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The Chu–Han Contention (Chinese: 楚漢相爭) or Chu–Han War (楚漢戰爭) was an interregnum period in ancient China between the fallen Qin dynasty and the subsequent Han dynasty. After the third and last Qin ruler, Ziying, unconditionally surrendered to rebel forces in 206 BCE, the former Qin Empire was divided by rebel leader Xiang Yu into the Eighteen Kingdoms, which were ruled by various rebel leaders and surrendered Qin generals. A civil war soon broke out, most prominently between two major contending powers – Xiang Yu"s Western Chu and Liu Bang"s Han. Some of the other kingdoms also waged war among themselves but these were largely insignificant compared to the main conflict between Chu and Han. The war ended in 202 BCE with a total Han victory at the Battle of Gaixia, where Xiang Yu fled to Wujiang and committed suicide after a violent last stand. Liu Bang subsequently proclaimed himself Emperor and established the Han dynasty as the ruling dynasty of China.

While the Qin army was fighting Chu forces at the Battle of Julu, another rebel force led by Liu Bang advanced into the Guanzhong region, the heartland of Qin, and faced minimal resistance from Qin forces along the way. In 206 BCE, the last Qin emperor, Ziying, surrendered the capital Xianyang to Liu Bang, thus bringing an end to the Qin dynasty. Liu Bang treated Ziying respectfully and forbade his followers from harming civilians and looting the city when they occupied it. However, he was pressured into ceding the control of Guanzhong region over to Xiang Yu when the latter arrived, despite the earlier promise by King Huai that the first to invade Guanzhong would rightfully own it as fief. After Xiang seized control of the city Xianyang allowed his troops to pillage and plunder the former Qin capital, and even ordered the Epang Palace to be burnt down. He also tried to assassinate Liu Bang at the Feast of Hong Gate (who only narrowly escaped due to Xiang"s indecisiveness), and later forced Liu to relocate to the remote and underdeveloped Bashu region (present-day Chongqing and Sichuan).

In 206 BCE, after the former Qin Empire was divided into the Eighteen Kingdoms, Liu Bang was made King of Han and relocated to the Bashu region (present-day Chongqing and Sichuan) along with 30,000 troops and thousands of civilians. Upon reaching his destination, Liu Bang ordered the destruction of the gallery roads leading into Bashu in order to trick Xiang Yu into believing that he had no intention of leaving Bashu, and as a precautionary move against any attack from outside Bashu.

While Xiang Yu was away suppressing the rebellions in Qi and Zhao, Liu Bang seized the opportunity to attack the territories ruled by three former Qin generals which were collectively known as the Three Qins. He ordered his general Han Xin to pretend to repair the gallery roads leading from Bashu to the Three Qins in order to put the enemy off guard, while secretly taking another route through Chencang (present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi) to get to the Three Qins. Han Xin took Zhang Han, the King of Yong, by surprise and defeated him in two consecutive battles.

Riding on the tide of victory, Liu Bang proceeded to conquer Longxi (the area in present-day Gansu located west of Mount Long), Beidi (北地, eastern Gansu and Ningxia) and Shangjun (上郡; around present-day Yulin, Shaanxi). He also sent his men to fetch his family in Pei (沛; in present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Upon receiving news of Liu Bang"s attacks, Xiang Yu sent an army to Yangjia (陽夏; present-day Taikang County, Henan) to block Liu Bang"s forces, and appointed Zheng Chang as the King of Hán to help him cover his flank.

In 205 BCE, after conquering the Guanzhong region, Liu Bang advanced to the east of Hangu Pass to prepare for an attack on the Henan region. Sima Xin, the King of Sai, Dong Yi, the King of Di, and Shen Yang, the King of Henan, surrendered to Liu Bang. Zheng Chang, the King of Hán, refused to submit to Liu Bang so Liu Bang sent Hán Xin to attack and defeat him. Liu Bang then replaced Zheng Chang with Hán Xin as the new King of Hán. Zhang Er, the former King of Changshan, joined Liu Bang after losing his domain to Zhao Xie and Chen Yu.

In the third lunar month of 205 BCE, Liu Bang attacked Henei with help from Wei Bao, the King of Western Wei. When Liu Bang received news that Xiang Yu had ordered the assassination of Emperor Yi, the nominal sovereign over the Eighteen Kingdoms, he held a memorial service for the emperor and accused Xiang Yu of committing regicide, using this incident as political propaganda to justify his war against Xiang Yu.

Meanwhile, Liu Bang had mustered an army of about 560,000 with support from the kings who surrendered to him. In the eighth lunar month of 205 BCE, the Chu capital, Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), fell to a coalition force led by Liu Bang. When Xiang Yu received news that Liu Bang had occupied Pengcheng, he led 30,000 troops to retake Pengcheng. Liu Bang was caught off guard and his army suffered heavy casualties and his family members were captured by Chu forces. After the battle, Liu Bang lost his territorial gains in Chu and the support of his allies.

After their defeat at Pengcheng, the strength of the Han forces decreased drastically. Liu Bang"s family members were captured by Chu forces and kept as hostages. Many of the kings who had surrendered to Liu Bang earlier defected to Xiang Yu"s side after Liu Bang"s defeat. Moreover, the Qi and Zhao kingdoms, which were previously at war with Chu, also requested to make peace with Chu.

Upon reaching Xiayi (下邑; east of present-day Dangshan County, Anhui), which was guarded by his brother-in-law, Liu Bang reorganised his troops for a retreat. Meanwhile, Han Xin led reinforcements from Guanzhong into the Central Plain and attacked and defeated a Chu army between Jing County (京縣) and Suo Village (索亭), both in present-day Henan.

