pup joint or upper nipple extensiom in stock

A pup joint is Casing, Pipe or Tubing shorter in length than a standard tubular string. This allows for the adjustment and installation of tools and various tubular components when placement downhole is critical for a specific project. A Spacer Pipe is another reference used to identify pup joints. Pup joint features consist of connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover pup joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube. As with all Crossover products, each piece is marked with a distinctive job number and heat number that is fully traceable. A complete range of sizes (1" to 4.5"), weights (standard or heavy wall), and grades (J-55, N-80, L-80, and P-110) are commonly available from stock in 2", 3", 4", 6", 10", and 12" lengths. Lengths up to 20" are available upon request.

Manufactured according to API Spec 5CT using prime API monogrammed, seamless oil country tubing. Optional diameters, lengths, weights, and grades are available upon request.

Seamless pup joints with premium connections are available in API and exotic alloy grades. Premium ends are threaded by the manufacturer or authorized licensee.

Available with standard or special perforation spacings. Each joint has four rows of ⅜ inch holes drilled longitudinally along the tube. Optional patterns, hole size, and lengths furnished upon request.

Crossover, Inc. handles many types of API Couplings. As a rule, we stock enough of your common couplings which enable us to ship the same day if needed. We carry in stock J-55, L-80, N-80, and P-110. As for sizes, we carry 2 3/8”, 2 7/8” 3 ½”, 4 ½” tubing and some of the casing sizes up to 13 3/8”. Stock connections are EU 8 Rd., Nu 10 Rd., LTC, STC, and BTC. Our couplings are primarily of USA manufacture. If origin is not important, we can source other origins and sometimes beat the USA manufactured cost.

We manufacture a wide range of Crossover Couplings. Couplings are used to connect two sizes of pipes, or two different dissimilar threaded parts together. We offer special clearance couplings, special clearance couplings with bevels on both ends, and couplings with the API Seal Ring Modification.

Swages are generally Box x Pin with a transition on the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the swage to assure that there are no sharp corners to set up an area of stress risers. When stress risers occur, there is a chance that the part could fail due to the fact that the part would be prone to crack in these areas.

A blast joint is shorter in length than standard tubular joint. Built with a heavy wall pipe it is incorporated in the production string to facilitate production across any perforated interval and zone. Blast Joints are manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover Blast Joints are heavy wall pin by box connectors used in tubing strings and are designed to minimize the effect of external erosive action caused by production fluids. Blast joints are located opposite the location of perforations in the production casing or just below the tubing hanger in sand frac designs. Crossover blast joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube in sizes ranging from 2 3/8” to 4 1/2” OD. Any length, grade of material, and threading is available at the customers request. Typical lengths are 10" and 20". Both API and Premium threads are available.

Crossover Flow Couplings are heavy wall box by box connectors used in tubing strings and are designed to minimize the effect of internal erosive action caused by production fluids. Flow couplings are located just above or below Landing Nipples, Safety Valves or Control Devices where turbulent flow problems are likely to occur. Crossover flow couplings are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube in sizes ranging from 2 3/8” to 4 1/2” OD. Any length, grade of material, and threading is available at the customers request. Typical lengths are 3" and 6". Both API and Premium threads are available.

Crossover Coarse Thread Tubing Safety Joint provides for emergency recovery of the major portion of the tubing string should it become necessary to abandon the equipment below. Precision left-hand threads facilitate the release of the joint by right-hand tubing rotation. Equipment requiring right-hand rotation should not be used below the Safety joint.

Crossover Straight-Pull/Shear-Out Safety Joint is used between packers in dual and triple completions and in selective completions using Hydrostatic Single-String Packers. It is also used when rotational releasing is not desired. When ran above the upper packer in a single-string completion, however, the shear value should be adjusted to compensate for any hydraulic conditions that exist when the string is landed, or that are created by well treating operations. They are available in keyed and non-keyed configurations.

Crossover Gas Anchor is an effective and simple design. It will increase oil and gas production, improve efficiency of the lift system, correct artificial lift problems caused by incomplete pump fillage due to gas interference and reduce operating cost.

Crossover can build these in any of the regular API Grades such as J-55, L-80, or P-110. These are usually only made going up or down one size in either direction such as ¾” to 1” or 1 ½” to 2”.

A saver sub falls under the drill string accessory tool category and a short pipe that is replaceable and expendable without a major investment. This accessory protects the Kelly or topdrive component threads and those components represent a significant capital cost and considerable downtime when replaced. Saver sub are manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

A lift sub falls under the drill string accessory tool category and utilized to mobilize various tools during drilling or fishing operations. Lift Sub are manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

A circulating sub falls under the downhole accessory tool category that regulates flow rates, especially drilling in slimhole wells or wellbore cleanout projects. Circulating sub is manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover Drop Ball Circulating Subs are manufactured from AISI 4140/4145. The standard is pin by box. They are activated by dropping a chrome steel ball, which lands on a sleeve and as pressure increases, the pins in the sleeve are sheared. This causes the sleeve to move down and expose four ports in the side of the sub diverting the fluid flow.

A side-entry sub falls under the drilling tool accessory category to allow various drilling, fishing, wireline operations through drill pipe without interference from the rig"s top drive unit. Circulating sub is manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

The style shown is built from one piece of 4145M bar stock and the excess material milled away and then threaded. There are also Lift Caps which are Cast Steel Castings and are threaded with the correct thread, but the rest of the plug is casts to create the bail.

Some customers request Lift Caps with Pad Eye for lifting. These are also made out 4145M and can be manufactured to fit any of several shackles. They can be built with either the pin or the box facing down.

These brushes are generally run on Rotary Shoulder Drill String to Brush the inside of Casing Down Hole. These brushes will remove rust, scale and other contaminates that build up on the inside diameter (ID) of the casing. Usually run in preparation of running a packer or some other piece of equipment that needs a fairly uniform ID to set.

Crossover Inside BOP Valves are manufactured from AISI 4145. Crossover"s one piece design is much more robust than the traditional two piece construction design. Crossover"s one piece design typically allows for standard connection OD"s and shorter overall length parts. This eliminates the service break which allows for quicker disassembly.

