steel wire rope grease made in china

Great properties of adhesivity and penetrability, no easy leaking during operation, ensuring clean working environment. Good water resistance, can reduce the scour of rain, ensure that meet the requirements of various climate conditions. If you are very urgent to get the price,please call us or tell us in your email so that we will regard your inquiry priority.

With Alibaba.com, you can rest easy that you will be able to find the exact wholesale wire rope grease for the applications you have in mind. As one of the largest marketplaces for B2B shopping in the world, we have a huge network of wholesalers that have listed all sorts of lubricating jelly products and more.

For personal lube listings, we have a range of safe-to-use wire rope grease products. This includes pre seed lubricant options that are great for couples trying to conceive and mimics the body’s natural lubricants. For older women, we have options for menopause dryness. These vaginal moisturizers are designed specifically to prevent discomfort and add pleasure. For those with sensitive skin, we have specialist lube for sensitive skin products.

wire rope grease are also needed for home appliances and industrial lubricants. For home use, we have products for gun lubrication, sewing machine lubricants and more. These petroleum based lubricants can be used anywhere in the home where moving parts rub together. Squeaky door hinges will be a thing of the past with the options available here.

6×19 construction wire rope is available with either FC (fibre core) or WSC (wire strand core). When supplied with a wsc the rope is more commonly referred to as 7×19. The rope is very popular in diameters from 3mm to 16mm and is used on a variety of applications. 6×19 FC and 6×19 WSC (7×19) is very flexible in diameters 3mm to 6mm and is used for many requirements where wire ropes are running over pulleys. 7×19 construction is readily available in both galvanised and marine grade stainless steel.

Proper lubrication of your wire rope, chain and cable can safely extend its operational life regardless of application. Cranes, elevators, shovels, drilling rigs, suspension bridges and draglines are some of the many applications that use wire rope, chain or cable to perform work such as pulling, dragging or hoisting. These applications often are exposed to harsh environmental conditions, including extreme weather. Lubrication Engineers can help your wire rope, chain and cable last longer and operate safely by implementing a lubricant reliability program and recommending the right lubricants for the job.

Most wire ropes are lubricated during the manufacturing process, but this lubricant will not last the entire life of the rope. When looking for a lubricant to relubricate your wire rope, choose one that contains no acids or alkalis, possesses the adhesive strength to stay on the rope, can penetrate between wires and strands, has high fluid film strength, resists oxidation and remains pliable. It is important to remember that most wire ropes fail from the inside out. Corroded rope can be a safety hazard, as there is no way to determine its remaining strength and life. Proper lubrication will help prevent deterioration of wire rope due to rust and corrosion.

Because most wire ropes fail from the inside, it is critical to ensure the center core receives sufficient lubricant. LE recommends a combined regimen in which a penetrating lubricant is used to saturate the core, followed by a coating lubricant to seal and protect the outer surface. LE offers several penetrating and coating type wire rope lubricants to suit your specific needs.

Penetrating lubricants contain an evaporative solvent that facilitates migration of the lubricant into the core of the wire rope, then evaporates, leaving behind a heavy lubricating film that protects and lubricates each strand.

Wirelife Almasol Coating Grease (451-453) is a soft, semifluid calcium-based grease designed to coat wire rope as well as moving chain and cable parts to ensure long life and smooth, quiet operation. Its tacky, water-resistant characteristics enable it to adhere strongly to rapidly moving parts, seal out damaging moisture, protect against premature wear and shield metal against corrosive attack.

Typical Applications: Wire rope, chain links, pins, bushings, cable sheave bushings, cables, open and closed silent and roller chains, and small, slow-turning gearboxes that require a semifluid lubricant

Wirelife Almasol Coating Lubricant (2002) is a fluid wire rope lubricant that provides a tough outer coating to seal and protect against fretting corrosion, wear and rust – even under extreme load and moisture. It seals and protects better than any product available. When used in conjunction with Wirelife Monolec Penetrating Lubricant, maximum protection and wear reduction is achieved.

Wirelife Almasol Syn Coating Lubricant (2022) is an extremely tacky, nonasphaltic synthetic lubricant with exceptionally high film strength. Perfect for extreme environments and conditions, it is the ultimate outer surface protector for wire rope and cable and comes from the same advanced technology that LE developed to protect large open gears in the mining and quarry industries. It derives its high load-carrying capacity from its synergistic blend of an extreme pressure additive and Almasol, LE’s exclusive wear-reducing additive.

Wirelife Monolec Penetrating Lubricant (2001) has excellent corrosion resistance and high load-carrying (EP) properties. It penetrates to the core of wire ropes, whether they are running or stationary. It is also excellent as a penetrating lubricant for chains of all sizes and works well in a variety of other industrial applications. When used in conjunction with Wirelife Almasol Coating Lubricant, maximum protection and wear reduction is achieved.

