overshot bite in dogs price

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Enzo is the Hawthorne Hills Veterinary Hospital Pet of the Month for May. Everyone knows that puppies need vaccines to keep them healthy and protected from diseases. However, it can be easy to underestimate the benefits of thorough and regular examinations when puppies are growing into adulthood. Every breed has special characteristics that make them unique and add to their appeal and sometimes there are physical changes that need to be addressed quickly. For this reason our veterinarians believe in examinations with every vaccine, especially during a puppy’s formative months.

Enzo is a short-haired Havanese and he was born with his lower jaw shorter than the upper jaw. This is called an Overbite, also referred to as an Overshot Jaw, a Parrot Mouth or Mandibular Brachygnathism. This malocclusion is a genetic change and can be seen in a number of breeds, oftentimes collie related breeds and dachshunds. Occasionally this change happens because of differences in the growth of the upper and lower jaws, and in many cases it doesn’t cause any significant problems other than cosmetically.

Dr. Robin Riedinger evaluated Enzo at his first visit when he was just 11 weeks of age and while the lower jaw was too short, there was no evidence of damage and no indication that this was causing a problem for Enzo. When there is abnormal occlusion of the teeth, it is important to monitor closely for trouble caused by the teeth being aligned improperly. Malocclusions can lead to gum injuries, puncturing of the hard palate, abnormal positioning of adjacent teeth, abnormal wear and bruising of the teeth, permanent damage and subsequent death of one or more teeth, and in the long run, premature loss of teeth. Some malocclusions can be severe enough to interfere with normal eating and drinking.

Within three weeks, when Enzo was only 3.5 months old, it was clear that our doctors would need to intervene. The left and right sides of Enzo’s upper jaw (maxilla) were growing at different rates because the lower canine teeth were being trapped by the upper canine teeth. This is called Dental Interlock. Because the teeth are ‘locked’ in place, the lower jaw cannot grow symmetrically and this creates a number of other problems. Early intervention is critical.

The solution for Dental Interlock is to extract the teeth from the shorter jaw; in this case, the lower ‘baby’ canines and thereby allow the lower jaw (mandible) to grow in the best way possible. This procedure is most effective when the Dental Interlock is discovered early and the extractions are performed quickly. In some cases, this can be as early as ten weeks of age. Dr. Riedinger consulted with a local veterinary dental specialist to confirm the treatment plan and to get advice on extracting the deciduous teeth without damaging the developing adult canines. Dental radiographs are essential to proper extraction technique and also to ensure that there are no other abnormalities below the gumline.

You can see how long the roots of the deciduous ‘baby’ teeth are. During normal growth, the body will begin to resorb the roots, making them loose, and allow them to fall out as the adult tooth begins to emerge. When we need to remove the deciduous teeth before they are loose, it can be quite tricky to remove the tooth carefully without breaking it and without injuring the adjacent teeth.

Once extracted, each deciduous canine tooth was about 2 centimeters long; the roots were about 1.5 centimeters. Many people are surprised to learn that the root of a dog’s tooth is so large – 2/3 to 3/4 of the tooth is below the gumline. This is one reason why it is so important to use radiographs to evaluate teeth on a regular basis, not just in a growing puppy. Adult teeth can, and frequently do, have problems that are only visible with a radiograph.

Enzo came through his procedure extremely well. He was given pain medications for comfort and had to eat canned foods and avoid chewing on his toys for the next two weeks to ensure that the gum tissue healed properly. As he continues to grow we will be monitoring how his jaw develops and Dr. Riedinger will also be watching the alignment of his adult canine teeth when they start to emerge around six months of age. Hopefully this early intervention will minimize problems for Enzo in the future.

An overbite might not seem like a serious condition for your dog, but severely misaligned teeth can lead to difficulty eating, gum injuries and bruising, bad breath and different types of dental problems, including tooth decay and gingivitis. Fortunately, there are ways to help fix the problem before it becomes irreversible.

An overbite is a genetic, hereditary condition where a dog"s lower jaw is significantly shorter than its upper jaw. This can also be called an overshot jaw, overjet, parrot mouth, class 2 malocclusion or mandibular brachynathism, but the result is the same – the dog"s teeth aren"t aligning properly. In time, the teeth can become improperly locked together as the dog bites, creating even more severe crookedness as the jaw cannot grow appropriately.

This problem is especially common in breeds with narrow, pointed muzzles, such as collies, shelties, dachshunds, German shepherds, Russian wolfhounds and any crossbred dogs that include these ancestries.

Dental examinations for puppies are the first step toward minimizing the discomfort and effects of an overbite. Puppies can begin to show signs of an overbite as early as 8-12 weeks old, and by the time a puppy is 10 months old, its jaw alignment will be permanently set and any overbite treatment will be much more challenging. This is a relatively narrow window to detect and correct overbites, but it is not impossible.

Small overbites often correct themselves as the puppy matures, and brushing the dog"s teeth regularly to prevent buildup can help keep the overbite from becoming more severe. If the dog is showing signs of an overbite, it is best to avoid any tug-of-war games that can put additional strain and stress on the jaw and could exacerbate the deformation.

If an overbite is more severe, dental intervention may be necessary to correct the misalignment. While this is not necessary for cosmetic reasons – a small overbite may look unsightly, but does not affect the dog and invasive corrective procedures would be more stressful than beneficial – in severe cases, a veterinarian may recommend intervention. There are spacers, braces and other orthodontic accessories that can be applied to a dog"s teeth to help correct an overbite. Because dogs" mouths grow more quickly than humans, these accessories may only be needed for a few weeks or months, though in extreme cases they may be necessary for up to two years.

If the dog is young enough, however, tooth extraction is generally preferred to correct an overbite. Puppies have baby teeth, and if those teeth are misaligned, removing them can loosen the jaw and provide space for it to grow properly and realign itself before the adult teeth come in. Proper extraction will not harm those adult teeth, but the puppy"s mouth will be tender after the procedure and because they will have fewer teeth for several weeks or months until their adult teeth have emerged, some dietary changes and softer foods may be necessary.

An overbite might be disconcerting for both you and your dog, but with proper care and treatment, it can be minimized or completely corrected and your dog"s dental health will be preserved.