Liu Bang then sent a messenger to meet Ying Bu, the King of Jiujiang, to persuade Ying Bu to support him. In November, after Han Xin"s victory in the battle of Jingxing (see below), Ying Bu agreed to join Liu Bang and rebelled against Xiang Yu. Upon learning about it, Xiang Yu sent Long Ju to attack Ying Bu.

In the sixth lunar month of 205 BCE, Liu Bang named his son Liu Ying as his heir apparent and put him in charge of Yueyang (櫟陽; present-day Yanliang District, Xi"an, Shaanxi). Shortly after, Han forces conquered Feiqiu (廢丘; present-day Xingping, Shaanxi), which was guarded by Zhang Han, who committed suicide after his defeat.

In 205 BCE, Wei Bao, the King of Western Wei, left Liu Bang on the pretext of visiting an ill relative and secretly returned to his domain. He pledged allegiance to Xiang Yu and rebelled against Liu Bang. Liu Bang sent Li Yiji to persuade Wei Bao to surrender but Wei Bao refused, so Liu Bang ordered Han Xin to attack Wei Bao.

In the ninth lunar month of 205 BCE, Wei Bao personally led an attack on Han Xin but lost the battle and was captured. When he surrendered, Liu Bang accepted his surrender and appointed him as a general. Within the same month, Han Xin attacked the Kingdom of Dai with support from Zhang Er, the former King of Changshan, scored a decisive victory against Dai, and captured Xia Shuo, the Dai chancellor.

In 204 BCE, after the Kingdom of Yan surrendered to him, Liu Bang made Zhang Er the new King of Zhao. Xiang Yu constantly sent his armies to attack the Kingdom of Zhao, but Han Xin and Zhang Er managed to hold their ground. Xiang Yu then turned his attention towards Xingyang, where Liu Bang was stationed. Liu Bang was forced to retreat to Chenggao, but he eventually abandoned Chenggao and headed north of the Yellow River to where Han Xin was. In a surprise move, Liu Bang seized control over the troops under Han Xin"s command and ordered Han Xin to attack the Kingdom of Qi.

Just as Han Xin was preparing to attack Qi, Liu Bang sent Li Yiji to persuade Tian Guang, the King of Qi, to surrender. He did not inform Han Xin of this. Tian Guang decided to surrender so he ordered to withdraw from Lixia (歷下; present-day Jinan, Shandong). However, as Han Xin did not know that Tian Guang had the intention of surrendering, he followed Kuai Tong"s advice and launched an attack on Qi. Han Xin conquered Lixia and attacked the Qi capital, Linzi. Tian Guang thought that Li Yiji had lied to him so he had Li Yiji boiled alive. Then, he retreated to Gaomi and requested aid from Xiang Yu. In the meantime, Han Xin conquered Linzi and continued to pursue the retreating Qi forces to Gaomi.

After his victory, Han Xin swiftly took control of the Qi territories and then sent a messenger to Liu Bang, requesting that Liu Bang make him the new King of Qi. At the time, Liu Bang was under attack by Xiang Yu in Xingyang and was eagerly awaiting reinforcements from Han Xin. He was furious when he received Han Xin"s request. However, he eventually acted on the advice of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, and reluctantly approved Han Xin"s request. At the same time, Xiang Yu felt worried after losing Long Ju, so he sent Wu She to attempt to persuade Han Xin to rebel against Liu Bang and declare himself king. However, despite Kuai Tong"s urging, Han Xin refused to betray Liu Bang. Han Xin later organised an army to move southward and attack Xiang Yu.

On the southern front, Liu Bang"s forces started building supply routes from Xingyang to Aocang (敖倉; northwest of Xingyang, Henan). In 204 BCE, after sustaining losses from Chu attacks on the routes, the Han army ran short of supplies. Liu Bang negotiated for peace with Xiang Yu and agreed to cede the lands east of Xingyang to Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu wanted to accept Liu Bang"s offer, but Fan Zeng advised him to reject and use the opportunity to destroy Liu Bang. Xiang Yu changed his mind, pressed the attack on Xingyang and besieged Liu Bang"s forces inside the city. Liu Bang heeded Chen Ping"s suggestion to bribe Xiang Yu"s men with 40,000 catties of gold for them to spread rumours that Fan Zeng had the intention of betraying Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu fell for the ruse and dismissed Fan Zeng.

In late 204 BCE, while Xiang Yu was away suppressing the rebellion in the Kingdom of Qi, Li Yiji had advised Liu Bang to use the opportunity to attack Xiang Yu. Han forces conquered Chenggao and defeated the Chu army led by Cao Jiu near the Si River. Liu Bang"s forces advanced further until they reached Guangwu (廣武; present-day Guangwu Town, Xingyang, Henan). Chu forces led by Zhongli Mo were trapped by the Han army at the east of Xingyang. Following Han Xin"s victory in the Battle of Wei River, the Chu army"s morale fell and it ran short of supplies months later. Xiang Yu had no choice but to request to make peace with Liu Bang and release Liu Bang"s family members, who were held hostage by him. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang agreed to a ceasefire at the Treaty of Hong Canal, which divided China into east and west under the Chu and Han domains respectively.

In 203 BCE, while Xiang Yu was retreating eastward, Liu Bang, acting on the advice of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, renounced the Treaty of Hong Canal and ordered an attack on Xiang Yu. He also requested assistance from Han Xin and Peng Yue to attack Xiang Yu simultaneously from three directions. However, as Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilise their troops, Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at Guling (固陵; south of present-day Taikang County, Henan). He retreated and reinforced his defences. At the same time, he sent messengers to meet Han Xin and Peng Yue again, promising them land and titles if they joined him in attacking Xiang Yu.

Three months later, in 202 BCE, Liu Bang, Han Xin and Peng Yue attacked Xiang Yu from three directions. Xiang Yu"s army ran low on supplies and were trapped in Gaixia (垓下; southeast of present-day Lingbi County, Anhui). Han Xin ordered his troops to sing Chu folk songs to create a false impression that Chu had fallen to Han forces. The Chu army"s morale plummeted and many soldiers deserted.

