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Pangaea: theory that continents were once one mega-continent History was first recorded 6,000 years ago; Europeans first set foot in North America 600 years ago. A land bridge emerged from Great Ice Age connecting Asia & North America across Bering Sea; possibly occurred 35,000 years ago Countless tribes emerged, spreading across North, Central, and South America. Including Incas, Mayas, and Aztecs. First Americans Pueblo Indians were first American corn growers that lived in adobe houses and had intricate irrigation systems to water/grow corn Corn/maize around 5,000BC in Mexico = revolutionary because people need only be farmers (arrived in U.S. around 1,200BC) Easter Indians grew corn, beans, and squash with three sister farming (corn grew in stalk providing trellis for beans, squash leaves shade ground and kept moisture in soil) Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw (South), and Iroquoi (North) Iroquois Confederation: group of 5 tribes in New York state led by Hiawatha. Independent but met in common interest i.e. war. Native Americans (compared to Europeans) felt no man owned the land, nature was mixed with many spirits and sacred Norse (vikings from Norway), first Europeans to come to America, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson landed in “Newfoundland” Africa & beginning of Slave Trade Marco Polo traveling to China sparked European desire for spices which sparked up search for water route down along Africa Caravel: ship w/ triangular sail, Compass: determines direction, Astrolabe: sextant gizmo identifying ship’s latitude Slaves initially race-indendent; later slave traders wrecked tribes and families to prevent uprisings and they ended up on sugar plantations Portuguese set up along Africa coast. Spain watched their success enviously. Columbus convinces Isabella and Ferdinand to fund expedition to East Indies and after 30 days at sea struck land Europe can provide market, capital, and technology, Africa the labor, and New World the raw materials New World introduced corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin squash; and syphilis; Old World introduced cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, and smallpox, yellow fever, malaria (90% of Columbus Indians died) Spanish Conquistadores include Vasco Balboa (“discoverer” of Pacific Ocean across isthmus of Panama), Ferinand Magellan (first to circumnavigate globe), Ponce de Leon (names Florida and searches for “fountain of youth”, Hernando Cortes, Francisco Pizarro (conquers Incan Empire of Peru), and Francisco Coronado (searched for legendary Cibola and found Pueblo Indians) Encomienda: system when Indians given to Spanish landlords and be converted to Christianity (slavery guised as missionary work) Mestizos: new race of people, mix of Spanish and Indian blood

Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation when he nailed “95 Theses” on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral in 1517. Bible or scripture alone was God’s word + grace from God alone will provide salvation + faith in Christ alone will save someone John Calvin preached about Calvinism which stressed predestination (the idea that God has already determined who will go Heaven or Hell) “Protestant Work Ethic”: the impact of Calvinism Pilgrims inhabit Plymouth at end of Pilgrimage Pilgrims were Separatists (breakaways from the Church of England that struck a deal with Virginia Company to sail on Mayflower from Holland to Virginia but instead arrived off coast of New England in 1620 Captain Myles Standish, aka “Captain Shrimp”, provided leadership and security against Indians Pilgrims agreed to make and live by new rules by signing the Mayflower Compact before leaving the ship (first form of self-gov’t in New England and laid foundation that America would be run by Americans Governor of the Plymouth colony, elected 30 times in annual elections, was William Bradford Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth (democracy run on Biblical principles) Unlike pilgrims, Puritans (given a royal charter in 1629 to start Massachusetts Bay Colony) came in about 11,000 John Winthrop was elected governor for 19 years and economy based on fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding thrived Building the Bay Colony Franchise (right to vote) quickly given to all “freemen” (adult men members of the Congregational Church) Most noteworthy Puritan preacher was John Cotton, who criticized Church of England and emigrated to Massachusetts Micahel Wigglesworth wrote “Day of Doom” and sold one copy every 20 people Trouble in Bible Commonwealth Anne Hutchinson: outspoken woman who challenged predestination with theory called antinomianism (with predestination, a person’s actions were immaterial) = heresy. New England spreads out: New Haven colony established in 1638, joining Connecticut later. King Philip’s War (between Metacom and English villages) lasted two years and was very violent. New England Confederation set up, consisting of 4 colonies and held the main goal of defense. Goals of Dominion of New England (1686) were to strengthen colonial defense against Indians and regain control by England over America

Chapter 26 Political Federal government tried to calm the Indian by signing treaties at Fort Laramie in 1850 and Fort Atkinson in 1853 with chiefs of tribes but failed. 1860 the U.S. intensified its effort by herding Indians into smaller reservations. Many Native American fought back. Indians were subdues due to railroads, white man’s disease, buffalo extermination, wars and loss of land. Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved legal entities of all tribes. Women found new rights in western land. Homestead Act of 1862 allowed people to get as much as 160 acres of land. Panic of 1893 worked up the passion of populist. McKinley was presidency in 1896 election. The Dingley Tariff Bill was passed to replace the Wilson-Gorman law and raise more revenue, raising the tariff level to whopping 46.5 percent. Intellectual Helen Hunt Jackson wrote the book “A Century of Dishonor” and her novel “Ramona”. First national park was Yellowstone founded in 1872 followed by Yosemite and Sequoia in 1890. “Safety Valve Theory” in frontier. The Grange founded by Oliver H. Kelley improves lives of isolated farmers through social, educational and fraternal activities. Eugene Debs lead Pullman Strike in Chicago. McKinley – Republican candidate in 1896 and a conservative businessman. Bryan – delivered speech in 1896 Democratic Convention in Chicago. Religion Arts/Culture Great West still untamed but as white settlers began to populate, the Indians turned against each other and more infected with Whiteman’s disease. Technology Meat packing industry Environment/Economics Violence among Indians and whites lead to various massacres. Colonel Custer found gold in Back Hills of South Dakota and gold seekers invaded causing Sitting Bull and the Sioux to go on a war path. Many people killed buffalo for meat, ski and tongue. Buffalo hunting was a sport were part of the buffalo was left to rot since hunters only got some parts of it. 1885 fewer than 1000 buffalos left. Demand for food and meat increased. “Long Drive” emerged to become spectacular feeder of slaughterhouses. Farms increased in production. – drought, grasshopper plagues and heat waves threatened farmers, leading to half of the farmer becoming disorganized with their farming. Social Nez Perce Indians revolted gold seekers when they shrunk the government reservation by 90%. Zealous white missionaries forced Indians to convert in 1884. Many people began to move to frontier land. Greenback Labor Party attracted farmers in 1878, Farmers’ Alliance found in late 1870’s was another coalition of farmers seeking to overthrow the chains from the bank and railroads that bound them