An overbite or class 2 malocclusion results in the lower canine teeth striking the roof of the mouth or palate. This is a painful condition. Dental therapy should be performed as soon as possible with the goal to provide a “comfortable and functional bite”.

Extraction therapy of puppy teeth is recommended as young as possible (6-9 weeks of age), to relieve the pain of tooth-to-palate contact as well as to allow the lower jaws to grow to their genetic potential. Unfortunately, most lower jaws will remain too short. Therefore, these pets must be re-evaluated at 5.5 months of age to select the best therapy: orthodontic therapy, extraction of the lower canine teeth or crown reduction (shortening the teeth) and pulp capping.

A dog underbite is a dental or skeletal condition characterized by lower teeth that extend outward farther than the upper front teeth. This condition is also called a Class-3 malocclusion.

Malocclusion in dogs causes an abnormal alignment of the teeth, which results in an abnormal bite. A dog whose lower jaw is protruding and with the bottom teeth sticking out when at rest is known as an underbite dog.

We will focus on “class 3 malocclusions,” also known as an underbite. This condition happens when the lower jaw teeth protrude forward relative to the upper jaw teeth.

Class 1 malocclusion, on the other hand, occurs when the upper and lower jaws are proportionally in shape in length, but the teeth don’t come together properly.

Dental is probably the number one cause of malocclusion in dogs. Dental underbites occur when one or a couple of teeth are abnormally positioned within a normal facial skeletal structure, says Dr. Santiago Peralta, assistant professor of veterinary dentistry and oral surgery at Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (CUCVM).1

Dental underbite commonly happens when a baby tooth fails to fall out and is still present when a permanent tooth erupts. This causes crowding among teeth. Thus the abnormal position and underbite look in your dog.

This cause of underbite on dogs is the easiest to correct. According to Sacramento Veterinary Dental Services, the extraction of the primary teeth (interceptive orthodontics) should be performed as soon as possible to correct the problem.2

Dr. Nadine Fiani, assistant clinical professor of dentistry and oral surgery at CUCVM, says the skeletal type of malocclusion is where the dog’s facial structure is abnormal, causing the teeth not to fit together correctly.

Skeletal underbite in dogs may be more problematic than dental.An abnormal mouth bone structure may cause the canine teeth or maxillary incisors to make abnormal contact with the gums causing severe distress and damage to your pup’s teeth and gums. This could fasten the rapid onset of periodontal disease.

“[A dog underbite] will be acquired, whether because something happened during gestation or something happened during growth and development. The condition can develop due to an infection, trauma, or any other event that may alter maxillofacial [face and jaw] growth.”

A dog underbite may also be caused by jaw fractures that don’t heal properly. Trauma to the face and jaw caused by bites, accidents, or getting hit by a car can cause your dog to develop an underbite.

Fortunately, most dog underbites do not require any treatment. If the underbite is not causing damage to a dog’s mouth (i.e., preventing chewing or swallowing), there may be no need for treatment.

1. Movement of secondary teeth passive or active force applied to teeth to correct their position or eruption angle to create a more comfortable bite.

2. Crown modification is often used for shortening or modifying crowns to prevent the tooth from causing trauma and using orthodontics to move the tooth into the correct position.

Any dog breed can develop an underbite. However, Class 3 malocclusions (dog underbite) are more common in brachiocephalic dog breeds, like Pugs and Bulldogs. However, an underbite can appear in any dog breed.

Most malocclusions are genetic. It’s important to have your dog’s bite evaluated for non-symmetrical jaw growth by a professional, especially if your dog is brachycephalic.

Upon examination, your vet should recommend treatment if necessary. In some cases, underbites don’t cause any irritation and are nothing to worry about. Be sure to request a dental radiograph (X-rays) for your pet. This will help identify most oral diseases in dogs.

Orthodontic treatments for dogs with underbites vary in price depending on the condition, the number of teeth involved, rounds of anesthesia, among other factors. The treatment cost of malocclusion in dogs usually fluctuates between $1,500 and $4,000, according to PetMD.

Underbite in puppies may sometimes be corrected using braces. However, extraction and filling can also be applied. Treatment options for a puppy with underbites will vary depending on the type of malocclusion your pet faces, age, health status, and other factors.

Just like adult dogs, puppies with underbites are prone to health issues. If your dog has an underbite, seek medical attention to determine if your puppy’s underbite is detrimental to his health.

An underbite is permanent and generally does not get worse with age. Dogs with underbites do not have many problems. However, the main issue you may encounter is that the teeth align and rub against each other and create a wound within the gums or hard palate.

Switching from hard to soft dog food is advised when living with a dog with an underbite. Some dogs with underbites tend to have trouble chewing their food. Nom Nom fresh dog food is a great alternative to aid when this happens and to put less stress on your dog’s teeth when eating his food.

When it comes to dog treats for dogs with underbites, consider these soft-baked dog treats by Merrick or American Journey’s soft chewy dog treat. You also want to provide a soft chewing dog toy like Chuckit! Roller Dog Toy. Its textured chenille fabric is gentle on dogs’ mouths.

Dogs whose teeth have been extracted or re-shaped must maintain a strict recovery period by only eating soft foods. Regular cleaning is needed to make sure the dog’s teeth continue to be healthy. Be sure to brush your dog’s teeth regularly.

We love using our Dental Kit from Bark Bright. This veterinarian formulated enzymatic toothpaste has three enzymes that break down the debris that cause bad breath.

This helps promote fresher breath and cleaner mouth reducing the chances of periodontal disease, which is more common in dogs with underbites and present in 80% of dogs have by age 3. No toothbrush required.

Finally, dogs with underbites often develop excessive tartar and calculus build-up. Hence, it’s also a good idea to target the build-up of plaque and tartar with a Dental Formula Water to leave your dog’s teeth and gums in tip-top condition.

A dog’s bite typically sets at ten months old. It is unlikely that an underbite will improve on its own at this point. However, there is a chance that your dog’s underbite can worsen due to poor oral hygiene and neglecting the condition.

Most dogs that show underbite symptoms as a young puppy will likely have a dog underbite for the rest of their lives. This misalignment can sometimes self-correct as your dog develops, but if your dog is genetically predisposed, it is highly unlikely for this to happen. Dog underbite can be corrected through surgery and braces in some cases.