After Xiang Yu"s death, the rest of the Kingdom of Chu surrendered to the Kingdom of Han, and China was unified under Han rule. Liu Bang granted Peng Yue, Ying Bu and Han Xin the titles of King of Liang, King of Huainan and King of Chu respectively. Months later, at the urging of his followers and vassals, Liu Bang declared himself emperor and established the Han dynasty as the ruling dynasty in China. The imperial capital was at Luoyang but later moved to Chang"an (present-day Xi"an, Shaanxi). Liu Bang made his wife Lü Zhi empress and his eldest son Liu Ying crown prince.

Although Liu Bang initially handsomely rewarded subjects who helped him become emperor, he gradually became suspicious of them and started to doubt their loyalties. Han Xin was demoted from King of Chu to Marquis of Huaiyin in late 202 BCE, and was subsequently arrested and executed by Empress Lü in 196 BCE for allegedly plotting a rebellion with Chen Xi. In the same year, Liu Bang believed rumours that Peng Yue was also involved in the plot, so he demoted Peng Yue to the status of a commoner. Peng Yue and his family members were subsequently executed by Empress Lü.

Feast at Swan Goose Gate (鴻門宴), used figuratively to refer to an ostensibly joyous occasion which is actually a dangerous trap. It originated from an incident in 206 BCE when Xiang Yu invited Liu Bang to attend a feast while secretly planning to assassinate Liu Bang during the feast. The saying "Xiang Zhuang performs a sword dance with his attention directed towards the Duke of Pei" (項莊舞劍，意在沛公) also originated from this event. It is used figuratively to refer to a person"s action being a veiled attack on another person.

Beauties of the Emperor is a 2012 Chinese television series produced by Yu Zheng. It romanticises the life stories of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu (played by Luo Jin and Ming Dow respectively), with the focus on Liu Bang"s wife Lü Zhi (played by Joe Chen), who loves and desires both of the two men.

action RPG. The protagonist is the former Qin crown prince Fusu. He witnesses how the Qin dynasty becomes corrupted by Qin Er Shi and Zhao Gao, and decides to help Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrow the dynasty.

Xiao He (257 BC – 16 August 193 BCWestern Han dynasty. He served Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty, during the insurrection against the Qin dynasty, and fought on Liu"s side in the Chu–Han Contention against Liu"s rival, Xiang Yu. After the founding of the Han dynasty, Xiao He became the chancellor and held office until his death. For his contributions, he is also known as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han dynasty" (漢初三傑), along with Han Xin and Zhang Liang.

Xiao He was born in Fengyi County, Sishui Commandery (present-day Feng County, Jiangsu). In his early days, he served as a gongcao (功曹; magistrate"s secretary) in the administrative office of Pei County. He was studious, tactful and amiable. He was well versed in law and had a wide network of friends and acquaintances, among whom include Liu Bang, Cao Shen, Fan Kuai, Xiahou Ying and Zhou Bo.

Once, Liu Bang released some prisoners he was escorting to Mount Li to be labourers, and became a fugitive. He hid in an outlaw stronghold on Mount Mangdang (in present-day Yongcheng, Henan) and maintained secret contact with Xiao He and Cao Shen. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang started the Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty, and was followed by numerous other rebellions throughout China. The magistrate of Pei County considered rebelling as well, so he heeded Xiao He and Cao Shen"s advice to invite Liu Bang back to support him. However, he changed his mind later and denied Liu Bang"s party entry into the city. As he was afraid that Xiao He and Cao Shen might open the gates for Liu Bang, he intended to have them executed, but Xiao and Cao escaped and joined Liu. As suggested by Xiao He, Liu Bang had letters sent to the townsfolk, fired into the city on arrows, urging them to join him. The people responded to Liu Bang"s call and killed the magistrate and welcomed him back into the city.

After returning to Pei County, the townsfolk wanted Liu Bang to lead them to overthrow the Qin dynasty. However, Liu Bang expressed reluctance in taking up the leadership position and the people agreed to decide their leader by luck. Xiao He was in charge of the process and he had the names of ten respectable men in town, including Liu Bang, written on separate pieces of paper and shuffled. Xiao He then asked Liu Bang to pick any piece from the pile, without seeing the name on it, and Liu picked his own name by chance. Liu Bang looked at Xiao He and wanted to decline again. Xiao He immediately grabbed the remaining pieces of paper, put them into his mouth and chewed them to shreds, after which he proclaimed Liu Bang as their leader. Liu Bang became known as the "Duke of Pei" and built his rebel army in Pei County, with Xiao He and his friends supporting him. Liu Bang learnt from Xiao He later that actually all the ten pieces of paper contained his name, and Xiao had deliberately tampered with the system to help him.

In 206 BC, the Qin dynasty collapsed after the last Qin ruler, Ziying, surrendered to Liu Bang. Liu Bang"s army occupied the Qin capital Xianyang. Upon entering the Epang Palace, Liu Bang and most of his men seized treasures and women for themselves, while Xiao He rushed to the chancellor"s office and ordered it to be heavily guarded. Xiao He then brought a few men with him to collect all official documents in the office and bring them out safely. Xiao He later explained that the documents were more valuable than riches and women, because they contained crucial information about the Qin Empire and would be useful in intelligence.

Liu Bang was forced to retreat from Xianyang later as Xiang Yu"s army arrived and occupied the city. After plundering Xianyang and destroying the palace, Xiang Yu divided the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Liu Bang received the title of "King of Han" and was relocated to the remote Bashu region (in present-day Sichuan), with Xiao He and his followers accompanying him. Liu Bang was unhappy and wanted to attack Xiang Yu because the land of Guanzhong rightfully belonged to him, according to an earlier promise by Emperor Yi of Chu, but was granted by Xiang to three surrendered Qin generals instead. However, Xiao He and others managed to persuade Liu Bang to temporarily remain in Bashu and build up his forces in preparation for a battle for supremacy with Xiang Yu later. Xiao He was appointed by Liu Bang as the chancellor of the Han kingdom.