A washover pipe is Casing or Pipe shorter in length than a standard tubular string. Made of large-diameter pipe with a cutting surface at the tip, washover pipe is run in the well and then the cutting edge grinds the fish to a smooth surface and continues normal operations. Washover Pipe is manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover rotary shoes are manufactured from specially tempered steel to provide the ultimate in toughness and durability. They are used to cut a clearance between the fish and the wall of the well bore. Each shoe is tailored to fit a particular downhole need and normally is run on the bottom of one or more joints of washover pipe. Shoe design is dictated by whether it cuts on the bottom, on the OD, on the ID, or any combination of these. When hole sizes permit, additional clearances can be cut using side ribs, thus providing greater circulation.

Perforated Production Tubes are joints of tubing with machined holes along four lines 90o apart along the length of the tube. Perforated Production Tubes are usually installed between the bottom two nipples of a completion. With this tool, downhole recording devices, such as temperature and pressure gauges, can be installed in the lower nipple profile to acquire flowing pressure and temperature measurements. The upper nipple provides a point to plug the tubing below a packer. This facilitates packer setting or workover operations. The Perforated Production Tube, sometimes called a Ported or Perforated Pup Joint, allows for unrestricted flow of fluid or gas. The use of this tool enhances the accuracy and reliability of acquired downhole production data, which otherwise would be distorted due to flow restrictions. The Perforated Production Tube comes standard with 200% flow area of the production string it is connected to.

Salvex handles surplus, bankruptcy, overruns, obsolete inventory, disposal, insurance claims, online auctions, liquidation sale, foreclosure, lockout, seized, scrap, salvage, new, used, damaged, refurbished, and asset recovery.

The FAST (focused abdominal sonogram for trauma) scan is a bedside ultrasound that is used to detect free fluid in the peritoneal cavity, around the pericardium, and in the thorax. The four areas of focus in a FAST exam are the hepatorenal space (C), perisplenic space (E), pouch of Douglas/rectovesical pouch, and pericardial space. FAST exam cannot distinguish blood from ascites and/or enteric content, is unable to detect retroperitoneal bleeds (from, for instance, a pelvic fracture), and is often times limited by obesity. FAST exam will be able to detect bowel perforation if there is free fluid and only if the bowel is within the peritoneum (so would miss injuries to parts of the duodenum, posterior walls of cecum, sigmoid). For detecting pericardial effusion (A), the sensitivity approaches nearly 100 %. Although bilateral pneumothoraces may limit comparison of sides, a single pneumothorax (B) has a sensitivity of 95 % and specificity approaching 100 %.

Penetrating neck trauma may result in injury to major blood vessels, the pharynx, esophagus, trachea, and/or cervical spine. Immediate surgical exploration (A) would be indicated if there were hard signs of vascular injury such as a pulsatile bleeding from the wound or rapidly expanding hematoma (the latter only after intubation {D} first to prevent airway compression). In the absence of hard signs of vascular injury, immediate surgical exploration is not necessary. Since physical examination is unreliable in terms of ruling out major injury, further imaging with CT angiogram (C) should be obtained. CT angiogram has largely replaced formal angiography (E) which was once considered the gold standard. Formal angiogram is invasive (requires a femoral artery catheterization), time consuming, costly, and is only useful to rule out arterial injuries. Wound closure (B) would only be appropriate for injuries that do not penetrate the platysma.

Many worried pregnant patients arrive to the ED following minor trauma. Most patients do not have any significant clinical findings. Her nonstress test showed a normal strip. The criteria to discharge pregnant patients following minor trauma include contractions no more than every 10 min, no vaginal bleeding, no abdominal pain, and a normal fetal heart tracing. This patient meets the discharge criteria and does not need to be monitored overnight (A). Biophysical profile (B) is indicated in patients with an abnormal nonstress test. CT of the abdomen (D) would be inappropriate in a pregnant patient because of the high radiation risk to the fetus. Although there have been no ill effects reported from MRI use during pregnancy, there are no indications to warrant MRI use in this patient (E).

Do not forget the ABCs of trauma. The airway should always be addressed first in the primary survey. Burn victims are at high risk for respiratory compromise since the supraglottic airway is susceptible to direct thermal injury and does not have the protection afforded to the infraglottic airway via the reflexive closure of vocal cords to intense heat. Circumferential burns of the neck further increase the risk of respiratory compromise by way of inelastic, circumferential eschars that may constrict the airway. Endotracheal intubation should be performed for all burn patients with acute respiratory distress, circumferential neck burns, full-thickness burns of the face or orpharynx, supraglottic edema, and progressive hoarseness, stridor, or wheezing. Broad-spectrum antibiotics (A) are not routinely recommended for the management of burn victims. Burn patients are also at risk for severe intravascular collapse and require significant volume replacement with IV fluid resuscitation (C). However, this should be addressed after securing the airway. Premature ventricular contractions are usually benign (D). If the patient did not have indications for immediate intubation (circumferential neck burn), bronchoscopy (E) would be indicated in the presence of singed nasal hairs and carbonaceous sputum to determine the presence of thermal damage to the airway.

High-energy rapid deceleration chest trauma is most commonly caused by a fall from greater than two stories or from a motor vehicle accident (e.g., steering wheel striking the chest). This mechanism of injury is known to cause aortic injuries which may lead to aortic transection, and ultimately death. Autopsy studies of aviation accidents demonstrate that more than 30 % of deaths are due to aortic transection. Overall, immediate mortality is greater than 70 %. The majority of patients die instantly of exsanguination. Of those who survive, 49 % will die within 24 h. Patients will present with a widened mediastinum, deviation of the trachea to the right, and left-sided hemothorax on chest radiographs. They may also have fractures of bones (e.g., first rib, sternum, scapula) that are uncommonly broken as high energy is required to break them. The aortic tear is usually at the ligamentum arteriosum, located just distal to the subclavian take off, as the aortic arch is relatively fixed to that point. CT angiogram can confirm the diagnosis, and definitive management includes operative repair. Although a ruptured spleen (D) can lead to significant blood loss, instant death is highly unlikely. The remaining choices (B, C, E) can all cause instant death, but they occur in less frequency than thoracic aortic transection with this mechanism of injury. Abdominal aortic transection is extremely rare following blunt trauma as it is more mobile than the thoracic aorta.