It contains a petroleum solvent to enhance its ability to penetrate. The solvent evaporates, leaving behind a film of heavy-bodied lubricant that protects and lubricates each strand and resists leakage from the wire rope core. Available in bulk sizes or in an aerosol version.

Typical Applications: All stationary or moving wire ropes or cables under heavy loads; chains of all sizes; mining and construction applications such as standing and running lines, draglines, cranes and derricks; marine applications such as cranes, hoists and drilling rigs; any other application that requires excellent rust protection for steel parts.

Designed for marine environments and other applications where environmental concerns require the use of a very low toxicity wire rope and chain lubricant, LE’s Wirelife Low Tox Penetrating Lubricant (2011) has excellent load-carrying capability and provides outstanding protection against rust, while having the lowest possible toxic effect on the environment.

Earthwise EAL Wire Rope Grease (3353) is recommended for use in applications on or near the waterways. It is an EAL and meets the specifications required by the EPA’s Vessel General Permit (VGP). It is readily biodegradable, exhibits minimal aquatic toxicity and will not accumulate in the cells of fish and other aquatic life forms. It is a soft, semifluid formulation designed to coat wire rope as well as moving chain and cable parts to ensure long life and smooth, quiet operation. Its semi-tacky, water-resistant characteristics enable it to adhere to the application and seal out damaging moisture and protect against rust formation.

Typical Applications: Applications near or around waterways including: Wire rope; chain links, pins and bushings; cable sheave bushings, bearings and strands; open and closed silent and roller chains. Ideal for use in automatic lubrication systems.

LE is happy to offer industrial lubricant and reliability recommendations for a variety of applications, and to provide product-specific data on all of our items to help you make the right decision. To learn more about our wire rope lubricants, wire rope lubricators as well as our other enhanced lubricants and lubricant reliability products, please

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Steel wire rope for all types of cranes including Tower Crane, Container Crane, Mobile port Crane, Offshore Crane, Loading Crane, Pilling Crane, Overhead cranes and more.

Shenwei can package the rope by plywood reels(500M-2000M), soft coils(10M-200M), plastic reels(100-300M) and other packages according to customer’s requirement.

Founded in 2001 Yangzhou city, the company is young and dynamic.IRIS Company a high-tech enterprise to product fine chemical products. The IRIS brand grease for steel wire ropes, antirust oil mental products petroleum pipes, thread grease, FANGJIE field chemicals independently developed ...

IRIS Technology (Yangzhou) Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise to product the fine chemical products----The IRIS brand wire rope grease, antirust oil for mental products, petroleum pipes, thread grease, and FANGJIE brand oil field chemicals.

steel wire rope Dear Sir or Madam, Thank you for your consideration. We are the main producer of Grease and antirust lubricant oil in China. Our primary products--the IRIS series grease have characteristics high dropping point, good lubricity, excellent strong adhesive force .The quality ...

Nantong City Yangzi Steel Wire Rope Factory is located in City, enjoying beautiful scenery and convenient transportation. After several years" unremitting efforts, we now have advanced production equipment, technology, complete detection means strong technical force. Our main ...

IRIS Technology (Yangzhou) Co., Ltd. was founded in 2001 Yangzhou city, which is a famous historic and cultural city China. And our company high-tech enterprise to product the fine chemical products----The brand wire rope grease, antirust oil for mental products, petroleum pipes, thread ...

SHANGHAI TCH METAL & MACHINERY CO., LTD, located in Pudong, Shanghai, China, is a manufacturer and supplier of metals machinery for international customers. Our main products are including chains, chain fittings, wire ropes, cargo control riggings. After years business development, we have ...

Nov012016UNGALVANIZED STEEL WIRE ROPE 6X19+ FC, A1 GREASE 11 MM,500M/REEL30 REEL.X USD 128.96 =USD3868.80(MADE OF IRON & STEEL)ChinaKolkata SeaKGS6,282268,28043

Jul012016UNGALVANIZED STEEL WIRE ROPE 6X19+ FC, A1 GREASE 11 MM,500M/REEL30 REEL.X USD 119.41 =USD3582.30(MADE OF IRON & STEEL)ChinaKolkata SeaKGS6,282251,40940

Apr162016ROPE, STEEL WIRE, 32MM, 18MTRS, 6 X 36WS + IWRC, 1960N/MM2 GALVANIZED SZ (RHOL) GREASED T55-13 - MBL 714.5KN (BOTH ENDSUnited StatesBombay Air CargoNOS2161,90580,953

Apr042016UNGALVANIZED STEEL WIRE ROPE RHOL,PREFORMED,T/S: 1770/MM2,LUBRICATION: GREASE 6X36[WS]+IWRC,14.00 MM X 1000 MChinaNhava Sheva SeaKGS1,538102,59167

Apr042016UNGALVANIZED STEEL WIRE ROPE RHOL,PREFORMED,T/S: 1770/MM2,LUBRICATION: GREASE 6X36[WS]+IWRC,13.00 MM X 1000 MChinaNhava Sheva SeaKGS1,30692,86771

Wire ropes can be seen everywhere around us, they are made of strands or bundles of individual wires constructed around an independent core, suitable for construction, industrial, fitness, commercial, architectural, agricultural, and marine rigging applications.