Genetics, accidents, dental or skeletal problems can lead to underbites in dogs. In some breeds, underbites are the result of intentional breeding practices. Breeders breed underbite dogs specifically to engineer the type of jaw structure of a bulldog or a boxer.

An underbite malocclusion can be considered normal and healthy as long as the dog can chew and eat solid food comfortably and their bite is functional. Some breeds of dogs, usually flat-faced or brachycephalic, are naturally born with underbites. These breeds have been genetically bred to have a lower jaw that is slightly longer than the upper.

Bulldogs have brachycephalic skulls, which means their faces are pushed inward. As a result, the upper jaw is usually shorter than the lower — underbite. In some bulldogs, the underbite is minor, while in others, it is extreme that they find eating difficult.

As a responsible underbite dog parent, you need to be proactive in checking your dog regularly for any developments that could cause substantive health and dental issues so they can live a long and healthy life by your side.

If you plan to adopt or buy a genetically predisposed underbite dog, you need to understand and meet the special care and potential treatment requirements of such a sog.

Granted, a perfectly aligned set of pearl whites is sought-after for a million-dollar smile in the human world. However, in the doggy world, having a canine malocclusion or underbite (misaligned teeth) is the least of their worries.

Depending on a pooch’s breed, an underbite is particularly regarded as the standard or could be a hereditary abnormality, which may usher in difficulties in eating, among other problems.

Nonetheless, knowledge is power! In this guide, we’ll explore the ins and outs of a dog underbite, including the causes, cost, and treatment. Knowing this can aid in the minimization of problems and curb the reoccurrence of irregular bites in bloodlines.

It describes a skeletal or dental condition characterized by the lower teeth protruding farther than the upper front teeth. A dog underbite is also known as a Class-3 malocclusion. In addition to creating an appearance in the face and mouth that closely resembles a bulldog, malocclusion triggers abnormal teeth alignment, which causes an irregular bite.

A pooch with a protruding lower jaw and bottom teeth sticking out when at rest is referred to as an underbite dog. Before we delve into whether or not underbite on pooches can be rectified, it’s essential to understand what causes it and its variations.

It’s probably the top cause of malocclusion in pooches. Dental underbite occurs when one or a few teeth are irregularly positioned within a regular facial skeletal structure. As puppies grow, they begin losing their milk teeth that are gradually substituted by the permanent ones.

However, in some instances, a puppy’s baby teeth don’t fall. Consequentially, they interfere with the permanent teeth that end up growing crookedly due to the lack of ample space. In relatively undershot bites, the incisors are the only teeth that contribute to the misalignment.

Nonetheless, the dental cause of a dog underbite is the easiest to rectify, provided that interceptive orthodontics (the extraction of primary teeth) is performed as soon as possible.

In some dog breeds, an underbite is a cherished quality that is part of the norm. For instance, pugs, boxers, Pekingese, and bulldogs are renowned for their brachycephalic features. In this scenario, an abnormal mouth bone structure may result in the maxillary incisors or teeth making irregular contact with the gums. Consequentially, this leads to adverse distress and damage to your canine’s gums and teeth.

With the irresistible shorter jaws and pushed-in faces that a multitude of people find adorable, the gap into which the teeth erupt is restricted, ushering in a malocclusion. Given that skeletal underbite in pooches is significantly more problematic than dental causes, this leads to the rapid development of periodontal disease.

In this case, malocclusion in pooches is hereditary, meaning the condition will likely be transmitted from one generation to another. Moreover, it’s acquired when something goes wrong during the growth and development or gestation stage, for instance, trauma or infection, among other events that stunt maxillofacial growth.

Typically, a dog’s lower and upper teeth intersect in a ‘scissor bite’ when the jaw is closed. However, some scenarios arise whereby the lower teeth stick out in front of the upper ones causing a reverse scissor bite. Genetic causes of a dog underbite are seen in long and medium-muzzled pooches.

In some scenarios, a puppy’s lower jaw grows more rapidly, becoming visibly longer than the upper jaw. Occurring in puppies as young as eight weeks, some upper jaw teeth get restricted behind those of the lower jaw. Consequentially, the upper jaw doesn’t grow at the normal rate.

At times, the case of a dog underbite is acquired from the inappropriate tugging and chewing during the delicate stage of teething. Puppies then develop bite issues whereby their growing teeth shift from their initial position.

To avoid this predicament, refrain from playing tug-of-war and other aggressive games with your dog. Using ropes or towels to delight in these games can result in your pet’s teeth shifting into an unusual position, which results in their misalignment.

Dogs with adverse undershot bites may experience challenges in chewing. Furthermore, their soft tissues get damaged. At times, the undershot bite is adverse enough to require tooth extraction or orthodontic treatment.

Inform your vet immediately you spot the development of an underbite in your puppy. Early intervention can make all the difference in curbing more adverse issues.

However, it’s more prevalent in certain breeds than others. Although small dog breeds with underbite are the most common, boxers and other larger breeds are also susceptible. Here are a few examples:

If your dog has an underbite and you’re scratching your head wondering whether it can be rectified, fret not, as the answer is yes! The good news is most dog types of underbite don’t call for any treatment if it’s not interfering with the chewing and swallowing process.

It’s typically used for altering and shortening crowns to curb the tooth from triggering trauma. Crown modification shifts the teeth into their appropriate positions.

It’s a procedure that encompasses the extraction, shifting, and shortening of teeth to ensure they perfectly fit like a puzzle and no longer hurt a dog.

Untreated underbite causes more than off-kilter smiles. As you may have guessed, dogs with malocclusion are susceptible to a wealth of health risks, as outlined below. It ushers in a life of discomfort for your beloved canine companion.

Granted, pooches with an underbite smile are as adorable as they come. However, this condition can trigger adverse oral problems, so it’s in the best interest of your pet to act as quickly as possible. If your pooch is exhibiting any of the symptoms mentioned above, we recommend visiting your local vet as soon as you can. They’ll then check for signs of infection and pain.

Upon examination, the vet will recommend treatment if need be. At times, an underbite doesn’t cause irritation, which should put you at ease. Nonetheless, ensure you request a type of X-ray known as a dental radiograph for your pet. It will easily pinpoint most oral ailments in dogs.