A dislocated limb has the potential of compromising arterial blood flow. As such prompt reduction is essential. However, prior to reduction, the first step is to obtain a plain film of the limb to confirm the dislocation and to rule out associated fractures. Following reduction, a postreduction film is needed to confirm proper alignment. Fasciotomy (A) would be indicated if there is concern for compartment syndrome (pain in calf muscles on passive motion, tense swelling, paresthesias); however, reduction of a dislocated knee would still take priority. CT angiography (B) would be performed after reduction if there is concern for arterial injury (ankle-brachial index <0.9). Heparinization (C) would be initiated after limb ischemia is diagnosed (e.g., cold, pulseless limb). MRI of the knee (E) is seldom indicated in the acute setting for knee injuries.

The diagnosis of isolated pancreatic injury is often delayed as it is notoriously known to be missed initially on CT. If there is no associated splenic injury to cause bleeding or bowel injury to cause peritonitis, initial physical examination findings may be unremarkable. In addition, a serum amylase level (A) is neither specific nor sensitive for pancreatic injury. However, if there is pancreatic duct disruption, the release of enzymes will eventually lead to symptoms as in the patient presented above. Surgery is recommended for such major injuries. Minor pancreatic injuries without pancreatic duct disruption can be managed nonoperatively. In such cases, ERCP (B) is more sensitive and specific than MRCP (D) for ductal injury. CT-guided drainage (C) will not address the underlying pancreatic injury and would not be appropriate for this patient.

The patient has sustained a blunt injury to the carotid artery as evidenced by a dissection in the left internal carotid artery. Such an injury should be suspected whenever there is high-energy force to the head and/or neck. He is exhibiting evidence of Horner’s syndrome (ptosis, meiosis, anhidrosis), as sympathetic nerve fibers can be interrupted with carotid injury. A dissection is a partial-thickness tear in an artery that begins in the intima and extends into the media. It can narrow or occlude the lumen. Most blunt carotid injuries are managed nonoperatively with anticoagulation (provided there is no contraindication). Thus observation (E) alone would be inappropriate for such a patient. Since the dissection extends to the base of the skull, it would be impossible to access and repair through a standard neck incision (A). Conservative management using heparin (B) is the most appropriate option and has been shown to reduce or prevent cerebral infarction in patients with blunt carotid injury. Carotid stenting (C) has a risk of causing a stroke and would not be appropriate for a dissection that extends to the base of the skull. Thrombolysis (D) is contraindicated in a patient with a carotid dissection and in patients with trauma causing acute vascular injury.

Immediate exploratory laparotomy is recommended in the majority of patients with a GSW to the abdomen, particularly if the patient is hemodynamically unstable, has evidence of peritonitis, or has bowel evisceration. However, cooperative patients with gunshot wounds (GSW) to the abdomen that are hemodynamically stable, with no evidence of peritonitis, are candidates for nonoperative management (NOM). They should be evaluated further for injuries requiring surgical repair with an abdominal CT scan. This approach may avoid an unnecessary exploratory laparotomy (B) that carries significant morbidity. CT scan should still be done even for patients with wounds that appear to only be superficial. If the CT scan is normal, the patient can be managed with serial physical exams (A) and serial laboratory exams (e.g., white blood count). NGT can help identify gastric injuries, while rectal examination can help identify rectal or colon penetration by the bullet. Though occasionally utilized for penetrating trauma, DPL and FAST (D, E) are more appropriate for blunt trauma.

It is important to note that acute limb ischemia (in this instance due to embolization of atrial thrombus secondary to atrial fibrillation), followed by reperfusion, is a well-recognized risk for the subsequent development of compartment syndrome. Ischemia-reperfusion results in an increase in vascular permeability to plasma proteins and progressive interstitial edema. This leads to an increase in interstitial pressure. When interstitial pressure exceeds capillary perfusion pressure, muscle ischemia and necrosis ensue. It is important to note that palpable pulses do not rule out compartment syndrome. Treatment is an emergent 4-compartment fasciotomy. The lymph system (E) is not involved in the development of acute compartment syndrome. A recurrent embolus (B) would not be expected to present with a swollen leg and palpable distal pulses. DVT (C) can present with calf tenderness that is worsened with passive extension (Homan sign). However, the temporal relation to his presenting problem and the physical exam findings are more supportive for compartment syndrome. Atherosclerotic plaque (D) would be expected in a patient presenting with claudication secondary to peripheral arterial disease.

Infections in burn patients can be problematic for multiple reasons. It may delay wound healing, encourages scarring, and can result in bacteremia which may lead to sepsis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacillus and is considered to be the most common cause of infections in burn patients. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (A) is also commonly seen in burn patients and difficult to treat due to a large number of virulence factors. Streptococcus pyogenes (B) is more of a concern in pediatric burn patients because they may have colonization of Streptococcus pyogenes in their oropharynx. Streptococcus agalactiae (C) is not an organism thought to infect burn patients. This organism can colonize the genitourinary tract and be transmitted to the neonate during birth which may result in bacteremia, pneumonia, or meningitis. Fungal infections tend to occur in burn patients during the later stages of recovery because by this time the majority of bacteria have been eliminated by the use of antibiotics. The most common cause of fungal infection in burn patients is by Candida albicans (E).

Duodenal injury following blunt abdominal trauma is rare. When it does occur, it is usually accompanied by other abdominal injuries. Isolated duodenal injuries are even more uncommon. In children, they have classically been reported following a direct blow to the epigastrium such as a bicycle handlebar injury. The retroperitoneal location of some portions of the duodenum may lead to a delay in diagnosis, as enteric contents spilling from the injury may not cause peritonitis. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen can help confirm the diagnosis by detecting extravasation of oral contrast, the presence of retroperitoneal air, or a paraduodenal hematoma. Some duodenal injuries can be managed nonoperatively. Specifically, a duodenal wall hematoma, without contrast extravasation does not require surgery. On the other hand, the presence of contrast extravasation confirms a full-thickness injury that mandates exploratory laparotomy. Depending on the extent of injury, primary repair can be performed. Because of the close relationship of the duodenum to the pancreas and the bile duct, resection of the duodenum is often not possible. Upper endoscopy (D) would be contraindicated in the presence of bowel perforation. CT-guided drainage (E) will not address the underlying duodenal injury and would not be appropriate for this patient. Laparoscopy (A) would not likely be able to adequately assess and repair the duodenal injury.