Wire rod is made from high carbon steel wires(0.35 to 0.85 percent carbon) in a hot rolling process of a required diameter, usually from 5.5mm to 8 mm.

Wire rod is drawn to the required diameter by the 1st drawing machine after descaling dust and rust, adding mechanical properties suitable for application.

Positioning the wires different or the same size lay in multiple layers and same direction, or cross lay and diameter is maintained by one-third of the rope size.

So in theory, it is very simple to manufacture wire ropes. However there are many more details that must be closely monitored and controlled, and this requires time and experienced personnel since it is a super complicated project you cannot imagine.

In the operation of friction hoist in coal mine, the lifting capacity (friction) is one of the key factors related to production and safety. When the friction coefficient of the friction pad meets the requirements, there will still be the problem of insufficient friction. The most harmful problem is the oil outlet of the lifting steel wire rope.

The hoisting wire rope structure of friction hoist is mainly divided into triangular strand (see Fig. 1 (a)) and round strand (see Fig. 1 (b)). Generally, the oil output of triangular strand structure steel wire rope is greater than that of round strand steel wire rope. With the same diameter of steel wire rope, the hemp core of triangular strand steel wire rope is small, the oil storage capacity is low, and the hemp core grease is easy to be extruded; The hemp core of round strand steel wire rope is large, the oil storage capacity is strong, and the hemp core grease is not easy to be extruded.

Summer is the peak period of oil output of steel wire rope, and the high temperature leads to the thinning of hemp core grease of steel wire rope. The steel wire rope with large grease content has a higher probability of oil throwing in use. Some European countries have strict regulations on the oil content of hoisting wire rope. German DIN 21258 standard stipulates that in friction hoisting rope, the maximum extraction content of new non impregnated fiber (including Batsch oil) before twisting shall be 5% of the mass of dry fiber; The oil content of steel wire rope strand is 1.4% ~ 1.6%; At the same time, the grease of mining goebbe friction wheel drive steel wire rope should have the dual functions of friction coefficient and anti-corrosion.

(1) Before hanging a new rope, a certain amount of grease will be added in the production process of the steel rope, so there is a layer of grease film on the surface of the steel rope. In most coal mines in China, in order to prevent sliding rope, oil removal measures are taken before hanging rope. There are no provisions on new rope degreasing in the coal safety regulations, and there are no clear provisions and special restrictions on the special grease for lifting steel wire rope by friction hoist in China. The quality of goebbe oil (i.e. friction increasing grease) produced by various manufacturers is uneven. Common oil removal methods include high-temperature steam oil removal, cement oil removal and chemical agent oil removal. Although they have played a certain effect, steam oil removal causes a large amount of oil loss in the hemp core, and the oil removal of cement and chemical agent is easy to produce new corrosion spots on the steel wire rope.

(2) During the operation of the new rope, a large amount of grease in the rope core will be extruded and adhered into blocks, which will lead to oil throwing in serious cases, especially from June to October every year.

(3) After one year of use, the oil output of steel wire rope has been very small, so there is no need to consider the problem of oil removal, but the accumulated caking of extruded grease needs to be cleaned in time.

(4) After 1.5 ~ 2 years of use, there is basically no oil leakage. The steel wire rope should be oiled and maintained in combination with the corrosion of the steel wire rope and the working conditions of the mine.

From May to August every year, due to the high temperature, the oil output of the steel wire rope is large and thin. During the operation of the steel wire rope, it is very easy to throw out a large amount of grease, and it is easy to stick into a line in the friction pad of the steel wire rope in and out of the driving wheel (see Fig. 2). From September to October, with the decrease of temperature and the gradual drying of air, the extruded grease on the steel wire rope becomes sticky after adhering to impurities such as coal ash, and is wrapped on the surface of the steel wire rope or adhered to the pad to make the rope diameter thicker. Due to the mismatch between the rope diameter and the rope groove, the friction lining will be seriously damaged and the steel wire rope will be worn.

