flag pup joint free sample

A pup joint is Casing, Pipe or Tubing shorter in length than a standard tubular string. This allows for the adjustment and installation of tools and various tubular components when placement downhole is critical for a specific project. A Spacer Pipe is another reference used to identify pup joints. Pup joint features consist of connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover pup joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube. As with all Crossover products, each piece is marked with a distinctive job number and heat number that is fully traceable. A complete range of sizes (1" to 4.5"), weights (standard or heavy wall), and grades (J-55, N-80, L-80, and P-110) are commonly available from stock in 2", 3", 4", 6", 10", and 12" lengths. Lengths up to 20" are available upon request.

Seamless pup joints with premium connections are available in API and exotic alloy grades. Premium ends are threaded by the manufacturer or authorized licensee.

Available with standard or special perforation spacings. Each joint has four rows of ⅜ inch holes drilled longitudinally along the tube. Optional patterns, hole size, and lengths furnished upon request.

A blast joint is shorter in length than standard tubular joint. Built with a heavy wall pipe it is incorporated in the production string to facilitate production across any perforated interval and zone. Blast Joints are manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover Blast Joints are heavy wall pin by box connectors used in tubing strings and are designed to minimize the effect of external erosive action caused by production fluids. Blast joints are located opposite the location of perforations in the production casing or just below the tubing hanger in sand frac designs. Crossover blast joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube in sizes ranging from 2 3/8” to 4 1/2” OD. Any length, grade of material, and threading is available at the customers request. Typical lengths are 10" and 20". Both API and Premium threads are available.

Crossover Coarse Thread Tubing Safety Joint provides for emergency recovery of the major portion of the tubing string should it become necessary to abandon the equipment below. Precision left-hand threads facilitate the release of the joint by right-hand tubing rotation. Equipment requiring right-hand rotation should not be used below the Safety joint.

Crossover Straight-Pull/Shear-Out Safety Joint is used between packers in dual and triple completions and in selective completions using Hydrostatic Single-String Packers. It is also used when rotational releasing is not desired. When ran above the upper packer in a single-string completion, however, the shear value should be adjusted to compensate for any hydraulic conditions that exist when the string is landed, or that are created by well treating operations. They are available in keyed and non-keyed configurations.

Crossover rotary shoes are manufactured from specially tempered steel to provide the ultimate in toughness and durability. They are used to cut a clearance between the fish and the wall of the well bore. Each shoe is tailored to fit a particular downhole need and normally is run on the bottom of one or more joints of washover pipe. Shoe design is dictated by whether it cuts on the bottom, on the OD, on the ID, or any combination of these. When hole sizes permit, additional clearances can be cut using side ribs, thus providing greater circulation.

A joint of tubing or casing included in the string at a known position to provide a reference point for further operations. A short pup joint that registers clearly in a collar locator log is a common flag joint.

Decades ago joint supplements containing glucosamine, chondroitin, vitamins, and trace minerals became a mainstay for the adjunct treatment of osteoarthritis in human and veterinary medicine. Joint supplements are generally viewed as a benign based on the high LD50 values of glucosamine and chondroitin and lack of reported side effects associated with their use (7). Yet, strong evidence supporting the efficacy and more importantly the safety of these products is lacking (7). Joint supplements are not regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are not subject to rigorous regulatory mandates and quality control. Thus, in light of recent literature in human and veterinary medicine, suggesting joint supplements have been associated with liver damage in dogs and humans, acute and long-term safety of these products should be reevaluated (1–6).

On the contrary, hepatotoxicity secondary to joint supplements in dogs has only been reported with large overdoses (1). In a letter to the editor in 2010, toxicologists at the ASPCA documented acute hepatic failure secondary to joint supplement toxicosis in 21 dogs reported to the ASPCA during 2008–2009 (1). The major clinical signs in the present case mirror those previously reported and include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and acute hepatotoxicity (1). Postmortem findings previously reported in 1 patient included centrilobular liver necrosis, acute tubular necrosis, vascular thrombosis in the kidneys, and necrosis of the pancreas and myocardium (1). These necropsy findings were almost identical to the necropsy findings herein.