This patient has evidence of compartment syndrome that has led to muscle necrosis (as evidenced by high CPKs and hyperkalemia). Though compartment syndrome is mostly thought of as caused by severe bleeding after trauma, there are many other causes. In this case, it occurred secondary to prolonged compression of the forearm muscles due to his alcohol and drug binge. This resulted in ischemia, followed by reperfusion, and then swelling and death of the muscles. An alcohol binge can also lead to Saturday night palsy, a colloquial term referring to radial neuropathy from falling asleep with one’s arm hanging over a park bench (compressing the spiral groove which houses part of the radial nerve). Hyperkalemia is a known complication of muscle necrosis from compartment syndrome and can lead to peaked T waves, and if left untreated, fatal arrhythmias. Although all the options listed (A, B, D, E) are appropriate management options for hyperkalemia, calcium gluconate should be administered first to stabilize cardiac myocytes and prevent further damage, particularly because the electrolyte imbalance has already begun to affect the heart (e.g., peaked T waves).

The key to the diagnosis is the history of trauma combined with the chest x-ray. On initial inspection, the chest x-ray could be confused with a hemothorax (D) or pneumonia (E). However, the presence of multiple air pockets within the left lung field indicates that there are loops of bowel in the left chest, likely due to a traumatic left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH) can occur following blunt abdominal trauma secondary to a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Diagnosis is frequently delayed since patients may be asymptomatic immediately following the traumatic episode. The stomach and colon are the most frequently herniated structures. Patients with TDH can present with both GI and respiratory symptoms. Gastroenteritis (A) is unlikely to present with an increased respiratory rate or an abnormal chest x-ray. Following blunt trauma, patients can very rarely present with a delayed splenic rupture, and this could cause a reactive left pleural effusion. However, once again, this would not cause loops of the bowel in the chest.

This patient has likely sustained damage to several structures of zone 1 of the neck. The first steps in management are always ABC. Given that there is an expanding hematoma and she is having difficulty speaking, there is concern that her airway is compromised, so she should be intubated. Since the apices of the lungs are contained within zone 1 of the neck, and she has absent breath sounds, she likely has a pneumothorax and will also need a chest tube (B). Duplex ultrasound of the carotid (C) is not necessary since there is a hard sign of vascular injury. The patient requires operative repair (D), but the airway should be protected first. This patient may have sustained esophageal injury that will require repair as well, but esophagoscopy (E) should not be performed since she has a hard sign of vascular injury.

This patient has a penetrating abdominal wound which is concerning for an intraperitoneal injury. Immediate exploratory laparotomy is recommended in patients with a penetrating injury to the abdomen if the patient is hemodynamically unstable, has evidence of peritonitis, has bowel evisceration, or is uncooperative (e.g., intoxicated). Further work-up (B–E) can be considered for patients that are hemodynamically stable, with no evidence of peritonitis.

The muscle is the first structure to be affected by ischemic changes in acute limb ischemia, and since it is the primary mass of the tissue in the extremity, the extent and duration of muscle damage are the most critical aspects of limb reperfusion syndrome and subsequent compartment syndrome. The muscle can be tolerant of ischemia for up to 4 h. Irreversible nerve damage (B) occurs after 8 h of ischemia. Fat (A) changes remain reversible for up to 13 h, the skin (D) up to 24 h, while the bone (E) damage does not typically occur until after 4 days of ischemia.

Patients with severe burns are at increased risk of burn wound sepsis. This patient has hypothermia, leukocytosis, and tachycardia. Thus he meets the diagnostic criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Patients must have two of the following four in order to be diagnosed with SIRS: fever of more than 100.4 °F or less than 96.8 °F, heart rate of more than 90, respiratory rate of more than 20, or white blood count of >12,000/μL or <4,000/μL. SIRS due to an infection is called sepsis and can manifest with confusion or altered levels of consciousness (i.e., end-organ damage). Burn patients in particular are susceptible to bacterial infections. Changes in the color of the burn wound (to red, brown, or black) should raise suspicion for wound sepsis. Intercompartmental fluid shifts (A), or third spacing, occur when fluid that accumulated in the interstitium of tissues during the postoperative period shifts back into the intravascular space, typically on postoperative day three. This will present with a patient that appears to be fluid overloaded. Tertiary corticoadrenal insufficiency (B) should always be on the differential for patients with long-term steroid use that develop hypotension. This occurs because of insufficient corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion by the hypothalamus. However, the risk is less in patients using topical steroids because of its decreased potency and limited systemic exposure. In addition, hypothermia would not be expected with adrenal insufficiency. Alcohol withdrawal (C) would be expected to begin within 24 h of the last drink (not 7 days later). It can present with a wide range of symptoms including tremulousness, insomnia, anxiety, diaphoresis, and autonomic hyperactivity. Burn patients are at risk of carbon monoxide poisoning (D), particularly when they are confined to a close space. However, carbon monoxide poisoning will present acutely (not 7 days later) with headaches, dizziness, and nausea.

Patients with blunt chest trauma that present with persistent hypotension, tachycardia, and elevated JVP should be suspected of having an injury to the heart. Furthermore, this patient had a drop ≥10 mmHg in systolic blood pressure during inspiration (pulsus paradoxus) which supports a diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. Although cardiac tamponade classically causes a globular appearance of the heart on CXR, the cardiac silhouette may be normal. A lung contusion (C) would cause respiratory distress but not features of tamponade. An aortic transection (A) presents with a wide mediastinum and would not cause neck vein distention. Tension pneumothorax (D) may have distended neck veins, but the collapsed lung would be apparent on CXR combined with tracheal deviation. Diaphragmatic injury (D) can occur following blunt abdominal trauma and often present with GI and respiratory complaints though they may initially be asymptomatic.

Hypotension after blunt trauma should be considered due to hemorrhage until proven otherwise. Head injury should not be considered the source of hypotension. The most likely sources of bleeding are the abdomen, pelvis, and chest. However, major chest bleeding has been ruled out by the negative CXR. In the stable patient, an abdominal CT (E) is the best test to rule out bleeding. However, the patient’s hemodynamic instability precludes such a study. FAST scan is the test of choice in the unstable patient, but its utility is often limited in obese patients because of poor image quality. In equivocal cases, the next best choice is to perform a DPL to detect free fluid in the peritoneum, which would be an indication for exploratory laparotomy. Proceeding directly to exploratory laparotomy (C) would be appropriate if the patient manifested peritoneal signs. However, his altered mental status precludes a proper physical examination. Pelvic bleeding is another potential source of bleeding, although pubic rami fractures rarely cause major bleeding (more likely with fractures of the posterior pelvis). If the DPL was negative, one would then pursue pelvic angiography (B) to rule out pelvic bleeding. Given the GCS of 10, a head CT (D) is indicated, but this would not take precedence over identifying the source of hemorrhagic shock first.