From November to March next year, the viscous grease will condense into hard blocks. If not cleaned in time, a large number of hard blocks of grease will accumulate at the edge of the pad. At the same time, due to the loss of grease and wellbore corrosion, the steel wire rope began to rust.

As we all know, the quality of grease (goebbe oil) affects the friction coefficient and is one of the factors leading to sliding rope. The oil with good quality has high drop point, strong adhesion, good low temperature resistance and a friction coefficient of 0.25; Low quality grease is easy to extrude and lose.

When the equipment works, the grease in the rope core is extruded under the action of tensile pressure. After the steel wire rope enters the rope groove, part of the grease is extruded from the rope groove and part is wrapped between the steel wire rope and the gasket. The thickness and area of the oil film wrapping the grease affect the friction. The greater the thickness and area of the oil film, the more the friction decreases. When the friction is lower than the lifting force, the sliding rope phenomenon occurs.

(1) The edge and block falling of the pad usually occurs at the edge of the rope groove of the friction pad. The main reasons are as follows: ① the material is subjected to large alternating stress; ② The rope groove does not match the rope diameter; ③ Deflection and shaking of steel wire rope; ⑤ Material aging.

(2) Liner pitting and peeling if there are hard spots in the grease medium, it will lead to the pitting and peeling of liner material. These hard spots will be embedded into the pad under appropriate conditions, forming pits on the surface of the pad. The pit will expand under the repeated action of hard points, making the grease enter the pit. When the steel wire rope runs here again, the pit will be closed. At this time, the grease in the pit will produce a great pressure. When the pressure is greater than the bearing capacity of the material, cracks will occur at the weak part of the material, that is, the edge of the pit. After the crack expands, peeling will occur, making the pit larger and deeper, and finally connected into one piece.

(3) Impact on the environment after the oil is discharged from the steel wire rope, if it is not cleaned in time, it will not only cause potential safety hazards, but also pollute the environment.

Article 411 of the coal safety regulations clearly stipulates that the steel wire rope in use shall be oiled at least once a month according to the conditions of the shaft and roadway and the corrosion. The lifting steel wire rope of the friction wheel lifting device can only be coated and soaked with special steel wire rope oil (antifriction grease), but the steel wire rope that does not bypass the friction wheel must be coated with anti-corrosion oil. The correct approach is to use neutral degreasing powder or degreasing agent, use professional degreasing products, and reasonably degrease according to the specific situation of extruded grease. Precautions when smearing oil powder:

(1) Remove the oil stain on the driving wheel pad. During the operation of the steel wire rope, apply degreasing powder on the driving wheel pad (see Fig. 3). Pay attention to use a small amount of degreasing powder as much as possible, and the driving wheel moves at the speed of 0.5 ~ 1 m / s, and pay attention to avoid dust.

(2) remove the oil stain on the lifting steel wire rope. During the operation of the steel wire rope at the speed of 0.5 ~ 1.0 m / s, wear gloves to apply the degreasing powder on the steel wire rope running towards the crown wheel or on the lower side of the steel wire rope of the driving wheel, and pay attention to avoid dust (see Fig. 4).

(3) Degreasing powder can only be used on dry steel wire rope. If degreasing powder is used on steel wire rope with large amount of water, there will be danger of sliding rope. The main reason is that the friction of the system will be reduced after mixing water and degreasing powder. If too much oil is accumulated on the surface of a section of steel wire rope, and impurities are adhered, or even condensed into blocks, the effect of degreasing powder is not very ideal. At this time, liquid degreasing agent nyrosten C160 should be used to remove oil. The use method is to spray liquid degreasing agent on the steel wire rope, and then wipe the steel wire rope with a cloth.

The service life of the steel wire rope is extended by 0.5 A by regularly removing oil and applying surface grease; The wear amount between 3 a used friction pads is less than 0.5 mm. Practice has proved that degreasing and oiling the steel wire rope has a significant effect on the efficient and safe operation of the equipment.

As specialist for manufacturing quality steel wire ropes over 20 years, our company can supply strong, durable and reliable ropes that capable to minimize your downtime and maximize cost effectiveness. Decades of experience we owned make us know clearly the work you do and capable to provide professional guidance.

We select the best steel or stainless steel as raw material for wire rope manufacturing. Our products are manufactured under strict quality managements and test before they leave the factory.

Our engineers can provide professional advice about picking up optimal steel wire ropes for their application, installation guidance to ensure maximum return in their wire rope system.

If you are going to pick up steel wire ropes that suit your project perfectly, you must have an ideal about the construction about them. Our company can supply bright wire rope, galvanized wire rope, stainless steel wire rope, compacted wire rope, rotation resistant wire ropes, mining wire rope, elevator wire rope, crane wire rope and gas & oilfield wire ropes. Here are some details to solve the problem that may puzzle you whether you are browsing the web or picking up steel wire ropes.