During that time, Xiao He met Han Xin, who had recently joined Liu Bang"s army and was serving as a low-ranking soldier, and recognised Han Xin"s brilliance in military strategy. Not long later, many of Liu Bang"s men deserted as they were unable to cope with living in remote Bashu, and Han Xin also left as he was disappointed because he felt his talent would go to waste in Liu Bang"s camp. When Xiao He learnt that Han Xin had left, he immediately rushed to find Han and bring him back, without managing to inform Liu Bang in time. Xiao He caught up with Han Xin after trailing him for a few days, even at night, and succeeded in persuading Han to return. Meanwhile, Liu Bang thought that Xiao He had also deserted him and was shocked, but was relieved when he saw Xiao returning with Han Xin days later. Liu Bang asked Xiao He, "Of all those who deserted, why did you choose to bring back Han Xin only?" Xiao He then strongly recommended Han Xin to Liu Bang, saying that Han"s talent was unmatched. Liu Bang heeded Xiao He"s suggestion and appointed Han Xin as a general.

In 206 BC, Liu Bang conquered the Three Qins and left Xiao He in charge of Guanzhong and Bashu, while he led his army eastward to attack Xiang Yu"s Western Chu kingdom. Xiao He governed those territories effectively and provided support to Liu Bang"s army at the warfront in the form of supplies, provisions and reinforcements. While in Guanzhong, Xiao He restored peace and order by implementing a new system of governance and reconstructing destroyed buildings. Under the new system, taxes were readjusted to reduce the burden on the poor; land that used to belong to the Qin aristocracy was redistributed to peasants, in order to increase agricultural output; capable and respectable men were selected from among commoners to assist government officials in administration.

Liu Bang eventually defeated Xiang Yu at the Battle of Gaixia in 202 BC and unified China under his rule. He was proclaimed "Emperor" and became historically known as "Emperor Gaozu of Han". The following year, when Gaozu rewarded his subjects according to their contributions, Xiao He received the title of "Marquis of Zan" (酇侯) in addition to his appointment as chancellor. Besides, Gaozu also granted Xiao He a rare special privilege: Xiao was allowed to enter the imperial court carrying a sword and with his shoes on, and not required to walk in briskly while others had to.

In 201 BC, Emperor Gaozu wanted to build his capital in Luoyang but Zhang Liang suggested Xianyang instead, because it was surrounded by natural defences such as mountain passes, and had fertile land for agriculture. Gaozu put Xiao He in charge of the constructions in Xianyang. Two years later, the project was completed and Xiao He took Gaozu on a tour of Xianyang. The new palace was called Weiyang Palace and served as the central imperial palace throughout the Western Han dynasty and Xin dynasty. Gaozu also renamed Xianyang to "Chang"an", which meant "long-lasting peace".

In 196 BC, while Gaozu was away on a military campaign to suppress a rebellion by Chen Xi, one of Han Xin"s servants reported to Empress Lü Zhi that his master was involved in a conspiracy with Chen Xi and was planning a coup in Chang"an. Empress Lü approached Xiao He for help and they formulated a plan to lure Han Xin into a trap. Xiao He had an imperial edict sent to Han Xin, announcing news of Gaozu"s victory over Chen Xi, asking Han to meet the emperor and offer his congratulations. As soon as Han Xin arrived in Changle Palace, he was arrested and executed in a torturous manner for alleged treason.

In 195 BC, Xiao He saw that Chang"an was becoming more congested and the imperial garden was full of uncultivated land, hence he suggested to Gaozu to carve out parts of the garden and grant them to peasants as farmland. Gaozu was unhappy and accused Xiao He of accepting bribes and dishonouring imperial authority. Xiao He was arrested and imprisoned, but was released later after Gaozu was convinced that Xiao He had the people"s interests at heart. Gaozu summoned Xiao He to see him and he said with jest and embarrassment, "The chancellor was asking for the fields in the imperial garden out of interest for the people, but I did not approve. This showed that I"m only like Jie and Zhou (Emperors of the Xia and Shang dynasties), and that you"re the most understanding chancellor. Therefore, I intentionally imprisoned you to show the people that I"m a tyrant."

After the death of Gaozu, Xiao He continued serving Gaozu"s successor Emperor Hui as chancellor until he died in 193 BC. Before his death, Xiao He recommended Cao Shen to succeed him. Cao Shen inherited the system of governance left behind by Xiao He and maintained it well but did not implement any new changes.

Two of his descendants would later found imperial dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Xiao Daocheng would found the Southern Qi, while his distant cousin Xiao Yan would found the subsequent Liang dynasty.

Xiao He chases Han Xin under the moonlight (蕭何月下追韓信): Originated from the event where Xiao trailed Han Xin for a few days, even at night, in order to catch up with the latter and bring him back to Liu Bang. It is used to describe an urgent situation in which action has to be taken immediately without notification.

Success is due to Xiao He, downfall is also due to Xiao He (成也蕭何 敗也蕭何 Hangul: 성야소하 폐야소하): Xiao He helped Han Xin become a general, which enabled Han to put his talent to good use. However, Xiao also played an important role in Han"s death. It is used to describe a situation where one"s success and failure are both due to the same factor.

Cao following Xiao"s rules (萧规曹随): Cao Shen, Xiao He"s successor as chancellor, inherited the system of governance left behind by Xiao and maintained it well but did not implement any new changes. It is used to describe the continuation of the work of one"s predecessor.