The patient is displaying evidence of neurogenic shock with hypotension and an inappropriately normal heart rate (or bradycardia). Neurogenic shock is associated with a high cervical spinal cord injury (not thoracic spine injury {E}). Priapism (a sustained erection due to unopposed parasympathetic tone) is often a presenting sign of acute spinal cord injury. Neurogenic shock would be expected to present with a normal/high cardiac output (A), decreased SVR (B), and sympathetic blockade (D). Treatment is with intravenous fluids and if needed, pressor support (with an alpha agent for vasoconstriction).

This patient has a dirty wound, but has likely had all three tetanus vaccinations. Based on the table below, the correct treatment is tetanus vaccination only. Antibiotics (E) are not indicated since the patient is not infected. Since this is a dirty wound, primary closure (D) may not be attempted in this case, and the wound may be packed instead (Table A.1).

Children with supracondylar fractures are at risk for acute compartment syndrome. There are three mechanisms as to why this occurs: (1) the fracture is associated with an often unrecognized brachial artery injury that leads to ischemia in the compartments of the arm; (2) if the subsequent cast is placed too tightly, this may contribute to compartment syndrome; (3) initial bleeding and muscle damage/edema causes high pressures in the compartments of the arm leading to compartment syndrome. Compartment syndrome presents with the 6 Ps (pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesias, paralysis, and poikilothermia). Treatment is fasciotomy. Volkmann’s contracture is the manifestation of unrecognized and untreated compartment syndrome. This occurs because prolonged ischemia can lead to muscle death and subsequent fibrotic changes within the tissue. Volkmann’s contracture presents with a tense, painful, weak, and shortened forearm with a claw-like deformity of the hand. Nerve entrapment (A) is more likely to present acutely after the injury and will have deficits consistent with the distribution of a particular nerve. Suppurative tenosynovitis (B) is characterized by the four cardinal signs (Kanaval signs): flexor tendon sheath tenderness, fusiform swelling (sausage-shaped digits), pain with passive extension, and a semi-flexed posture of the involved digit. Complex regional pain syndrome (D) is a poorly understood phenomenon that occurs in patients that have had a crushing or soft tissue injury, typically to the distal extremities. They can present within days or months with intermittent pain, difficulty using the extremity, neglect-like symptoms, and rapid fatigability. An improperly reduced fracture would have been recognized earlier and corrected and would be unlikely to result in the deficits seen in this patient.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma arising from a chronic non-healing wound (such as a burn) is known as Marjolin’s ulcer. Although all the answer choices (A–D) are considered independent risk factors for skin cancer, chronic inflammation is the most important contributing factor in Marjolin’s ulcer and can be seen in burn wounds, scars, chronic ulcers, or sinus tracts. Carcinoma develops on average 20–30 years after the original burn. All chronic wounds that fail to heal after a long period should undergo a skin biopsy to rule out malignancy.

This patient has a left-sided tension pneumothorax as confirmed by hypotension, distended neck veins, decreased breath sounds, and hyperresonant left chest. Immediate treatment is with needle thoracostomy, allowing for immediate thoracic decompression. This is preferred in the setting of a tension pneumothorax as it is faster than a chest tube, but provides only temporary relief. All these patients require a tube thoracostomy (chest tube) immediately following needle thoracostomy. Operative management (E) is not routinely indicated for patients with tension pneumothorax as needle decompression and subsequent tube thoracostomy are able to resolve most cases. If he had a significant hemothorax that continued to hemorrhage despite tube thoracostomy, surgical management could be considered as well as blood products (A). Tension pneumothorax is considered a clinical diagnosis, and confirmation with imaging (C, D) is not recommended as it delays definitive care in the unstable patient.

Penetrating trauma to the extremities should be assessed for neurovascular injuries. Prompt surgical exploration (A) would be indicated if the patient had hard signs of vascular injury (e.g., pulsatile bleeding, expanding hematoma). In the absence of such signs, an ABI should be checked. If the ABI is <0.9, suspicion for an arterial injury is high, and as such, imaging with CT angiography is the most appropriate management option. Formal angiography (C) can be considered if CT results are equivocal. Observation would be appropriate if he had a normal ABI. Systemic heparinization is sometimes used during the course of arterial repair if the injury led to thrombosis and an interposition vein graft is used.

This patient’s mechanism of injury and blood pressure drop are highly suggestive of hemorrhagic shock. Given that the patient responded well to IV fluids, it is appropriate to obtain CT imaging to look for the source of bleeding. If the source was intra-abdominal bleeding, the next step would be exploratory laparotomy (D). However, the CT indicates that the source is pelvic bleeding, likely from the pelvic fracture. Such bleeding is best managed via emergent pelvic angiography, which could be diagnostic and therapeutic (with embolization). MAST (A) suits were at one time popular as the compression was thought to tamponade bleeding. However, they have not been shown to be effective. External pelvic fixation (B) can reduce and stabilize fractures and thus lead to a slowing of bleeding, but is not considered as effective as angiographic emoblization. Open reduction, internal fixation (C) is the definitive treatment for a pelvic fracture. But given the technical difficulty and long length of such an operation, it is not recommended acutely, and especially not in someone who is actively bleeding. Pelvic packing is emerging as an alternative to angiography for pelvic bleeding.

This patient presents with a right hemo- and pneumothorax, and tube thoracostomy was able to evacuate 500 cc of dark blood. The most appropriate next step in management is to perform a repeat chest x-ray to ensure that the tube thoracostomy is in the right position and that the hemo- and pneumothorax have resolved. Exploratory right thoracotomy (A) would be indicated only if the initial output after chest tube placement was >1,500 cc or if the patient continued to bleed briskly (>200 cc/h for 3 h). VATS (D) is indicated if the chest tube has inadequately drained the hemothorax. But such a residual hemothorax would be drained via VATS only after failure of a second chest tube and only after waiting a few days (not acutely). CT of the chest is generally not needed if the CXR shows that the hemothorax is resolved, and CT of the abdomen (E) is unnecessary at this time as the bullet entered just above the nipple (and thus above the diaphragm) and is visualized in the chest, thus sparing the abdominal cavity.