Bright steel wire ropes mean no surface treatment is applied to the rope. Therefore, they have the lower price among these three wire ropes. Generally, they are fully lubricated to protect the rope from rust and corrosion.

Galvanized steel wire ropes feature compressed zinc coating for providing excellent corrosion resistance. With higher break strength yet lower price than stainless steel, galvanized steel wire ropes are widely used in general engineering applications such as winches and security ropes.

Stainless steel wire ropes, made of quality 304, 305, 316 steels, are the most corrosive type for marine environments and other places subjected to salt water spray. Meanwhile, bright and shiny appearance can be maintained for years rather than dull as galvanized steel wire ropes.

Steel wire ropes are composed of multiple strands of individual wires that surrounding a wire or fiber center to form a combination with excellent fatigue and abrasion resistance. These wires and strands are wound in different directions to from different lay types as follows:

Beside above lay types, alternative lay ropes which combine regular lay and lang lay together and ideal for boom hoist and winch lines, can also be supplied as your request.

Two main methods about seizing steel wire ropes in conjunction with soft or annealing wire or strands to protect cut ends of the ropes form loosening.

A mine hoist is a pharynx equipment connecting the ground and underground in the process of coal mining, and the hoisting wire rope is the only traction part connecting the hoisting container, so its performance directly determines the hoisting safety. With the increasing demand for deep coal resource mining, mine hoists are gradually developing in the direction of ultra-deep and heavy load. The multi-layer winding hoist has become the first choice for ultra-deep mining because of its small drum size and excellent lifting capacity. However, in the process of multi-layer winding and hoisting, poor or failure of lubrication between wire ropes on the drum will inevitably lead to direct contact wear and reduce their mechanical properties. In addition, fluctuations in load, speed, and acceleration will accelerate the wear of the wire ropes, thus incurring real potential safety hazards. In the past, scholars have done a lot of work on the friction, wear, and mechanical properties of wire ropes and wires.

Fretting wear is inevitable due to the difference of tensile deformation between steel wires during the use of wire rope. In order to explore the fretting wear characteristics of steel wires under tension, torsion, and both, Wang et al. [1,2] compared and analyzed the wear states of steel wires under the three conditions with the help of a test bench and found that the wear mark size and wear rate are the largest under the combined condition of extension and torsion. Xu et al. [3] set up a steel wire fretting wear test rig considering the convex–concave structure of the spiral contact between the steel wires, and the fretting wear tests between the spiral contact steel wires with different sliding amplitudes while contact loads under the action of tension–torsion coupling force were carried out. They found that the wear degree of steel wire increases with increasing sliding amplitude and contact load. Subsequently, Xu et al. [4] analyzed the influence of diameter and cross angle on fretting wear behavior between steel wires under the action of tension–torsion coupling force and found that the larger cross angle makes the contact area of steel wires easier to enter the local slip state. In order to explore the specific parameters affecting the fretting wear between steel wires, Kumar et al. [5] systematically carried out a large number of analysis tests, and concluded that the material characteristics, structure, fatigue, contact. and lubrication all affect the fretting wear between steel wires. The mechanical properties of steel wire directly determine the bearing capacity of rope, so some scholars have conducted a great deal of research work on the mechanical properties of steel wire. In view of the important influence of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of steel wire, Wei et al. [6] studied the influence of low temperature annealing on the mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlite stainless steel wire, and found that the tensile strength of steel wire was improved after low temperature annealing. Subsequently, Wei et al. [7] carried out an analysis of the effect of drawing heating on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlite stainless steel wire and found that low-temperature drawing gives lower strength and better ductility due to the lower content of nanocrystalline cementite. Beretta et al. [8] established a fatigue strength prediction model based on the propagation of surface defects in the cold drawing manufacturing process of steel wire. The model mainly considers the number of extreme defects in steel wire and the material properties jointly expressed by cyclic yield strength and crack propagation threshold. The manufacturing temperature of cold-drawn hypereutectoid steel wire is usually high. In order to explore the influence of high temperature on the evolution of its microstructure and mechanical properties, Jafari et al. [9] studied the changes of microstructure and tensile strength of steel wire after deformation at different temperatures for a certain period of time. They found that high temperature promoted the formation of carbon-poor (Fe, Mn, Cr) 3C cementite particles, thus destroying the stability of the layered structure and further reducing the strength of the steel wire. Nguyen et al. [10] explained the mechanical property degradation mechanism of steel wire under stress relaxation by using microstructure evolution and the grain boundary strengthening mechanism. Cruzado et al. [11,12] established a finite element model that can effectively predict the wear marks of steel wires under fretting wear conditions, which provides reference for wire rope designers to analyze the wear degree of wire ropes under different operating parameters and mechanism parameters.

