in the atmosphere upon reentry. I also went and got the available science around Bop and Pol with the DS probe I had left in orbit of Laythe a little while back.

Unfortunately, the Niven is big enough that launching from a launchpad is inviting the kraken. Even with cheats to support, the sudden shift in weight can lead to the whole base achieving a dozen times over the speed of light, in various direction. So, mobile build it is! As it is, however, the nuclear salt water isn"t actually available at the factory, and the HEPF if a few kilometers east. This means... a rover! A huge rover. Initially set out to do a fully robotized launch platform that would lift the NSW-ES to its vertical launch position once fueled up, but I figured this was a lot of trouble. I effectively just slapped some wheels on the finished, standing product and set to building. It is currently driving in the background. It"s kind of a problem that the HEPF is at the bottom of a crater, but it should be able to tip over and into if it goes at it square. If not, I"ll go back to the drawing board.

That done, I focused back on the Moho side of things. I redesigned the Fat Cricket into the Fatter Cricket and built one in ten days. Ditched the two jr. drills for a senior and prettied it up majorly with some robotic stuff. It works wonderfully, and it churned out a small surface lab outpost thingy to level up the Kerbals that were on the surface (two of them were level 0). Thing is, I normally don"t bother putting lights on swivels, and often just forgo light sources completely. As it is, the location on the surface of Moho is in perpetual darkness so I decided to "splurge" a bit.

First, going to Gilly and back to Kerbin. I made a "rover" for it. A self-sufficient micro-refinery on struts and entirely powered via RCS. After having had to deal with Moho dV shenanigans one too many times, I decided that overkill was the way. Even without the LF/Ox booster stage, the damn thing has enough dV to reach Gilly and come back to kerbin three times over. Once some science is collected, the "rover" will dock back with the Li-powered stage and fly back to kerbin before being recovered. There"s actually a non-retractable solar panel that will get in the way but I"ll just let it break during the redocking procedure.

Then I got the "unscrew" module to land on Moho and got to work making the factory there actually viable. Some troubles aside with rovers and KIS/KAS wonkiness, I was able to refuel to crew module enough so it could hop the few kilometers between it and the factory module. The Unscrew module was able to hop back by itself no problem.

Chalked up a multi-part mission to Moho. The automated EL factory was delivered with a NSW engine stack while a secondary crew was transferred with a more conventional rocketry design (mostly liquid-methane powered).

As usual, I did a woopsie. I designed the two missions a few days apart and I built them as though they would each rely on the other to do the final assembly. I only realized when I landed the crew that I had exchanged the 2-seater survey station for a 2-seater landing can. Worse, I forgot to include some KIS/KAS parts to link up the two missions on the ground. Finally, I overshot the landing with the crew and touched down a few kilometers off with less than 10ms of dV left. It doesn"t help that the landing site (chosen for its high concentration of metal ore, ore and LHe3) is near Moho"s north pole and there isn"t much in the way of light shining there. I had planed to have the factory provide power via fuel cells but I can"t exactly move it anymore... I will use the rover that has been sitting in the norther crater for a few years now to ferry fuel and power from the automated factory to the crew lander, as soon as the tools needed get there.

The NSW engine stack was detached and sent back on its way to Kerbin, where it will grab a light survey-station lander (plus the other missing stuff) and transfer back to Moho. I might have to refuel the stack, but maybe not.

Oh, the transfer window to Sarnus has opened up and another crewed mission has been launched! Total travel time will be over two years. No landers of any kind will follow that mission, it"s just orbital recon and science gathering.

Mass Effect (the one and only game) had a codex entry on large capital ships using liquid-droplet radiators to dump excess heat. Even went as far as describing the sight of a capital ship out-maneuvering its radiators and shedding coolant in combat.

I hope KSP2 handles progression of radiators not just in size but also emissivity. I think Nertea"s System Heat system (plus his Heat Control parts) does this quite well.

You mean to say open clusters, then. Globular clusters can"t really stay coherent (for long) with less than 15,000 stellar masses, and most are much bigger than that. GCs are unstable because most stellar ejections would be unrecoverable, and they will evaporate quicker and quicker as they lose mass.

Ten to a hundred stars is still overkill, both in terms of design space and software/hardware limitations. Handcrafted worlds are always better, and there"s no reason to go through all the trouble of making a PG program that will still, in the end, generate singular star systems and burden the heck out of the game until it runs into memory lock. There"s no absolute upper limit, but anything more than 30 worlds generated in KSP is generally considered to be a bad idea. I"m currently running something of that magnitude on a pretty high-end PC at the moment, and even I"m feeling like I"m butting my head against a wall.

You"d need to use procedural generation out the wazoo to even get close to such a result, and probably run into pretty hard software and, worse, hardware limitations trying to render even less than 1% of all that in Unity.

Let"s not mention how pointless it is all, in fact, compared to maybe half a dozen handcrafted systems. Running a few planet packs with distances tweaked down majorly would be more expedient, lighter, and effectively deliver what you are describing without needing to own a modern supercomputer.

Primo, I created a new micro-factory rover (called it the Fat Cricket) and sent it eastward on the mun by a few kilometers to begin work on a new High-Energy Exotic Fuel Facility. Estimated build time: 115ish days.

That started, the main factory started building the new VLR probe. Build time: 2 days. That done, I launched it and parked it in an orbit between the Mun and Minmus. As luck would have it, there is a moderately efficient transfer window opening up, though I overshot the best possible time by two weeks due to the orbital period. Still, the probe has enough dV to get me to jool, and back 30 times in a row so I don"t care about efficiency all that much at this point. As I type this, it"s about 40% of the way through its transfer burn.

One of the things I am aiming toward right now is using some of the less... expedient KA, NFP and FFT engines in my unmanned designs. The X-6 Clarke engine is currently being used for my Dres mission, and I"m planning to use it again to visit some of the OPM worlds. It"s got a (somewhat) low TWR but the "throwaway" fuel design and great ISP are making up for it.

The next probe will have a large contingent of mystery goo and the material study parts. Something else I generally don"t do. Its first destination will be the Joolian system. With something like 100,000m/s of dV, I expect to get most of the orbital science done, and then move on to Sarnus, which I"ve never been to before. After that, it"ll probably still have inordinate amounts of dV left, but I"m undecided.

I"m guessing this conversation would be better developed if you had tackled the subject directly. i.e. whether or not the starburts exhaust will be damaging to nearby components and, if not, why.

Recovered the Jool mission crew. The Moho rover has roved and done stuff. The Duna lander has landed and did lander things. The Dres probe is still in transit, which is now the only ongoing mission left.

I decided to add to the Mun orbital station, just so I can build stuff in orbit outright. Kinda forgot to transfer some of the leftover fuel from the lifter stage but no biggie.

In other news, TOUCHDOWN! I proceeded to get about 2500 blue dots before I broke a wheel and flipped the thing on its head. Damn incline must have been near 90% steep.

To achieve strong oral health and a wonderful smile, your upper and lower jaws need to evenly meet. This allows you to do things like eating and swallowing with ease and avoid some very serious health risks to your jaw, mouth and teeth.

A malocclusion is whenever the upper and lower rows of teeth do not meet. There are three types of malocclusions: overbites, underbites and crossbites. Overbites and underbites are the most common but all three require immediate and thorough orthodontic treatment. It can be tricky to know if you have a severe enough overbite or underbite to warrant orthodontic i