Xiao He is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Koei. He also appears as a non-playable character in the action RPG

US Customs records for Liu Xiao Li, a supplier based in China. See their past imports and exports, including shipments to Sandy Chourattana in Braintree, Massachusetts.

On the afternoon of March 20, the 2009 OML Lighting National Excellent Distributors Conference was successfully held at Crowne Plaza Xiaolan Hotel, with the theme of "OML Line Light, New Wave, Creating New Riches".

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Chu–Han Contention The Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC) was an interregnum Chu-Han Contention between the Qin dynasty and the Han dynasty in Chinese history. Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 206 BC, Xiang Yu split the former Qin Empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Two major contending powers emerged, Western Chu and Han, which engaged in a struggle for supremacy over China. Western Chu was led by Xiang Yu, while the Han leader was Liu Bang. Several minor kings also warred, but these were largely independent of the main conflict between Western Chu and Han. The war ended in 202 BC with total victory for Han, with Liu Bang soon proclaiming himself first emperor of the Han dynasty. Map of China during the Chu-Han Contention

Date 206–202 BC Contents Location China Result Han victory Background Initial stages Han Rebellion Re-unification of Lesser Rebellions in Qi and Zhao China Han conquest of the Three Qins Fall of Western Chu Battle of Pengcheng Founding of the Han Battle of Jingsuo dynasty Northern front Battle of Anyi Belligerents Battle of Jingxing Han Western Chu Battle of Wei River Kingdom of Zhao Battle of Chenggao and the Treaty of Hong Canal Three Qins End of the war Commanders and leaders Battle of Gaixia Liu Bang Xiang Yu † Aftermath Han Xin Long Ju † Cultural references Ying Bu Ji Bu Film Television Fan Kuai Zhongli Mei Video games Zhang Liang Fan Zeng Xiao He Xiang Zhuang See also Peng Yue Dong Yi References Zhou Bo Sima Xin Cao Shen Xiahou Ying Chen Ping Guan Ying

Han Rebellion During the division of the Eighteen Kingdoms, Xiang Yu appointed some former rebel generals as vassal kings even though they were subordinates of other lords. In 206 BC Liu Bang was deprived of his title in Guanzhong and instead sent to the remote Bashu region ( 巴 蜀 ; in present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) along with 30,000 troops and thousands more civilians and given the title "King of Han" (漢王).

After reaching his destination, Liu Bang ordered the gallery roads leading into Bashu to be destroyed as a precautionary move against any possible attack from the rear and to trick Xiang Yu into thinking that he had no intention of leaving Bashu. In 206 BCE the last Qin emperor Ziying surrendered to Liu Bang and brought an end to the Qin dynasty.

Han conquest of the Three Qins While Xiang Yu was away suppressing the rebellions, Liu Bang used the opportunity to attack the Three Qins in Guanzhong. Liu Bang"s general Han Xin ordered his men to pretend to repair the gallery roads in order to put Zhang Han (King of Yong) off guard, while secretly making advances through Chencang ( 陳 倉 ; present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi). Zhang Han was taken by surprise and defeated by the Han forces in two consecutive battles.

Taking advantage of the victory, Liu Bang proceeded to conquer Longxi (隴西), Beidi (北地) and Shangjun (上郡). He also sent his men to fetch his family in Pei (沛; in present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Upon receiving news of Liu Bang"s attacks, Xiang Yu sent an army to Yangxia (陽夏) to intercept the Han army, and appointed Zheng Chang as the "King of Hán" to help him cover his flank. In Yan, Zang Tu killed Han Guang (King of Liaodong), seized his lands and proclaimed himself the ruler of the Yan territories.

Battle of Pengcheng In 205 BC, after establishing his base in Guanzhong, Liu Bang advanced to the east of Hangu Pass to prepare for an attack on the Henan region. Sima Xin (King of Sai), Dong Yi (King of Di) and Shen Yang (King of Henan) surrendered to Liu Bang. Zheng Chang (King of Hán) refused to submit to Liu Bang and was defeated by Han Xin in battle. Liu Bang replaced Zheng Chang with Hán Xin as the new King of Hán. Zhang Er (former King of Changshan) came to join Liu Bang after losing his domain to Zhao Xie and Chen Yu.

In the third month, Liu Bang attacked Henei (河內) with help from Wei Bao (King of Western Wei). When Liu Bang received news that Emperor Yi of Chu had been murdered on Xiang Yu"s order, he held a memorial service for the emperor, accused Xiang of committing regicide, and used that incident as political propaganda to justify the war against Western Chu.

Meanwhile, Liu Bang had mustered an army of about 560,000 with support from the kings who surrendered to him. In the eighth month, Chu"s capital, Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu), fell to a coalition force led by Liu Bang. When Xiang Yu received news that Liu Bang had occupied Pengcheng, he led 30,000 troops to retake Pengcheng. Liu Bang was caught off guard and his army suffered heavy casualties and his family members were captured by Chu forces. After the battle, Han lost its territorial gains in Chu and the support of its allies.

Battle of Jingsuo After their defeat at Pengcheng, the strength of the Han forces decreased drastically. Liu Bang"s family members were captured by Chu forces and kept as hostages. Besides, many of the kings who had surrendered to Liu Bang earlier defected to Xiang Yu"s side after Liu Bang"s defeat. Moreover, the Qi and Zhao kingdoms, which were previously at war with Chu, also requested to make peace with Chu.

Upon reaching Xiayi ( 下 邑 ; east of present-day Dangshan County, Suzhou, Anhui), which was defended by his brother-in-law, Liu Bang reorganised his troops for a retreat. When he arrived at Yu (虞; present-day Yucheng County, Shangqiu, Henan), he sent an envoy to meet Ying Bu (King of Jiujiang) and persuade Ying to support him. Ying Bu agreed to join Liu Bang and rebelled against Western Chu. Xiang Yu sent Long Ju to lead an army to attack Ying Bu.