The mechanical properties of wire rope directly determine the safety of mine hoisting. Some scholars have performed much research work on the mechanical properties of wire rope by means of experiments. Mouradi et al. [13] monitored the damage evolution process of 19 × 7 non-rotating wire ropes through fracture tensile tests, and defined the different stages of damage evolution of the wire rope and the critical life fraction that may lead to sudden failure. In view of the negative influence of broken wires on the mechanical properties of wire ropes, Zhang et al. [14] conducted bending fatigue tests on the wire rope samples with different pre-broken wire distributions based on a self-made bending fatigue test device and found that broken wires increased the stress in the internal strands and the contact force between steel wires, thus reducing the service life of wire ropes. The friction and wear of wire ropes seriously threatens the safety and reliability of traction transmission equipment. In order to truly simulate the friction and wear behavior of two wire ropes when they cross contact, Chang et al. [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] made a self-made wire rope friction and wear testing machine, and tests with different working conditions, structural parameters, and environmental parameters were carried out. In addition, Peng et al. [23] set up a testing machine to simulate the impact of winding hoisting wire ropes, and found through tests that the increase of load, slip speed, and impact speed seriously threatened the mechanical properties of the wire ropes.

Lubrication is an important measure to improve the service life and operational safety of wire ropes. However, the operating conditions of multi-layer winding hoisting wire ropes in an ultra-deep mine are often extremely harsh, and lubrication failure readily occurs, thus accelerating the wear of the wire ropes. In order to adapt to the harsh operating environment, modification of lubricating grease has been favored by many scholars. Zhao et al. [24] evaluated the friction and wear properties of lithium-based grease with nano-calcium borate as additive through an oscillating friction and wear tester. They found that the deposited nano-calcium borate and tribochemical compounds such as B2O3, CaO, and iron oxide on the friction surface were the main reasons for the improvement of the anti-wear and bearing capacity of grease. Bai et al. [25] used gallium-based liquid metal as an additive and uniformly added it to grease by means of mechanical stirring and ball milling and verified the improvement of the lubricating ability of the grease by four-ball tests. Graphene has a thin solid lubricating film, so it can effectively reduce friction and adhesion between contact surfaces, and can be used as an excellent anti-wear material [26]. Wang et al. [27] found that graphene as an additive could significantly improve the anti-wear and anti-wear ability of grease. The main reason is that graphene can not only be used as a protective substrate for deposited films but can also promote the formation of Fe2O3 and Li2O friction films, thus significantly improving the tribological properties of grease. Cheng et al. [28] prepared graphene-based semi-solid grease by a high dispersion mixing method and verified its good lubricating performance by friction tests. Sun et al. [29] verified that grease with graphene and nanographite as additives could effectively slow down the wear degree between steel wires with the help of a steel wire fretting wear testing machine. However, the chemical inertia of graphene and the mutual stacking of π–π bonds between layers make it difficult to uniformly disperse into lubricants, thus limiting its application. Ci et al. [30] produced fluorinated graphene which can be uniformly dispersed into base oil, while the lubricating oil modified by the additive has good wear-reducing characteristics. Due to the oxygen-containing functional groups on the substrate and the edge of the sheet, it is possible to modify graphene oxide to improve its dispersibility in lubricating oil. Fan et al. [31] prepared modified graphene oxide using alkyl imidazole ionic liquids as raw materials by the epoxy ring-opening reaction, cation-π stacking, or the van der Waals reaction. They found that the alkyl imidazole ionic liquid-graphene-rich friction film formed on the sliding surface was the main reason for its use as additive to improve the anti-friction and anti-wear properties of lubricating oils. Paul et al. [32] studied the effect of dodecylamine functionalized graphene as nano-additive on the tribological properties of industrial engine oil based on a UMT-2 friction testing machine and found that the friction film formed by the nano-additive reduced the coefficient of friction between friction pairs.

To sum up, previous scholars mainly studied the mechanical properties and friction and wear characteristics of steel wires and wire ropes. In addition, some scholars realized wear reduction by modifying lubricating grease. However, at present, there has been no research on modifying lubricating oil with lanthanum stearate to improve the anti-friction and anti-wear abilities of wire ropes under complex working conditions. Rare earth metal elements have strong chemical activity due to their special electronic layer structure and low electronegativity. They can diffuse and penetrate the subsurface layers of the friction contact surfaces to improve the structural properties of the materials and promote wear resistance; in addition, the corrosion resistance of the materials was also significantly enhanced. In this paper, first, lanthanum stearate was prepared by the saponification reaction, and its dispersion stability in IRIS was analyzed. Then, the extreme pressure performance, anti-friction, and anti-wear properties of LSMLO were investigated by four-ball friction tests. Finally, the influence of LSMLO on sliding friction and wear characteristics of wire ropes was analyzed by using a self-made wire rope sliding wear test rig.