If you’re curious as to how much you’ll have to pay to correct your pup’s underbite, keep in mind that the orthodontic treatments vary based on various factors. They include the specific underbite condition, rounds of anesthesia, and the number of teeth involved. Typically, the price ranges from $1500 to $4000, after which your pet will need to visit the vet biweekly or weekly to monitor the progress.

Underbite in young dogs can be rectified using braces. Nonetheless, filling and extraction can also be applied. The treatment alternatives for a puppy with an underbite vary based on the type of malocclusion involved, their health status, and age.

As is the case with adult dogs, a puppy with an underbite is susceptible to health problems. If you notice an underbite, we recommend seeking medical attention to determine if it’s detrimental to their health. If you’re wondering whether your puppy will grow out of the underbite, the truth is, although it’s possible, the chances are slim to none if it’s genetic.

Symptomatic dog underbite can gain from early treatment and care to prevent eating challenges and pain, among other complications. With that being said, here’s a breakdown of a few ways to care for a pooch with an underbite.

We recommend switching from hard to soft food when residing with a pup with an underbite. After all, it’s a no-brainer that a dog underbite causes chewing problems.

Wet dog food is an excellent option as it puts minimal stress on your pooch’s teeth when eating. You can also consider soft, chewy, or baked dog treats.

Frequent cleaning is necessary to ensure a pup’s teeth remain in tip-top health. Therefore, brush your dog’s teeth with a vet-recommended toothpaste and toothbrush every two days.

A dog with an underbite typically develops excessive calculus and tartar. As such, targeting this build-up with dental formula water will keep your pooch’s gums and teeth in excellent condition.

While a dog underbite isn’t necessarily a problem, it’s undoubtedly a cause for concern. Turning a blind eye can usher in a boatload of health adversities for your pup, and that’s the last thing you need.

Therefore, as a responsible dog owner, you should be proactive in taking the steps we’ve discussed to pinpoint and treat an underbite for your pet to live a long, healthy, and happy life right by your side. Moreover, you need to exercise vigilance when it comes to planning regular checkups to monitor your pup’s health.

Lastly, without a shadow of a doubt, all pooches are worthy of equal care and love. However, we don’t recommend seeking out dog breeds that are susceptible to an underbite (regardless of how adorable they are) unless you can provide the much-needed care that includes hefty vet bills if complications crop up.

Malocclusion is the medical term used to describe the misalignment of teeth between the upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) dental arches. Though any dog or cat may suffer from dental malocclusion, this is considered a very common disorder in the world of purebred dogs.Class I: In this type of malocclusion, the mandible and the maxilla are of equal lengths, but one or more teeth are misaligned.

Class III: This occurs when the mandible is longer than the maxilla. As with Class II malocclusions, this can happen unilaterally or bilaterally. This malocclusion is considered "normal," in brachycephalic breeds.

In general, jaw length issues (Class II, III, and IV) are considered genetic, while individual tooth discrepancies (Class I) are considered non-genetic. However, there are some Class I malocclusions that occur more frequently in certain breeds of dogs (Shetland sheepdogs and standard poodles, for example). As such, it"s assumed these malocclusions are genetic as well.

The trouble with malocclusions isn"t that they"re unsightly, it"s that misaligned teeth can be painful. Depending on the class of malocclusion, trauma to the lips, palate, or gums can occur.

Most pets with malocclusions have no symptoms. Even when it"s clear from their intraoral injuries that they must be in pain, many pets don"t display any outward signs. Some, however, may have visible oral bleeding. Alternatively, their owners may detect an unpleasant odor coming from their mouths.

Malocclusion is usually very easy to spot. Simple observation - even at a very early age (even before the adult teeth come in) - will typically suffice. In some cases, however, diagnosis of a malocclusion cannot definitively be ascertained before the adult teeth are in place. Temporary pediatric malocclusions may resolve, as the mandibular and maxillary bones may experience different growth rates.

Breeds whose head shapes differ most markedly from their proto-dog forbearers seem most likely to suffer these. While dolicocephalics are predisposed as well, brachycephalic breeds are the most dramatically affected. As noted above, certain malocclusions are considered "normal" for brachycephalic breeds.

In most cases, malocclusions don"t require any treatment. It may be necessary, however, as a result of painful intraoral lesions caused by the dental misalignment. Depending on the position of the injury to the trauma-inducing tooth, the following solutions may be appropriate:Extraction of the offending deciduous (baby) tooth/teeth. This tooth"s adult counterpart may or may not pose a future problem.

Removing the offending area of the tooth/teeth. In these cases, the crown of the tooth (the part of the tooth above the gumline) can be amputated. This approach is more complex than it may initially appear, as the root must be carefully preserved in the process.

Note: Treatment is not recommended for purely cosmetic reasons. Indeed, it is increasingly viewed as unethical to engage in any dental practice for reasons of cosmesis alone.

The veterinary cost of malocclusion depends on the need for treatment. For example, if extraction is necessary, the expenses incurred will vary depending on the age of the offending tooth/teeth involved and how many roots it bears. Extractions generally range in price from $150 to $1,500.

Crown amputation and vital pulp therapy, however, can prove even more expensive, as board-certified veterinary dentists are typically consulted. (Between $1,500 and $3,000 per tooth.)

Ongoing expenses should be expected as well, given that many malocclusion patients should be monitored for any changes in their dental alignment. Moreover, a lifetime of follow-up dental X-rays will be required for patients who undergo vital pulp therapy. These future expenses should not be overlooked.

Given that, by the very definition of their breed standard, many breeds of dogs inherently suffer abnormal dental alignment, preventing malocclusion may not be possible in the context of a specific breed of dog.

Ideally, prevention involves changing the breed standards to allow for traits that will minimize the risk of severe malocclusion, particularly among specific brachycephalic breeds.

Harvey CE, Emily PP. Occlusion, occlusal abnormalities, and orthodontic treatment. In: Harvey CE, Emily PP, eds. Small animal dentistry, St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, 1993;266-296.

Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB. Oral anatomy and physiology. In: Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB, eds. Veterinary dentistry: principles and practice. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven, 1997;55-86.

Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB. Pedodontics. In: Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB, eds. Veterinary dentistry: principles and practice. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven, 1997;167-185.

Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB. Basics of orthodontics. In: Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB, eds. Veterinary dentistry: principles and practice. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven, 1997;435-481.