In the sixth month of 205 BCE, Liu Bang named his son Liu Ying as his crown prince and ordered him to defend Yueyang ( 櫟 陽 ; present-day Yanliang District, Xi"an, Shaanxi). Shortly after, Han forces conquered Feiqiu ( 廢 丘 ; present-day Xingping, Shaanxi), which was guarded by Zhang Han, who committed suicide after his defeat.

On another front, Ying Bu was unable to defeat Long Ju so he gave up on Jiujiang and went to join Liu Bang. Liu Bang reorganised his army, which now included reinforcements from Guanzhong (sent by Xiao He) and Han Xin"s troops. Liu Bang"s forces attacked Chu at Jing County (京縣; around present-day Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Henan) and Suoting (索亭; near present-day Xingyang, Henan), emerged victorious, and drove Xiang Yu"s forces east of Xingyang.

Battle of Anyi In 205 BC, Wei Bao (King of Wei) left Liu Bang on the pretext of visiting an ill relative and secretly returned to his domain. He pledged allegiance to Xiang Yu and rebelled against Liu Bang. Liu Bang sent Li Yiji to persuade Wei Bao to surrender but Wei refused, so Liu ordered Han Xin to lead an army to attack Wei.

Wei Bao stationed his army at Puban ( 蒲 阪 ) and blocked the route to Linjin ( 臨 晉 ). Han Xin tricked Wei Bao into believing that he was planning to attack Linjin, while secretly sending a force from Xiayang (夏陽) to cross the river and attack Anyi (安邑; present-day Xia County, Yuncheng, Shanxi). In the ninth month, Wei Bao personally led an attack on Han Xin but lost the battle and was captured. When he offered to surrender, Liu Bang accepted his surrender and appointed him as a general. In the ninth month, Han Xin led his army to attack the Kingdom of Dai with support from Zhang Er (former King of Changshan), scored a decisive victory against Dai, and captured Dai"s chancellor, Xia Shuo.

Battle of Wei River In 204 BC, the Yan kingdom surrendered to Han Xin, and Zhang Er was appointed as the King of Zhao. Xiang Yu constantly sent his armies to attack Zhao but Han Xin and Zhang Er managed to hold their ground. Xiang Yu then turned his attention towards Xingyang, where Liu Bang was stationed. Liu Bang was forced to retreat to Chenggao, where he was besieged by Xiang Yu. Eventually, he had no choice but to head north of the Yellow River to join Han Xin. In a surprise move, Liu Bang took over Han Xin and Zhang Er"s command of the Han army in Zhao. He then ordered Han Xin to lead an army to attack the Qi kingdom.

Just as Han Xin was preparing to attack Qi, Liu Bang sent Li Yiji to persuade Tian Guang (King of Qi) to surrender without informing Han Xin. Tian Guang decided to surrender and ordered his troops to withdraw from Lixia (歷下; present-day Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong). However, Han Xin was not aware that Tian Guang had the intention of surrendering, so he followed Kuai Tong"s advice to attack Qi. Han Xin"s army conquered Lixia and attacked the Qi

After his victory, Han Xin swiftly took control of the Qi territories and then sent an envoy to Liu Bang to request that Liu appoint him as the King of Qi. At the time, Liu Bang was besieged in Xingyang by Xiang Yu, and was eagerly waiting for reinforcements from Han Xin. He was furious when he received Han Xin"s request. However, eventually, acting on the advice of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, Liu Bang reluctantly approved Han Xin"s request. At the same time, Xiang Yu felt worried after losing Long Ju, so he sent Wu She to attempt to persuade Han Xin to rebel against Liu Bang and declare himself king. However, despite urging from Kuai Tong, Han Xin refused to betray Liu Bang. Han Xin later organised an army to move southward and attack Western Chu.

Battle of Chenggao and the Treaty of Hong Canal On the southern front, Liu Bang"s forces started building supply routes from Xingyang to Aocang (敖倉). In 204 BC, after sustaining losses from Chu attacks on the routes, the Han army was running short of supplies. Liu Bang negotiated for peace with Xiang Yu and agreed to cede the lands east of Xingyang to Western Chu. Xiang Yu wanted to accept Liu Bang"s offer, but Fan Zeng advised him to reject and use the opportunity to destroy Liu Bang. Xiang Yu changed his mind, pressed the attack on Xingyang and besieged Liu Bang"s forces inside the city. Liu Bang heeded Chen Ping"s suggestion to bribe Xiang Yu"s men with 40,000 catties of gold for them to spread rumours that Fan Zeng had the intention of betraying Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu fell for the ruse and dismissed Fan Zeng.

In late 204 BC, while Xiang Yu was away suppressing the rebellion in the Qi kingdom, Li Yiji advised Liu Bang to use the opportunity to attack Western Chu. Han forces conquered Chenggao and defeated the Chu army led by Cao Jiu near the Si River. Liu Bang"s forces advanced further until they reached Guangwu (廣武). Chu forces led by Zhongli Mo were trapped by the Han army at the east of Xingyang. Following Han Xin"s victory in the Battle of Wei River, the Chu army"s morale fell and it ran short of supplies months later. Xiang Yu had no choice but to request to make peace with Liu Bang and release Liu"s family members, who were held hostage by him. Chu and Han agreed to a ceasefire at the Treaty of Hong Canal (鴻溝和約), which divided China into east and west under their respective domains.

End of the war In 203 BC, while Xiang Yu was retreating eastward, Liu Bang, acting on the advice of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, renounced the Treaty of Hong Canal and ordered an attack on Western Chu. He also requested assistance from Han Xin and Peng Yue to attack Xiang Yu simultaneously from three directions. However, Han Xin and Peng Yue did not mobilise their troops and Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at Guling (固陵; south of present-day Taikang County, Zhoukou, Henan). Liu Bang retreated and reinforced his defences. At the same time, he sent messengers to meet Han Xin and Peng Yue again, and promised to give them land and titles if they joined him in attacking Xiang Yu.