Wire rope forms an important part of many machines and structures. It is comprised of continuous wire strands wound around a central core. There are many kinds of wire rope designed for different applications. Most of them are steel wires made into strands wound with each other. The core can be made of steel, rope or even plastics.

Wire ropes (cables) are identified by several parameters including size, grade of steel used, whether or not it is preformed, by its lay, the number of strands and the number of wires in each strand.

A typical strand and wire designation is 6x19. This denotes a rope made up of six strands with 19 wires in each strand. Different strand sizes and arrangements allow for varying degrees of rope flexibility and resistance to crushing and abrasion. Small wires are better suited to being bent sharply over small sheaves (pulleys). Large outer wires are preferred when the cable will be rubbed or dragged through abrasives.

There are three types of cores. An independent wire rope core (IWRC) is normally a 6x7 wire rope with a 1x7 wire strand core resulting in a 7x7 wire rope. IWRCs have a higher tensile and bending breaking strength than a fiber core rope and a high resistance to crushing and deformation.

A wire strand core (WSC) rope has a single wire strand as its core instead of a multistrand wire rope core. WSC ropes are high strength and are mostly used as static or standing ropes.

Wire ropes also have fiber cores. Fiber core ropes were traditionally made with sisal rope, but may also use plastic materials. The fiber core ropes have less strength than steel core ropes. Fiber core ropes are quite flexible and are used in many overhead crane applications.

The lay of a wire rope is the direction that the wire strands and the strands in the cable twist. There are four common lays: right lay, left lay, regular lay and lang lay. In a right lay rope the strands twist to the right as it winds away from the observer. A left lay twists to the left. A regular lay rope has the wires in the strands twisted in the opposite direction from the strands of the cable. In a lang lay rope, the twist of the strands and the wires in the strands are both twisted the same way. Lang lay ropes are said to have better fatigue resistance due to the flatter exposure of the wires.

Wire ropes are made mostly from high carbon steel for strength, versatility, resilience and availability and for cost consideration. Wire ropes can be uncoated or galvanized. Several grades of steel are used and are described in Table 1.

Steel cable wire is stiff and springy. In nonpreformed rope construction, broken or cut wires will straighten and stick out of the rope as a burr, posing a safety hazard. A preformed cable is made of wires that are shaped so that they lie naturally in their position in the strand, preventing the wires from protruding and potentially causing injury. Preformed wire ropes also have better fatigue resistance than nonpreformed ropes and are ideal for working over small sheaves and around sharp angles.

Lubricating wire ropes is a difficult proposition, regardless of the construction and composition. Ropes with fiber cores are somewhat easier to lubricate than those made exclusively from steel materials. For this reason, it is important to carefully consider the issue of field relubrication when selecting rope for an application.

There are two types of wire rope lubricants, penetrating and coating. Penetrating lubricants contain a petroleum solvent that carries the lubricant into the core of the wire rope then evaporates, leaving behind a heavy lubricating film to protect and lubricate each strand (Figure 2). Coating lubricants penetrate slightly, sealing the outside of the cable from moisture and reducing wear and fretting corrosion from contact with external bodies.

Both types of wire rope lubricants are used. But because most wire ropes fail from the inside, it is important to make sure that the center core receives sufficient lubricant. A combination approach in which a penetrating lubricant is used to saturate the core, followed with a coating to seal and protect the outer surface, is recommended. Wire rope lubricants can be petrolatum, asphaltic, grease, petroleum oils or vegetable oil-based (Figure 3).

Petrolatum compounds, with the proper additives, provide excellent corrosion and water resistance. In addition, petrolatum compounds are translucent, allowing the technician to perform visible inspection. Petrolatum lubricants can drip off at higher temperatures but maintain their consistency well under cold temperature conditions.

Various types of greases are used for wire rope lubrication. These are the coating types that penetrate partially but usually do not saturate the rope core. Common grease thickeners include sodium, lithium, lithium complex and aluminum complex soaps. Greases used for this application generally have a soft semifluid consistency. They coat and achieve partial penetration if applied with pressure lubricators.

Petroleum and vegetable oils penetrate best and are the easiest to apply because proper additive design of these penetrating types gives them excellent wear and corrosion resistance. The fluid property of oil type lubricants helps to wash the rope to remove abrasive external contaminants.

Wire ropes are lubricated during the manufacturing process. If the rope has a fiber core center, the fiber will be lubricated with a mineral oil or petrolatum type lubricant. The core will absorb the lubricant and function as a reservoir for prolonged lubrication while in service.