This is concerning for a flail chest, most commonly caused by blunt trauma. Although the diagnosis is made clinically with a paradoxical inward motion of the chest wall during inspiration, it is supported by imaging studies demonstrating two or more consecutive ribs broken at two or more sites. The primary morbidity related to flail chest is the frequent underlying pulmonary contusion that accompanies it and compromises adequate respiration. Furthermore, severe pain may also affect respiration. Always start with the ABCs of trauma. The best course of management for the above patient (given the marked tachypnea and flail chest) is to first ensure an airway with endotracheal intubation. This can be followed by two large bore IVs and fluids (A). Blood products (D) may be needed if he does not respond to fluids and continues to remain hemodynamically unstable. There is no indication for a needle thoracostomy (B) or chest tube given that the breath sounds are equal. Chest tube (E) may be indicated if the patient had a concurrent pneumothorax on subsequent CXR.

Acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning affects the organs with the highest oxygen demand first. Patients will present in the early stages with neurologic complaints (e.g., headaches, dizziness, confusion) and cardiac symptoms (e.g., chest pain, arrhythmias). All these patients should be started on 100 % oxygen via nonrebreather facemask. CO has nearly 250× more affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen. Thus the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left, and more hemoglobin is bound by CO than it is by oxygen. This decreases both the hemoglobin saturation (of oxygen) and the oxygen content in the blood. The arterial partial pressure of oxygen is not affected in CO poisoning (B), and so a compensatory increased alveolar ventilation would not be expected (E). CO poisoning is not a consumptive or destructive process, and so hemoglobin would not be expected to change (A). Oxidized hemoglobin, also known as methemoglobin, has a higher affinity for cyanide, and so patients with cyanide poisoning are oftentimes given nitrates to induce the oxidization of hemoglobin to help bind the cyanide for renal clearance.

Electrical burns are deceptive as at the skin level there may be a relatively minor burn wound. Yet, the electrical current can penetrate deep into the soft tissues, leading to extensive injury to the soft tissues and muscle. Thus electrical burns are associated with the development of compartment syndrome. The best indication for fasciotomy is in the presence of compartment syndrome. Choice E is the only choice in which there is an absolute indication for fasciotomy as the patient has clear evidence of compartment syndrome. Numbness of the first web space is the classic finding of anterior compartment syndrome, as the deep peroneal nerve travels within it, and it supplies sensation to the first web space. Options B, C, and D are relative indications for prophylactic fasciotomy, as they place the patient at increased risk of subsequently developing compartment syndrome, although prophylactic fasciotomies are controversial. A crush injury (A) by itself is not considered an indication for prophylactic fasciotomy.

[1] On July 22, 2011, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) received a written complaint from Alberta Oil Tool (AOT), a division of Dover Corporation (Canada) Limited of Edmonton, Alberta, (hereafter, "the Complainant") alleging that imports of certain pup joints originating in or exported from the People"s Republic of China (China) are being dumped and subsidized and causing injury to the Canadian industry.

[2] On August 12, 2011, pursuant to paragraph 32(1)(a) of the Special Import Measures Act (SIMA), the CBSA informed the Complainant that the complaint was properly documented. The CBSA also notified the government of China (GOC) that a properly documented complaint had been received and provided the GOC with the non-confidential version of the subsidy portion of the complaint, which excluded sections dealing with normal value, export price and margin of dumping.

[3] On September 9, 2011 consultations were held with the GOC in Ottawa pursuant to Article 13.1 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. During these consultations, China made representations with respect to its views on the evidence presented in the non-confidential version of the subsidy portion of the complaint.

[4] On September 12, 2011, pursuant to subsection 31(1) of SIMA, the President of the CBSA (President) initiated investigations respecting the dumping and subsidizing of certain pup joints from China.

[5] On September 13, 2011, the Canadian International Trade Tribunal (Tribunal) commenced a preliminary injury inquiry, pursuant to subsection 34(2) of SIMA, into whether the evidence discloses a reasonable indication that the alleged dumping and subsidizing of certain pup joints from China have caused injury or retardation or are threatening to cause injury to the Canadian industry producing the goods. On November 14, 2011, pursuant to subsection 37.1(1) of SIMA, the Tribunal determined that there is evidence that discloses a reasonable indication that the alleged dumping and subsidizing of certain pup joints have caused injury or retardation or are threatening to cause injury to the domestic industry.

[6] On December 12, 2011, the CBSA made preliminary determinations of dumping and subsidizing with respect to certain pup joints originating in or exported from China pursuant to subsection 38(1) of SIMA, and began imposing provisional duties on imports of the subject goods pursuant to subsection 8(1) of SIMA.

[7] On December 13, 2011, the Tribunal initiated a full inquiry pursuant to section 42 of SIMA to determine whether the dumping and subsidizing of the above mentioned goods have caused injury or retardation or are threatening to cause injury to the Canadian industry.

[8] The CBSA continued its investigations and, on the basis of the evidence, the President is satisfied that certain pup joints originating in or exported from China have been dumped and subsidized and that the margins of dumping and the amounts of subsidy are not insignificant. Consequently, on March 12, 2012, the President made final determinations of dumping and subsidizing pursuant to paragraph 41(1)(a) of SIMA.

[10] Each of the two investigations has its own separate Period of Investigation (POI). The dumping POI includes shipments of subject pup joints released into Canada from July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011, while the subsidy POI includes shipments of subject pup joints released into Canada from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011.

[11] The Complainant accounts for a major proportion of the production of like goods in Canada. The Complainant’s goods are produced at manufacturing facilities in Edmonton, Alberta.

[13] Of the other producers certified to produce the like goods in Canada, only Tenaris Canada (Tenaris), of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, confirmed that they are manufacturing them. Tenaris produces like goods which are premium pup joints in relatively small quantities and provided a letter supporting the complaint.[1]

[14] At the initiation of the investigations, the CBSA identified 109 potential exporters and producers of the goods under investigation. The CBSA sent a Dumping Request for Information (RFI) to each potential exporter and section 20 and subsidy RFIs to each potential exporter and producer in China.

[15] The CBSA received two responses, but one company’s response was determined to involve only non-subject goods.[2] One exporter, Hengshui Weijia Petroleum Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Hengshui Weijia), provided responses to the three RFIs (dumping, subsidy and section 20). This exporter also provided additional information to supplement and clarify their responses.[3]

[16] At the initiation of the investigations, the CBSA identified 17 potential importers of the subject goods from information provided by the Complainant and CBSA import documentation over the period of January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011.