Battle of Gaixia Three months later, in 202 BC, Han forces led by Liu Bang, Han Xin and Peng Yue attacked Western Chu from three directions. The Chu army was running low on supplies and Xiang Yu was trapped in Gaixia ( 垓 下 ; southeast of present-day Lingbi County, Suzhou, Anhui). Han Xin ordered his troops to sing Chu folk songs to create a false impression that Chu had fallen to Han forces. The Chu army"s morale plummeted and many soldiers deserted.

Aftermath After Xiang Yu"s death, the rest of Western Chu surrendered to Han, and China was unified under Han rule. Liu Bang granted Peng Yue, Ying Bu and Han Xin the titles "King of Liang", "King of Huainan" and "King of Chu" respectively. Months later, at the urging of his followers and vassals, Liu Bang declared himself Emperor and established the Han dynasty. He built his capital in Luoyang (later moved to Chang"an) and named Lü Zhi his empress, and Liu Ying as his crown prince.

Although Liu Bang initially handsomely rewarded his subjects who helped him become the Emperor, he gradually became suspicious of them over time and started to doubt their loyalties. Han Xin was demoted from "King of Chu" to "Marquis of Huaiyin" in late 202 BC, and was subsequently arrested and executed by Empress Lü in 196 BC for allegedly plotting a rebellion with Chen Xi. In the same year, Liu Bang believed rumours that Peng Yue was also involved in the plot, and demoted Peng to the status of a commoner. Peng Yue and his family members were subsequently executed by Empress Lü.

Film The Great Conqueror"s Concubine is a 1994 Hong Kong film directed by Wei Handao and Stephen Shin. Zhang Fengyi and Ray Lui starred as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively.

White Vengeance is a 2011 Chinese film directed by Daniel Lee. Leon Lai and Feng Shaofeng starred as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively. The Last Supper is a 2012 Chinese film directed by Lu Chuan. Liu Ye and Daniel Wu played Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively.

Television The Battlefield is a 1985 Hong Kong television series produced by TVB. Lawrence Ng and Shek Sau starred as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively. The Story of Han Dynasty is a 2003 Chinese television series. Hu Jun and Xiao Rongsheng starred as Xiang Yu and Liu Bang respectively.[5] The Conqueror"s Story is a 2004 Hong Kong television series produced by TVB. Adam Cheng and Kwong Wah starred as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively. In the tenth episode of Code Geass, the protagonist refers to the Battle of Wei River as inspiration for triggering a landslide during a battle. The Myth is a 2010 Chinese television series adapted from the 2005 film of the same title. A present-day photographer travels back in time and meets Liu Bang and Xiang Yu and becomes sworn brothers with them. King"s War is a 2012 Chinese television series directed by Gao Xixi. Chen Daoming and Peter Ho starred as Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively. Chu Han Zhengxiong is a 2012 Chinese television series directed by Chen Jialin. Anthony Wong and Ren Chengwei played Liu Bang and Xiang Yu respectively. Beauties of the Emperor is a 2012 Chinese television series produced by Yu Zheng. It romanticises the life stories of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu (played by Luo Jin and Ming Dow respectively), with the focus on Liu Bang"s wife Lü Zhi (played by Joe Chen), who loves and desires both of the two men. History of a Salaryman is a 2012 South Korean television series that aired on SBS. The 22-episode series, which satirises key historical figures of the Chu–Han Contention, is about an ordinary salaryman who gets involved in corporate espionage between rival pharmaceutical companies.

Video games Rise of the Phoenix is a 1993 strategy video game produced by Japan"s Koei. It was first released on SNES in 1994. Chǔ Hàn Zhēngbà: The War Between Chu & Han (Chinese: 楚漢爭霸) is a 1997 unlicensed turn-based strategy game for Famicom, developed and published by China"s Fuzhou Waixing Computer Science & Technology (simply known as Waixing). Prince of Qin is a 2002 action RPG. The protagonist is the former Qin crown prince Fusu. He witnesses how the Qin dynasty becomes corrupted by Qin Er Shi and Zhao Gao, and decides to help Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrow the dynasty.

Xiao He 蕭何 (died 193 BCE) was a counsellor or emperor Han Gaozu 漢高祖 (r. 206-195 BCE), the founder of the Former Han dynasty 前漢 (206 BC-8 CE). In his early years he acted as a jail overseer (yuli 獄吏) in the district of Peixian 沛縣. In 209 he became a follower of Liu Bang 劉邦, the eventual Emperor Gaozu, in his rebellion against the Qin dynasty 秦 (221-206 BC). After the conquest of the capital of Qin, Xianyang 咸陽, when everybody ran through the palace and looted gold, silver and other precious objects, Xiao He was the only person caring for the imperial archives. He secured laws and regulations, household register and any reports about the local situation of the empire for Liu Bang, a booty that proved to be more important than anything else for the administration of the future Han dynasty. In 206, when the hegemonial king Xiang Yu 項羽 distributed the regions of the empire among the victors, Liu Bang was invested as king of the remote region of the Han River 漢 valley. Yet Xiao He, his Counsellor-in-chief (cheng 丞) perceived how important it was to secure this region, as well as Shu 蜀 and Ba 巴 (the later province of Sichuan), and the region of the so-called Three Qin 三秦 (south of the modern province of Shaanxi), the old heart of the empire. Liu Band was also, according to Xiao He"s suggestion, to attract competent advisors and to exert a benevolent government in order to gain the support of the population. He also introduced the competent general Han Xin 韓信 to Liu Bang who played an important role in the war against Xiang Yu. The region of Qin was important for the supply of Liu Bang"s armies, especially after the defeats of Xingyang 滎陽 and Chenggao 成臯. For this high merits Xiao He was not only made Counsellor-in-chief after Liu Bang"s accession to the imperial throne in 202, but also given the title of Marquis of Zan 酇. He has been granted the posthumous title of Marquis Wenzhong of Zan 酇文終侯. As an imperial counsellor, Xiao He revised the Qin law and created a new codex of nine chapters, the Jiuzhang lü 九章律. In 196, Xiao he was granted the title of national Counsellor-in-chief (xiangguo 相國) for his plot to arrest the rebellious Han Xin. After the death of emperor Gaozu, Xiao He was very sick and suggested making Cao Shen 曹參 his successor. He died as chief counsellor of Emperor Hui 漢惠帝 (r. 195-188 BCE).