A dog with an overbite has misaligned teeth. If the top jaw is longer than the lower jaw, this misalignment is called an overbite. Dogs should not be bred for this trait, but it can occur in puppies. Whether it’s a concern for your dog depends on the extent.

When your dog’s mouth is closed, all her teeth should fit together in a way that she can completely shut her mouth. The teeth are not so close they have contact, but not so far apart there are noticeable gaps. Unfortunately, misalignments can occur.

Sometimes, this misalignment is minor and considered cosmetic. This means that the dog would not qualify as a show dog but should not suffer from any health problems due to the overbite.

However, you will need to allow a veterinarian to examine the dog to confirm whether this is the case. In fact, X-rays may be required to tell the true extent of the overbite, and if it’s causing any problems. Unfortunately, in many cases, an overbite is a serious problem.

If a dog’s teeth do not align well, it can be very difficult for her to eat. In addition, it can be painful for the dog to close her mouth and the lower teeth may even cause damage to her upper gums or soft upper mouth.

This can lead to bleeding, sores and infections. If serious damage is done, food could end up passing through the upper mouth and into the nasal cavity. This puts your dog at risk for additional infections and breathing problems.

An overbite or underbite can even create issues with a dog’s posture and balance. Poor posture and balance can lead to further complications such as hip problems, ACL tears, arthritis and disc disease.

A dog with an overbite may also have an increased risk of wear on her teeth and periodontal disease. The crowding and closeness of the teeth can make them hard to clean and trap food particles, which can lead to teeth and gum disease. Even if you regularly clean your dog’s teeth at home, it can be challenging to avoid these issues for a dog with an overbite.

In fact, professional dental cleaning may be required to keep your dog’s mouth healthy. In severe cases, when the upper and lower teeth, particularly the canines, are too close together due to the overbite, it can result in fractures or dental interlock.

In most cases, when a dog is found to have an overbite, there is a hereditary history of the problem. This means that if either parent has an overbite, the puppies are more likely to have one as well. Be aware that this is not true in all cases. Even if both parents have perfect teeth, a puppy could still end up with an overbite. However, due to the role genetics play, some breeds are much more likely to suffer from overbites.

Dogs with a long and narrow muzzle are more likely to have an upper jaw longer than a lower jaw, resulting in an overbite. Dogs with this face structure are referred to as dolichocephalic dog breeds. These breeds include:

These dogs are not bred to have an overbite, which means there are plenty of dogs within these breeds that have perfectly formed teeth. However, due to their face shape, they are more likely to have the problem.

At the other end of the scale are dogs with a short face and wide muzzle. These dogs are more likely to have a lower jaw longer than an upper jaw, resulting in an underbite. Dogs with this face structure are referred to as brachycephalic dog breeds. These breeds include:

If you hear someone referring to an English bulldog overbite or a bulldog overbite, what they’re talking about is an underbite. However, this is just as problematic and serious as a bulldog with an overbite would be.

An underbite is still a misalignment of the teeth, and it can cause the same problems. The only difference is that now the upper teeth are behind the lower teeth. In other words, the tongue and bottom of the mouth are more likely to suffer injury, not the top of the mouth.

Underbites are accepted in the breed standards of Brachycephalic dogs, making it a much more common problem, compared with overbite dog breeds. Not only that, Brachycephalic dogs have multiple other problems related to their shortened muzzle. Some of these issues are:

If you look at the teeth of a very young dog, you will likely notice a puppy overbite. Puppies are naturally born with a longer upper jaw to allow them to nurse.

The lower jaw develops slower and typically goes through a growth spurt around the time a dog starts eating solid food. If you’re checking out a dog older than four weeks and you still see an apparent overbite, there may be an issue.

First, you should ask to see the parents and ask about their history to understand if they currently have an overbite or had one in the past. You should also have the puppy checked out by a veterinarian as soon as possible. They will be able to tell you if it is a mild overbite or a serious cause for concern.

You may be wondering, “Will a puppy overbite correct itself?” In some cases, it will. Remember that most dogs are born with an overbite, which will go away by the time they are four to six weeks old.

Dogs that still have an overbite after six weeks of age may have it resolve naturally as they grow, particularly if it is a mild case. However, for dog overbite correction to be successful, it is critical to act while the puppy is still young.

If you wait too long, hoping for the problem to resolve itself, it may become too late to do anything to help your pet. Early identification and input from a veterinarian is critical. They can advise you about whether it is safe to wait or not.

If a puppy’s teeth come in too soon, she may lock the jaw growth in place, as the lower teeth will not be able to move forward with the upper teeth in the way.

If this is diagnosed early, before 16 weeks of age, a veterinarian may be able to remove the lower puppy canines to allow the lower jaw to continue growing. After the procedure, it’s possible the overbite will resolve itself, although it is not a guarantee.

If a dog has overbite issues between 16 weeks and seven months of age, a possible solution is dog braces. Another possibility is a special plate fitted in the mouth, like a human dental retainer.

In severe cases, tooth shortening may be required. At this age, it is unlikely to resolve the issue, but it can stop the bottom teeth from hitting and injuring the roof of the dog’s mouth.

After seven months of age, treatment becomes increasingly difficult. Braces and tooth shortening may still be possible, although they become more difficult for the dog to undergo.

In some cases, the only option at this point is removing teeth. If you realize your dog may have an issue, please talk to your veterinarian about how to help a dog with an overbite.

If a puppy is older than four weeks and appears to have an overbite, it is cause for concern. You should carefully consider buying a breed that is well-known for suffering from teeth misalignment, even without a visible overbite.

Brachycephalic dogs have been bred to have an underbite. Many of them will have it, even if it’s not yet apparent. The only way to avoid the health problems associated with overbites and underbites is to avoid breeds of dogs known for them.

Although a medium-sized muzzle could develop an overbite, it is much less common, particularly with healthy parents. Please think long and hard before you buy a dog with an overbite or an underbite, particularly a brachycephalic dog. These dogs must endure many discomfort, and their lives are unfortunately filled with many health problems. Life for them may be an uphill struggle.

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Yes, dogs can have underbites just like people can have them, but the snaggletoothed gaze of a dog with an underbite can certainly be endearing. Treating an underbite in a dog, though, can be vastly different than treating one in a person.