[18] For the purpose of these investigations, “Government of China” refers to all levels of government, i.e. federal, central, provincial/state, regional, municipal, city, township, village, local, legislative, administrative or judicial, singular, collective, elected or appointed. It also includes any person, agency, enterprise, or institution acting for, on behalf of, or under the authority of, or under the authority of any law passed by, the government of that country or that provincial, state or municipal or other local or regional government.

[19] At the initiation of the investigations, the CBSA sent subsidy and section 20 RFIs to the GOC. The GOC provided responses to both RFIs. The CBSA reviewed the responses and while some of the information requested was provided, some of the GOC’s responses were limited.

[20] The GOC provided an incomplete response to the subsidy RFI as information in respect of only the subsidy programs attributable to the sole cooperating exporter, Hengshui Weijia, was provided but was not provided for non-participating exporters that shipped subject goods during the POI.

[21] The GOC’s section 20 RFI response, discussed in greater detail below, was also fundamentally insufficient as they provided limited responses to questions which required more detail. In short, the GOC indicated that their seminal macro-economic policies in respect of the Chinese steel industry, which are most notably the National Steel Policy (NSP) and 2009 Steel Revitalization/Rescue Plan[5] remain unchanged and, as a result, the status quo remains for the Chinese steel industry. Further details regarding the GOC’s section 20 submission is provided in the “Section 20 Inquiry” section of this document.

[22] As part of the section 20 inquiry, RFIs were sent to all known producers of pup joints in other countries (excluding China). This list of certified producers was obtained directly from the American Petroleum Institute (API). Although seven producers indicated their intention to provide a response, no complete response to the Surrogate RFI was ever received.

“Oil country tubular goods pup joints, made of carbon or alloy steel, welded or seamless, heat-treated or not heat-treated, regardless of end finish, having an outside diameter from 2 3/8 inches to 4 1/2 inches (60.3 mm to 114.3 mm), in all grades, in lengths from 2 feet to 12 feet (61 cm to 366 cm) originating in or exported from the People"s Republic of China.”

[24] Pup joints are oil country tubular goods (OCTG) made from carbon or alloy steel pipes used for the exploration and exploitation of oil and natural gas. These pipes may be made by the electric resistance welded (ERW) or seamless production method, and are supplied to meet API specification 5CT or equivalent standard.[6]

[25] Pup joints are primarily used for the purpose of adjusting the depth of strings or down hole tools, particularly where exact depth readings in a well are required for any given purpose, such as setting valves, packers, nipples or circulating sleeves. Pup joints are also used with down hole pumps. The number and lengths of pup joints may vary widely from well to well, depending on the various equipment and performance requirements established by engineers of the purchasing end users.

[26] Pup joints may range from 2 feet to 12 feet in length with a permitted tolerance of plus or minus three inches. The sizes are generally 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 feet in length.

[27] The pup joints subject to these investigations are, by virtue of the characteristics such as the outside diameter range, essentially short lengths of OCTG tubing.

[28] Pup joints are manufactured in Canada by the Complainant using plain end tube as an input. For J55 grade pup joints, a length of J55 OCTG tubing is employed. For L80 grade pup joints, the input is an A-519 mechanical tube with the appropriate steel chemistry for L80 OCTG. The L80 input tube does not qualify for the API 5CT designation until it has been tested in accordance with API requirements. The Complainant performs the testing required.

[30] The production process of the input pipe itself is virtually identical to that employed for OCTG tubing and casing. There are, however, significant subsequent costs associated with transforming the input tubing into pup joints including: cutting to length, end finishing, threading, and testing to meet the certification required.

[31] For J55 grade pup joints, the Complainant produces an upset end by heating (upset forging) and butting to thicken the end of the pipe diameter for threading. J55 tubing is cut 8 inches longer than the required pup joint length to accommodate this process. In the case of L80 grade pup joints, the production process uses profiling rather than upset ends, and accordingly only 1/4 inch of additional length is needed to accommodate finishing. Profiling refers to machining the pipe towards the ends of the pipe so it is thicker at the far ends. This process is used instead of upsetting because upsetting a pipe with steel chemistry for an L80 grade would require the producer to heat-treat the pipe again.

[32] Testing includes drift testing which is an assessment of the straightness within the hollow part of the tube, to ensure no bends or kinks exist after the pup joint was forged, and hydrostatic testing which assesses the pup joint’s ability to withstand internal pressure.

[33] For further information on the production process of the input tubes, see the CBSA’s Initiation Statement of Reasons for Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods (September 8, 2009).[7]

[35] The listing of HS codes is for convenience of reference only. The HS codes listed may include non-subject goods. Also, subject goods may fall under HS codes that are not listed. Refer to the product definition for authoritative details regarding the subject goods.

[37] The only other identified Canadian producer, Tenaris (Canada) Ltd., officially stated their position of fully supporting the complaint in their letter dated September 1, 2011.[8]

[38] During the final phase of the investigations, the CBSA refined the total volume of imports based on data from its internal information system, CBSA import documentation and other information received from the cooperative exporter and importers.

[40] Regarding the dumping investigation, information was requested from known and potential exporters, vendors and importers, concerning shipments of subject pup joints released into Canada during the dumping POI of July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011.

[41] Regarding the subsidy investigation, information related to potential actionable subsidies was requested from known and potential exporters and the GOC concerning financial contributions made to exporters or producers of subject pup joints released into Canada during the subsidy POI of January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011.

[42] In addition, known and possible exporters and producers of pup joints, along with the GOC, were requested to respond to the section 20 RFI for the purposes of the section 20 Inquiry.

[43] As previously stated, Hengshui Weijia was the lone responding exporter. After reviewing their responses to the RFIs, supplemental RFIs were sent to clarify information submitted by the company.[9] Responses to those supplemental RFIs were provided by Hengshui Weijia in advance of the close of the record.[10] The company’s responses were considered sufficient for the purposes of calculating amounts of subsidy on the basis of information provided by the exporter.

[44] As previously stated, the GOC’s section 20 RFI response was found to be fundamentally insufficient for the purposes of the section 20 inquiry. Further details regarding the GOC’s section 20 submission is provided in the “Section 20 inquiry” section of this document.