Source: Zhang Lie 張烈 (1992), "Xiao He 蕭何", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 2, p. 1310.

Hanwen Tong:Fudan University;Chenhao Xie:SenseDeal Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.;Jiaqing Liang:Fudan University;Qianyu He:Fudan University;Zhiang Yue:Fudan University;Jingping Liu:East China University of Science and Technology;Yanghua Xiao:Fudan University,Fudan-Aishu Cognitive Intelligence Joint Research Center;Wenguang Wang:DataGrand Inc.

Haolun Wu:McGill University;Chen Ma:City University of Hong Kong;Yingxue Zhang:Huawei Noah"s Ark Lab;Xue Liu:McGill University;Ruiming Tang:Huawei Noah"s Ark Lab;Mark Coates:McGill University

Zihan Liu:Zhejiang University,AI Lab, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study;Yun Luo:Westlake University;Lirong Wu:AI Lab, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study;Siyuan Li:AI Lab, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study;Zicheng Liu:AI Lab, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study;Stan Li:AI Lab, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study

Fuxian Li:Tsinghua University;Huan Yan:Tsinghua University;Guangyin Jin:Tsinghua University;Yue Liu:Alibaba Group;Yong Li:Tsinghua University;Depeng Jin:Tsinghua University

Wentao Ning:The University of Hong Kong,Southern University of Science and Technology;Reynold Cheng:The University of Hong Kong;Jiajun Shen:TCL Research;Nur Al Hasan Haldar:The University of Western Australia;Ben Kao:The University of Hong Kong;Xiao Yan:Southern University of Science and Technology;Nan Huo:the University of Hong Kong;Tian Li:TCL Research;Wai Kit Lam:TCL Research;Bo Tang:Southern University of Science and Technology

Xianjie Guo:Hefei University of Technology;Yujie Wang:Hefei University of Technology;Xiaoling Huang:Hefei University of Technology;Shuai Yang:Hefei University of Technology;Kui Yu:Hefei University of Technology

Lili Zhao:University of Science and Technology of China;Linan Yue:University of Science and Technology of China;Yanqing An:University of Science and Technology of China;Yuren Zhang:University of Science and Technology of China;Jun Yu:IFLYTEK;Qi Liu:University of Science and Technology of China;Enhong Chen:University of Science and Technology of China

Quanliang Jing:Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Shuo Liu:Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Xinxin Fan:Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Jingwei Li:Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University at Buffalo, SUNY;Di Yao:Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Baoli Wang:Microsoft Search Technology Center Asia;Jingping Bi:Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Yu Hong:Fudan University;Zhixu Li:Fudan University;Jianfeng Qu:Soochow University;Jiaqing Liang:Fudan University;Yi Luo:Fudan University;Miyu Zhang:Fudan University;Yanghua Xiao:Fudan University,Fudan-Aishu Cognitive Intelligence Joint Research Center;Wei Wang:Fudan University

Yu Wang:University of Illinois at Chicago;Hengrui Zhang:University of Illinois at Chicago;Zhiwei Liu:Salesforce;Liangwei Yang:University of Illinois at Chicago;Philip S Yu:University of Illinois at Chicago

Jiangxia Cao:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Xin Cong:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Jiawei Sheng:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Tingwen Liu:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Bin Wang:Xiaomi AI Lab, Xiaomi Inc.

Qinggang Zhang:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;Junnan Dong:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;Keyu Duan:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;Xiao Huang:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University;Yezi Liu:University of California Irvine;Linchuan Xu:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Hanwen Du:Soochow University;Hui Shi:Soochow University;Pengpeng Zhao:Soochow University;Deqing Wang:Beihang University;Victor S. Sheng:Texas Tech University;Yanchi Liu:Rutgers University;Guanfeng Liu:Macquarie University;Lei Zhao:Soochow University

Jiangui Chen:CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Ruqing Zhang:CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Jiafeng Guo:CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Yiqun Liu:BNRist, DCST, Tsinghua University;Yixing Fan:CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Xueqi Cheng:CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology, ICT, CAS,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Jiaqian Ren:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences;Lei Jiang:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Hao Peng:Beihang University;Lingjuan Lyu:Sony AI;Zhiwei Liu:salesforce;Chaochao Chen:Zhejiang University;Jia Wu:Macquarie University;Xu Bai:Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences;Philip S. Yu:University of Illinois Chicago

Kangzheng Liu:National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology;Feng Zhao:National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology;Hongxu Chen:Data Science and Machine Intelligence Lab, University of Technology Sydney;Yicong Li:Data Science and Machine Intelligence Lab, University of Technology Sydney;Guandong Xu:Data Science and Machine Intelligence Lab, University of Technology Sydney;Hai Jin:National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Junwei Zhang:Tianjin University;Ruifang He:Tianjin University;Fengyu Guo:Tianjin Normal University;Jinsong Ma:Tianjin University;Mengnan Xiao:Tianjin University