An underbite is a type of malocclusion. The prefix, "mal," comes from Latin and literally means "bad," so a malocclusion is a bad occlusion. In underbites, the lower jaw juts out too far, leading to misalignment of the bottom and top teeth when the mouth is closed. Dogs with an underbite may have a snaggletoothed appearance, with one or both lower canines visibly sticking out of their mouth. Underbites are also sometimes termed Type 3 Malocclusion in dogs because, unfortunately, it"s not the only type of malocclusion dogs can have. They can also have overbites (aka Type 2 Malocclusion) and cross-bites, just like people.

Underbites are almost always congenital in nature. This means that it"s present from birth. They are most commonly seen in brachycephalic breeds, such as Boxers, Boston terriers, Brussels Griffons, Bulldogs, Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pugs, etc. In fact, underbites are so commonly seen in these breeds that they are considered to be their normal dentition In rare instances, facial trauma can also cause an underbite.

Regardless of whyyour dog has an underbite, it"s important to understand the repercussions a dog with an underbite may face. An underbite (or any dental malocclusion) can make a dog more prone to dental disease. If the upper teeth and lower teeth don"t line up like they"re supposed to, that can make some teeth more prone to tartar build up. It can also lead to more tooth-on-tooth wear and can also damage or irritate the gums, lips, or hard palate.

In people, an underbite is fixed by orthodontics and braces. Believe it or not, they make braces for dogs, too! However, they are used primarily under the supervision of a board certified veterinary dentist, not a general practitioner. Additionally, they aren"t used for cosmetic purposes as in people. Braces are used in dogs only when there is a medical problem warranting their use. Application of the braces and subsequent adjustment of the brackets will require general anesthesia and dental radiography. A more common approach is to remove teeth that are badly affected by the malocclusion or are causing pain due to digging into the gums or lips.

For most dogs with underbites, management of problems created by the malocclusion is the treatment of choice. Dogs that have underbites may require more at-home, preventative dental care. Chews and oral rinses certainly don"t hurt, but they are also not nearly as effective as brushing the teeth. If you have a dog with an underbite, training them to accept daily tooth brushing can be helpful. It"s important that you use veterinary specific toothpaste as human toothpaste usually contains fluoride, which can be harmful if swallowed. Additionally, most dogs don"t prefer the minty flavors of human toothpaste. Veterinary toothpaste comes in more dog-friendly flavors such as poultry and beef.

Eventually, though, even daily brushing may not be enough to stave off dental disease. If your dog has gingivitis, heavy tartar, and/or bad breath, your dog may need a dental cleaning. This is similar to when humans routine dental cleanings with ultrasonic scaling, followed by polishing the enamel smooth. The major difference being that dogs need to be put under anesthesia for safe, effective dental cleanings and in order to safely take dental radiographs.

If your dog has an infected or abscessed tooth, the most common treatment is to simply take out the tooth in question. Most dogs can do just fine without the infected tooth. However, those same veterinary dentists that can place braces when needed can also perform root canals to save infected and/or fractured teeth. The cost of this may be prohibitive in some cases, but it is a good option to look into to help maintain a healthy mouth.

Unfortunately, because the most common reason for an underbite to happen is congenital, it can be difficult to prevent one if you are looking for a breed of dog that is prone to them. As mentioned, this abnormality is considered to part of the breed standard for these snub nosed breeds because it"s a result of their signature "pushed-in" faces. A pug or bulldog isn"t a pug or bulldog without a smushed-looking face, and breeding its snout to be so short predisposes it to problems.

Underbites in dogs can put them at risk for future dental disease and may cause chronic pain or difficulty chewing. If your dog has an underbite and you"re worried about the health of its teeth, speak to your veterinarian.

This article is the last in a four-part series contributed by Dr. Karen Gellman, DVM, PhD, and Dr. Judith M. Shoemaker, DVM. For more information about postural rehabilitation or training for vets, visit: www.PosturalRehabVets.com.

Did you know that more than half AKC breed standards allow other than a scissors bite?It’s not just aesthetics we are worried about-- malformed dentition and distorted skull shapes have a profound effect on posture and balance.Some simple interventions can go a long way to helping your dogs have a better bite.

In the past three articles we have discussed the importance of canine posture, how it influences health and soundness, and what are the most important factors controlling posture: the neck, the feet and the teeth.We learned that manual therapy can help reset the proprioceptors of the neck after injury, and that keeping toenails short can have a profound effect on back and hind end pain and disability.What about the teeth?And what could we possibly do about them that would be ethical in the show ring?

Dogs come in all shapes and sizes.From the biological standpoint, the domestic canine shows more variation than almost any other species: body size, body shape, hair type, hair color, and head shape.Since ancient times, humans have selectively bred dogs to serve our needs with their particular talents-- like herding sheep, or hunting rats, or protecting our homes-- resulting in the glorious diversity that is the AKC array of breeds.All wild canids, by contrast, look remarkably similar: medium size, medium length hair coat, long bushy tail and cone shaped skull and nose.But, did you know that without selective breeding, colonies of feral domestic dogs will, in a few generations, revert to the same look as wild dogs?

Skull shape is one of the most biologically important variations in the dog, because changing the “default” cone-shaped head will change the size and shape of the brain case, the eyes, nose, teeth and airway.There are some health risks that are suspected to have associations with the size and shape of the dog’s head. Researchers are currently trying to understand the causes of Syringomyelia (SM), a common spinal cord abnormality in small breed dogs. It is believed that genetic factors contribute to the disease.

In a very broad sense, we have three basic skull types in domestic breeds: long nosed (dolichocephalic), short-nosed (brachiocephalic) and medium (mesocephalic).The dolichocephalic breeds, like Greyhounds and Borzois, tend to have very narrow skulls, and may have problems with eye formation, overbites and not enough room for their incisor teeth to fit properly.Brachiocephalic breeds, like Pugs and Bulldogs, have underbites, which are even more exaggerated in some versions of these breeds.When the shape of the skull is distorted, the space into which the teeth erupt can be distorted as well.This results in crooked teeth, that don’t fit together properly, or “malocclusions.”