If the rope has a steel core, the lubricant (both oil and grease type) is pumped in a stream just ahead of the die that twists the wires into a strand. This allows complete coverage of all wires.

After the cable is put into service, relubrication is required due to loss of the original lubricant from loading, bending and stretching of the cable. The fiber core cables dry out over time due to heat from evaporation, and often absorb moisture. Field relubrication is necessary to minimize corrosion, protect and preserve the rope core and wires, and thus extend the service life of the wire rope.

If a cable is dirty or has accumulated layers of hardened lubricant or other contaminants, it must be cleaned with a wire brush and petroleum solvent, compressed air or steam cleaner before relubrication. The wire rope must then be dried and lubricated immediately to prevent rusting. Field lubricants can be applied by spray, brush, dip, drip or pressure boot. Lubricants are best applied at a drum or sheave where the rope strands have a tendency to separate slightly due to bending to facilitate maximum penetration to the core. If a pressure boot application is used, the lubricant is applied to the rope under slight tension in a straight condition. Excessive lubricant application should be avoided to prevent safety hazards.

Some key performance attributes to look for in a wire rope lubricant are wear resistance and corrosion prevention. Some useful performance benchmarks include high four-ball EP test values, such as a weld point (ASTM D2783) of above 350 kg and a load wear index of above 50. For corrosion protection, look for wire rope lubricants with salt spray (ASTM B117) resistance values above 60 hours and humidity cabinet (ASTM D1748) values of more than 60 days. Most manufacturers provide this type of data on product data sheets.

Cable life cycle and performance are influenced by several factors, including type of operation, care and environment. Cables can be damaged by worn sheaves, improper winding and splicing practices, and improper storage. High stress loading, shock loading, jerking heavy loads or rapid acceleration or deceleration (speed of the cable stopping and starting) will accelerate the wear rate.

Corrosion can cause shortened rope life due to metal loss, pitting and stress risers from pitting. If a machine is to be shut down for an extended period, the cables should be removed, cleaned, lubricated and properly stored. In service, corrosion and oxidation are caused by fumes, acids, salt brines, sulfur, gases, salt air, humidity and are accelerated by elevated temperatures. Proper and adequate lubricant application in the field can reduce corrosive attack of the cable.

Abrasive wear occurs on the inside and outside of wire ropes. Individual strands inside the rope move and rub against one another during normal operation, creating internal two-body abrasive wear. The outside of the cable accumulates dirt and contaminants from sheaves and drums. This causes three-body abrasive wear, which erodes the outer wires and strands. Abrasive wear usually reduces rope diameter and can result in core failure and internal wire breakage. Penetrating wire rope lubricants reduce abrasive wear inside the rope and also wash off the external surfaces to remove contaminants and dirt.

Many types of machines and structures use wire ropes, including draglines, cranes, elevators, shovels, drilling rigs, suspension bridges and cable-stayed towers. Each application has specific needs for the type and size of wire rope required. All wire ropes, regardless of the application, will perform at a higher level, last longer and provide greater user benefits when properly maintained.

Lubrication Engineers, Inc. has found through years of field experience, that longer wire rope life can be obtained through the use of penetrating lubricants, either alone or when used in conjunction with a coating lubricant. Practical experience at a South African mine suggests that life cycles may be doubled with this approach. At one mine site, the replacement rate for four 44-mm ropes was extended from an average 18.5 months to 43 months. At another mine, life cycles of four 43-mm x 2073 meter ropes were extended from an average 8 months to 12 months.

In another study involving 5-ton and 10-ton overhead cranes in the United States that used 3/8-inch and 5/8-inch diameter ropes, the average life of the ropes was doubled. The authors attribute this increased performance to the ability of the penetrating lubricant to displace water and contaminants while replacing them with oil, which reduces the wear and corrosion occurring throughout the rope. A good spray with penetrating wire rope lubricant effectively acts as an oil change for wire ropes.

In these examples, the savings in wire rope replacement costs (downtime, labor and capital costs) were substantial and dwarfed the cost of the lubricants. Companies who have realized the importance of proper wire rope lubrication have gained a huge advantage over those who purchase the lowest priced lubricant, or no lubricant at all, while replacing ropes on a much more frequent basis.

Wire rope forms an important part of many machines and structures. There are many kinds of wire rope designed for different applications. The wire rope’s performance is influenced by several factors, including type of operation and environment which can accelerate corrosion, oxidation, and wear. Hence, proper, and adequate lubricant application in the field is paramount. Essentially, wire rope lubricants have three principal functions, and it is to reduce friction, provide wear protection and corrosion protection.