Joint supplements are marketed primarily for the reported effects of glucosamine and chondroitin on joint health but contain other major and minor ingredients. Ingredients found in the joint supplement ingested in this case included glucosamine hydrochloride, chondroitin, dimethyl sulfone, creatinine monohydrate, docosahexanoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, vitamin C, grape seed extract, L-glutathione, thioctic acid, citrus bioflavonoids, selenium, zinc, and manganese. Minor ingredients were marine lipid concentrates, natural meat flavors (non-bovine origin), bioflavanol, sucrose, soybean oil, and magnesium stearate. Safety studies documenting species-specific toxicities are available for some, but not all, of the aforementioned ingredients (7–13).

The etiologic agent responsible for the hepatotoxicity associated with joint supplement overdosage in dogs has been difficult to elucidate for several reasons including use of multiple ingredients, lack of quality control, lack of quantity control in regards to the amount listed on the label compared with that in the product and the possible presence of contaminants such as heavy metals or pesticides. With the lack of safety regulation by the FDA, the potential for use of contaminated ingredients or unknown ingredients is of the utmost concern. Unfortunately, the regulatory mandates that are implemented by the FDA for drugs does not apply to dietary or nutritional supplements (6,16). The FDA considers these products to be of lower priority and relies upon State governments to ensure that products adhere to the guidelines provided by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AFFCO) (16), which reviews the supplement label but only to ensure that the product contains approved ingredients as outlined in the AAFCO guidelines.

The elevated iron levels found in the liver were not thought to be the cause of hepatoxicity. Based on the ingredients listed, the joint supplement did not contain iron nor did the patient receive any treatment with iron. The elevated iron levels found in the liver were most likely due to inflammation associated with occult hepatic disease and impaired hepatic metabolism.

Periportal fibrosis was present in the liver of this dog. The fibrosis was presumably a result of occult chronic liver disease. Yet, the patient had no reported clinical signs or clinicopathologic changes suggestive of liver disease prior to the joint supplement overdosage. It is unknown whether or not the underlying liver disease played a role in this case.

When evaluating cases of acute hepatopathy suspected secondary to toxin ingestion or exposure, the clinician should obtain a thorough medical history, timeline of events, product information, and should attempt to quantify the dose ingested. In cases of new or emerging toxicosis, veterinarians should consult with a veterinary toxicologist. Differential diagnoses that should be considered for acute hepatic insult secondary to toxin ingestion include acetaminophen, aflatoxins, sago palm, hepatotoxic mushrooms, blue-green algae, xylitol, iron, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and joint supplements.

The underlying mechanism, by which joint supplements cause hepatotoxicity is unknown. Proposed theories for joint supplement induced hepatoxicity include heavy metal contamination, pesticide contamination, misformulation of product, pre-existing liver disease, synergistic effects of multiple ingredients, or toxic metabolite formation following ingestion. Given that not all dogs experience liver failure and some make a complete recovery, a dose-dependent toxicity to one of the aforementioned label ingredients or an unrecognized toxin are potential sources.

Dogs with a history of joint supplement overdosage should be evaluated and monitored for acute liver failure, coagulopathy, and acute kidney injury. Veterinarians recommending treatment with joint supplements should warn clients of the potential side effects reported. The ASPCA APCC recommends decontamination if the ingestion occurred within 2 h of presentation. Fluid diuresis, charcoal administration, and gastroprotectants are recommended following decontamination. Hepatoprotective medications (SAM-E, N-acetylcysteine, silymarin) are also recommended though their efficacy has not been determined. CVJ

Integral → The pup joints are one-piece construction made from alloy steel and feature wing union end connections that eliminate welds and threads. The pup joints are capable of handling a variety of fluids and a working pressure of 15,000 psi. Available in lengths up to 15 feet, they are pressure rated to 10,000 psi for sour gas service.

Owners of Aibos managed to find help from A Fun, an Aibo repair specialist, but the scarcity of spare parts meant that lives of some Aibos that experienced technical difficulties could not be saved. Recently a joint funeral was held for the 19 little robot dogs in Chiba, sparking a heated discussion in Japanese media.

While some people ridicule the idea of holding a funeral for non-living things like Aibo, many are predicting that it might just be a normal thing to do to mourn the death of domestic robots as they are increasingly present in our lives here in Japan. Joint funeral for robot dog Aibo.