Why do dog breeders care about bite?Because well-bred, truly functional dogs have good bites! A good bite is associated with good posture and good gaiting, because the teeth and temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are giving critical postural information to the brain.A good bite results in neutral TMJs, which allow neutral posture.Try this exercise: Stand on level ground with easy neutral stance, arms at your sides.Feel how your weight is centered between your feet.Thrust your lower jaw forward as far as you can voluntarily, creating an underbite.Wait, and feel the postural changes.Now pull the jaw back as far as you can.Most people will feel their bodies pitch forward and back with the movement of the jaw.You can experiment with side to side as well, and feel your weight shift from foot to foot.This is a cool “party trick,” but it actually shows something very profound: jaw position helps determine weight-bearing, because the top priority of the nervous system is to keep the brain safe by making sure the nearby TM joints are symmetrically stimulated, indicating that the head is level and symmetrically supported.When a dog has a congenital or genetic malocclusion, the rest of the body may have an adapted posture-- which may make them susceptible to some weight-bearing injuries over time.

What about dental anomalies outside the brachiocephalic/dolichocephalic pattern?While orthodontic procedures can help some adult dogs become more functional, it is considered unethical to use these techniques on a potential breeding animal.But some dental problems are from juvenile injury, and can be helped with early intervention.It is critically important to evaluate the baby teeth at six weeks, because missing teeth and non-symmetrical jaw growth can be most easily influenced in the fast growing young dog.Why should we do this?Cutting edge research in epigenetics shows that life experience influences gene expression in a heritable way. And it will improve a dog’s quality of life, and athletic performance to have a functional bite.A truly functional bite is self-cleaning, requiring less dental intervention.And it will help reduce the risk of musculoskeletal problems secondary to postural abnormalities, like hip dysfunction, ACL tears, arthritis, and disc disease.

In this four part series, we have explored a variety of causes for common postural problems in domestic dogs.This has been a tiny peek into the amazing world of posture, of which every dog owner, dog breeder and veterinarian should be aware.Postural Rehabilitation training for veterinarians teaches how to recognize and solve postural problems that may be complicating health or performance issues.

This condition is most often spotted at either the first or second puppy checks or between 6 and 8 months of age as the permanent (adult) teeth erupt. Either the deciduous or permanent lower canines occlude into the soft tissues of the roof or the mouth causing severe discomfort and, possibly, oral nasal fistulae.

The fact sheet answers many questions you may have about the cause of this problem and the various treatments available. It is important not to delay treatment of deciduous lower canines as the window of opportunity is only a matter of a few weeks until the permanent canines erupt at 22 to 26 weeks of age. A new problem can then present with bigger teeth causing more damage.

We advise you email us images of the teeth (mouth closed, lips up and side on for both left and right) just a few days before you travel. Things change quickly in growing dogs and it might save you a wasted journey.

This is an inherited condition - an autosomal recessive mutation. Both parents may look normal but carry recessive genes for the condition. When this genetic information is passed onto the litter, approximately one pup in four will be affected, appear abnormal and can pass the genetic information on if bred from. In addtion, two pups in four will carry an abnormal gene from one parent and a normal gene from the other. This pups will look normal but can pass the problem on if bred. Finally one pup in four will not be a carrier of abnormal genes, will be unaffected and cannot pass the trait on to future generations.

If this condition appears in the litter, the most responsible course of action is not to breed from the parents again - either as a pair or individually with others. As there is currently no test to identify this gene, selecting another mate may mean they too are recessive carriers. All the normal looking sibling pups are likely to also carry the recessive genes. It is wise that they too do not contribute to passing the problem back into the breed"s gene pool. In many affected breeds, the gene pool of breeding individuals to select from is very small. If recessive carriers are routinely mating then it is not long before increasing numbers of pups appear with this condition. Over four decades we have monitored the breeds treated here and it is disappointing to note that many previously unaffected breeds are now being seen on a regular basis.

When a pup is treated for this condition we routinely supply the Kennel Club with a Change of Conformation form so they can track the parental origin. We also ask for permssion to send a DNA swab to the Animal Health Trust. This is anonymously evaluated as part of a research programme to identify the exact genetic origin of the condition with the aim of a simple test becoming available to identify recessive carriers. In time this will allow owners of known recessive carriers to select a mate unaffected by the condition.

Owners with young puppies identified with this problem at first presentation are advised to have the deciduous lower canines removed as soon as possible. There are three reasons for this:

Firstly, and most importantly, these teeth are sharp and hitting the soft tissues of the palate. These pups cannot close their mouth without pain and often hold the mouth slightly open to avoid contact. This is not pleasant. See above for an example of the damage caused to the hard palate by this problem.

Secondly, the growth of the mandible is rostral from the junction of the vertical and horizontal ramus. If the lower canines are embedded in pits in the hard palate, the normal rostral growth of the mandible(s) cannot take place normally due to the dental interlock caused by the lower canines being embedded in hard palate pits. This can cause deviation of the skull laterally or ventral bowing of the mandibles (lower jaws).

Thirdly, the permanent lower canine is located lingual to the deciduous canine. This means that if the deciduous lower canines are in a poor position it is a certainty the permanent teeth will be worse. See the radiograph below. The deciduous canines are on the outside of the jaws and the developing permanent canines are seen in the jaw as small "hats". It is clear that the eruption path of the permanent canines will be directly dorsal and not buccally inclined as is normal.

For these three reasons it is advisable to surgically remove the lower canine teeth as soon as possible to allow maximum time between the surgery and the time the permanent teeth erupt at between 22 and 24 weeks of age. See our file for illustration of removal of deciduous canines.

The deciduous tooth root is three to four times longer than the visible crown and curved - often 2.5cm in length and curved. The root apex is often located below the third lower premolar. See middle and right images below with extracted deciduous tooth laid over extraction site.

The roots are very fragile and will break easily if unduly stressed during removal. A broken root needs to be identified and removed otherwise it continues to form a barrier to the eruption path of the permanent canine and can cause local infection.

The permanent successor tooth is located lingual to the deciduous tooth and wholly within the jaw at this stage. Any use of luxators or elevators on the lingual half of the deciduous tooth will cause permanent damage to the developing enamel of the permanent tooth. See the images below showing canines (and also the third incisor) with extensive damage to the enamel. The radiograph also shows how much damage can occur to the teeth - see the top canine and adjacent incisor. Some severely damaged teeth need to be extracted while other can be repaired with a bonded composite. This damage is avoidable with careful technique using an open surgical approach.