[47] In summary, 80 subsidy programs were reviewed and two of the subsidy programs were determined to be conferring benefits to the cooperative exporter during the subsidy POI.

[49] Section 20 is a provision under the Special Import Measures Act (SIMA) that is applied to determine the normal value of goods in a dumping investigation where certain conditions prevail in the domestic market of the exporting country. In the case of a prescribed country[14] under paragraph 20(1)(a) of SIMA, section 20 is applied where, in the opinion of the President, the government of that country substantially determines domestic prices and there is sufficient reason to believe that the domestic prices are not substantially the same as they would be in a competitive market. Where section 20 is applicable, the normal values of goods are not determined using domestic prices or costs in that country.

[50] For purposes of a dumping proceeding, the CBSA proceeds on the presumption that section 20 of SIMA is not applicable to the sector under investigation absent sufficient information to the contrary. The President may form an opinion where there is sufficient information that the conditions set forth in paragraph 20(1)(a) of SIMA exist in the sector under investigation.

[51] The following are guidelines that the CBSA considers when examining factors that suggest domestic prices may be substantially determined by the government of an exporting country under investigation.

the government or a government body sets minimum and/or maximum (floor or ceiling) price levels in respect of certain goods which permits prices to be established no lower or no higher than the minimum or maximum price levels;

the government or a government body sets recommended or guidance pricing at which it is expected that sellers will adhere to within a certain range above and/or below that value;

there are government or regulatory bodies which are responsible for establishing the price levels and for regulating and enforcing these price levels;

there are government-owned or controlled enterprises that set the price of their goods in consultation with the government or as a result of government-mandated pricing policies and, because of their market share or dominance, become price-leaders in the domestic market.

[53] Governments can also indirectly determine domestic prices through a variety of mechanisms that can involve the supply or price of the inputs (goods and services) used in the production of the subject goods or by influencing the supply of the subject goods in order to affect their price. For example:

governments can subsidize producers by providing direct financial subsidies or low-priced inputs in order to maintain the selling price of the product at a certain level;

governments can purchase goods in sufficient quantities to raise the domestic price of the goods or they can sell stockpiled goods to put downward pressure on prices;

the government can regulate or control production levels or the number of producers or sellers permitted in the market in order to affect domestic prices.

[54] The CBSA is also required to examine the price effect resulting from substantial government determination of domestic prices and whether there is sufficient information on the record for the President to have reason to believe that the resulting domestic prices are not substantially the same as they would be in a competitive market.

[55] The Complainant requested that section 20 be applied in the determination of normal values due to the alleged existence of the conditions set forth in paragraph 20(1)(a) of SIMA. In their complaint, the Complainant provided information to support these allegations concerning the steel industry in China including the OCTG sector, which includes pup joints.[15]

[56] At the initiation of the dumping investigation, the CBSA had sufficient information from the Complainant, the CBSA’s own research and previous CBSA section 20 opinions to support the initiation of a section 20 inquiry to examine the extent of GOC involvement in pricing in the OCTG sector, which includes pup joints. The information indicated that domestic prices in China have been influenced by various GOC industrial policies concerning the Chinese steel industry including the OCTG sector, which includes pup joints.

[59] In respect of the GOC’s section 20 submission, the GOC provided some of the information requested but some of the GOC’s responses were limited. As a result, the GOC’s submission is considered to be insufficient and incomplete.

[60] As part of the CBSA’s examination of the OCTG sector in China, which includes pup joints, the GOC was requested to provide information concerning the Chinese manufacturers of OCTG by region, the type of products produced (i.e. welded versus seamless) and their respective steel production capacities. In addition, the GOC was requested to indicate the ownership structure of each manufacturer along with information pertaining to OCTG manufacturers that are State-Owned Enterprises (SOE).

[61] In response, the GOC provided OCTG sector information that was limited to the sole cooperating exporter in China, Hengshui Weijia. The GOC provided no further details on the other producers in the Chinese OCTG sector. In its response, the GOC indicated that:

“The GOC does not have detailed official statistics of OCTG producers…Other information would presumably come from public sources and is available to the CBSA. The GOC cannot vouch for its accuracy.”[16]

[63] Furthermore, according to recent legislation passed by the GOC, through the Criterion for the Production and Operation of Steel Industry – GY [2010] No. 105,[17] there is an application process that requests this information from producers along with additional detailed information concerning output value, sales revenue, profits etc. At minimum, the GOC has the information available from its SOEs, which comprise a substantial proportion of the top OCTG producers in the sector. This indicates that the information requested by the CBSA is available to the GOC and current information from the GOC regarding the OCTG sector in China, which includes pup joints, would have been useful to the CBSA in its analysis.

[64] This is the same sector that was examined in the CBSA’s investigations of certain Seamless Steel Casing (2008) and certain OCTG (2010). Each of those section 20 inquiries concluded that domestic prices in the OCTG sector in China are substantially determined by the GOC and that there is sufficient reason to believe that the domestic prices are not substantially the same as they would be in a competitive market.

[65] The following is the CBSA’s analysis of the relevant factors that prevail in the Chinese steel industry, which subsequently affect the OCTG sector, which includes pup joints.

[66] As cited in previous section 20 inquiries, The Development Policies for the Iron and Steel Industry – Order of the National Development and Reform Commission [No. 35], [18] (National Steel Policy - NSP) was promulgated on July 8, 2005 and outlines the GOC’s future plans for the Chinese domestic steel industry. The major objectives of the NSP are:

[67] On March 20, 2009, the GOC promulgated the Blueprint for the Adjustment and Revitalization of the Steel Industry issued by the General Office of the State Council (2009 Steel Revitalization/Rescue Plan).[19]

[68] This macro-economic policy was the GOC’s response to the global financial crisis and is also the action plan for the steel industry for the 2009 through 2011 period. This plan includes the following major tasks:

[69] There are common measures between these two GOC policies, as the 2009 Steel Revitalization/Rescue Plan is an acceleration of the major objectives of the NSP. In the 2009 plan, the GOC asserts its strict control over new or additional steel production capacity, promotes new GOC directed mergers and acquisitions to reform the Chinese steel industry into larger conglomerates, along with an increased emphasis on steel product quality.

[70] The 2009 Steel Revitalization/Rescue Plan also applies to the OCTG sector in China, which includes pup joints. There is evidence on the record confirm