Surgery to remove the deciduous canines may not prevent to need for surgery on the permanent canines but, without it, few cases will resolve if left to nature. Many owners are reluctant to have young pups undergo surgery. Our view is that surgical removal of the lower deciduous canines will not guarantee the problem does not happen again when the permanent teeth erupt but without surgery the chances are very slim.

In a few selected cases - usually only very mild lingual displacement - we can consider placing crown extensions on the lower canines to help guide them into a more natural position. It carries some uncertainly and will not be suited or work in all cases. The images below show crown extensions on a young Springer Spaniel.

Please note that the use of a rubber ball to assist tipping of the deciduous lower canines buccally is not appropriate at this age and will not work - see below.

If the permanent teeth are lingually displaced the pup is usually older than 24 weeks. The trauma caused by the teeth on the soft tissues can be considerable with pain as a consequence.

Do not try ball therapy with deciduous (puppy) teeth. There are two main reasons for this. Puppy teeth are fragile and can easily break. More importantly, the adult canine tooth bud is developing in the jaw medial to the deciduous canine tooth (see radiograph above in the puppy section). If the deciduous crown tips outwards the root will tip inwards. This will push the permanent tooth bud further medial than it already is.

Ball therapy will only work with adult teeth and only in some cases where the lower canines have a clear path to be tipped sideways - laterally - through the space between the upper third incisor and canine. The window of opportunity can be quite short, around 6 weeks, and starts when the lower canine teeth are almost making contact with the hard palate.

If you are considering ball therapy ask your vet their opinion and get them to send us images of each side of the closed mouth from the side with mouth closed and lips up.

The size and type of the ball or Kong is critical. The ball diameter should be the distance between the tips of the two lower canine teeth plus 50%. Therefore if this distance is 30mm the ball diameter is 45mm. If the ball is too small it will sit between the lower canines and produce no tipping force when the pup bites down. Too large a ball can intrude the lower canines back into their sockets.

The ball should "give" when the pup bites down. The smooth semi-hollow rubber is best. Tennis balls are abrasive and can damage the tooth surface but for a short time may do the job we require.

The owner needs to encourage play with the ball several times a day (6 - 8) or as often as they will tolerate with a short attention span. The ball should be only at the front of the mouth to go any good. If there are no positive results in six weeks a further veterinary evaluation is advised.

These permanent teeth can theoretically be treated by three options. Not all options are available to all cases. These options are described below and are either surgical removal of the lower canines teeth (and possibly incisors also), crown amputation and partial pulpectomy or orthodontics via an inclined bite plane bonded to the upper canines and incisors. The latter option may not be available to all dogs if the diastema (space) between the upper third incisor and canine is too small for the lower canines to move into or if the lower canines are located behind (palatal) to the upper canines.

This is a sterile procedure to reduce the height of the lower canine crown that exposes the pulp. It requires a removal of some pulp (partial coronal pulpectomy) and placement of a direct pulp capping.

This is a very delicate procedure and carries very high success rate (in our hands) since the availability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). We have used it as the material of choice since 2005. The previous agent (calcium hydroxide) was much more caustic and tended to "burn" the pulp. The success rate of MTA treated cases is quoted as 92% in a seminal ten year study based in vet dental clinics in Finland. This compares with 67% when caclium hydroxide was previously the agent. Luotonen N et al, JAVMA, Vol 244, No. 4, February 15, 2014 Vital pulp therapy in dogs: 190 cases (2001–2011).

The intention of the procedure is to keep the pulp alive and allow the shortened lower canines to develop normally and contribute to the strength of the lower jaws.

Radiograph left lower canine before (left) and immediately after (right) surgery. Note the immature morphology of the canine teeth - thin walls and open root apices.

In order to monitor this process of maturation we need to radiograph these teeth twice at 4-6 months post-op and again at 12 -16 weeks post-op. This is a mandatory check. The quoted success reate of 92% implies 8% failure. Half of those to fail in the Luotonen study happened over a year post-op. To ensure any failure of maturity is identified we will not perform this surgery unless the owner agrees to this.

The left radiograph shows the left lower canine immediately after crown amputation and partial pulpectomy. The right radiograph is same tooth 18 weeks post-op. Note the thicker dentine walls, development of an internal dentine bridge between pulp and direct pulp cap and the closed and matured root apex. These three criteria indicate a successful procedure at this stage.

The advantage of this procedure is that the whole of the root and the majority of the crown remain. The strength and integrity of the lower jaw is not weakened by the procedure and long term results are very good due to the use of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as a direct pulp dressing.

Surgical extraction of the lower canine may seem attractive to clients as the problem is immediately dealt with without the uncertainties of orthodontics and the post-op check that is part of any crown amputation procedure.

However, many owners are concerned (rightly) about the loss of the tooth and the weakness it may cause to the lower jaw(s). It is not our preferred option. This is not an easy surgical extraction and the resulting loss of the root causes a weakness in the lower jaws. This is compounded if both lower canines are removed.

As this is an elective procedure (e.g. sterile) it is possible to use a bone allograft to fill the void created by the loss of the large canine tooth. The graft will promote new bone growth within a few weeks. Grafts can be very expensive as the void to be filled is large. This can increase the cost of the procedure markedly.

In some mild cases of lingual displacement we may be able to use crown extensions for a few weeks. For this treatment we bond composite resin extensions on the lower canines to increase the crown length by around 30%. This allows the lower canines to occupy the correct position and also provides more leverage to tip the crown tips buccally. The crown extensions remain in place for around 2 months and are then removed and the tooth surface smoothed and treated. The major downside is that if the dog damages or breaks them off, you need to return here for repairs. Sticks and other hard objects can easily cause damage and some toys also have to be withdrawn for the treatment period.

Orthodontic tipping as a treatment has the least certain outcome of all three option. It might seem less invasive than surgery but does require very careful case selection and management.

Normally a composite resin bite plane is bonded onto the upper teeth (see below) with an incline cut into the sides. The lower canine makes contact with the incline when the mouth closes and, over time, the force tips the tooth buccally. This takes around four to eight weeks. The lower canine will often migrate back into a lingually displace