workover rig blowout made in china

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About products and suppliers:Alibaba.com offers 27 oil rig blowout preventer products. About 29% % of these are mining machine parts, 22%% are oilfield drilling rig.

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Chinese offshore drilling contractor China Oilfield Service Ltd has chartered a jack-up workover rig to carry out well service operations for CNOOC Ltd in the western part of the South China Sea.

The charter of the Guozhan unit is the latest effort by SinoOcean Offshore Assets Management to secure employment for offshore rigs built by Chinese yards but abandoned by their original owners.

SinoOcean is a government entity set up in 2019 with a mission to “consolidate, optimise, remodify and manage” offshore rigs, vessels and other assets ordered but stranded in China following the oil market downturn between 2014 and 2016.

The automatic workover rig is a new type of wellhead operation automation equipment developed for the lifting and lowering of oil pipes (sucker rods) in small oil and water well repair operations.

The automatic workover rig has made major breakthroughs in key technologies such as unmanned automatic operation at the wellhead, automatic pipe and rod transfer, electro-hydraulic servo control, and man-machine synchronization control. Various performance indicators have been verified by a large number of field tests.

At present, although some oilfield workover operations have adopted some automatic equipment, the unmanned operation of the wellhead has been realized, which has greatly reduced the labor intensity of workers, improved the operating environment, and improved the safety factor. But the tubing cannot swing with the pipe pusher when working in windy weather, the pipe pusher cannot accurately align the tubing with the coupling, which affects the reliability and stability of the automated operation. At the same time, there are many equipment movement mechanisms, which are distributed around the wellhead, resulting in manual intervention in the operation space, especially in the wellhead emergency rescue process, which will affect the efficiency of emergency rescue.

For the above disadvantages, Sanjack Company provides an automatic wellhead operation device for oilfield workover operations, which mainly realizes the accurate alignment of tubing couplings, improves the reliability and stability of automated operations, and secondly, through innovative design and reasonable layout of the components of the workover platform, the platform operation space is increased, which is convenient for manual operation and wellhead rescue operations.

The automatic wellhead operation device for automatic workover operation adopts the principle of electro-permanent magnet suction pipe, and design a set of mechanism that can swing freely under its own gravity to achieve accurate alignment of the tubing.

This automatic wellhead operation device improves the reliability and stability of automated operations. At the same time, through the innovative design and reasonable layout of the components of the workover platform, the structure is compact and simple, which increases the platform operation space and facilitates manual operation and wellhead rescue operations. Accurate movement positioning achieves precise and reliable workover.

(1) This device is based on the power and lifting conditions of the existing workover rigs. Through the hydraulic control transformation of elevators and hydraulic clamps, the development of automatic positioning manipulators and manipulators, and the selection of pneumatic chucks, the workover workers can be far away from the wellhead. The completion of the lifting and lowering of the tubing operation, the construction speed is artificially controllable and can reach the level of manual operation, which greatly reduces the labor intensity of the workers, and reduces the various injuries faced by the workers at the wellhead of the station, which is generally welcomed by the workers on the spot.

(2) This device realizes the dual functions of unmanned operation or manned operation at the wellhead without occupying the manual operation space at the wellhead. Normally, the wellhead is not operated by the wellhead. When disassembling and assembling the Christmas tree and the blowout preventer, raising and lowering the sucker rod, loading and unloading downhole tools, performing blowout rescue, and carrying out well control exercises, it does not affect the cooperation of the wellhead.

(4) After the two-person operation of the oil pipe is realized, the original wellhead personnel is trained as the driver, and the vehicle is operated in turn, which can further improve the work efficiency.

(5) After unmanned operation at the wellhead, the manipulator of the workover rig moves more. Therefore, simplifying operations and improving work efficiency through automation and intelligence is the next development direction of this device.

Houston, Texas, June 5, 2014 - The CSB today released a narrated computer animation recreating the Deepwater Horizon blowout on April 20, 2010. The video depicts how high-pressure oil and gas from the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico caused an explosion on the drilling rig that killed 11 workers and seriously injured 17 others. The rig burned for two days, eventually sinking and triggering the largest oil spill in U.S. history.

The 11-minute animation illustrates how the Deepwater Horizon’s blowout preventer failed to seal the well on the night of the accident because drill pipe buckled due to a mechanism known as “effective compression.” The video shows that the blowout preventer’s blind shear ram – an emergency hydraulic device with two sharp cutting blades meant to cut the drill pipe and seal the well – likely did activate on the night of the accident. However, because the drill pipe was buckled and off-center inside the blowout preventer, it was trapped and only partially cut. The video explains how this failure directly led to the massive oil spill and contributed to the severity of the incident on the drilling rig.

The video notes that although effective compression has previously been identified as a hazard in other drilling operations, it has never before been recognized as a problem affecting drill pipe during well operations. CSB investigators say this is an important finding because the same conditions that buckled the drill pipe during the Deepwater Horizon accident could occur at other drilling rigs – even if a crew successfully shuts in a well. The video warns this could make existing blowout preventer designs less effective in emergency situations.

HOUSTON (Reuters) - Patterson-UTI Energy, the contractor at the center of the deadliest U.S. drilling accident since the Deepwater Horizon rig explosion in 2010, has the second worst worker fatality rate among its peers, according to federal workplace safety data.

Monday’s disaster, which killed five workers drilling a well in eastern Oklahoma, put a spotlight on safety in the shale industry amid President Donald Trump’s policy of boosting U.S. output of fossil fuels. Last month, the administration proposed scaling back offshore safety regulations imposed after the Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico that killed 11 rig workers and caused a massive oil spill.

The cause of the Oklahoma blast, at a well being drilled for Red Mountain Energy by Patterson-UTI, has not yet been determined. The well’s blowout preventer, equipment designed to seal a well in an emergency, was damaged by the explosion and failed to work as intended, authorities have said. Among offshore regulations the Trump administration wants to remove is a requirement for third parties to certify that safety devices work under extreme conditions.

Over that same period, Helmerich & Payne - the onshore drilling company with the largest number of active rigs - has had five deaths, Precision Drilling Corp three, and Halliburton nine, according to the OSHA data.

Houston-based Patterson-UTI, formed more than a decade ago through the merger of two companies, currently has 148 rigs in operation, behind Helmerich & Payne with 213 rigs operating, according to data from researcher DrillingInfo. It bought U.S. drillers Seventy Seven Energy, which added 91 rigs to its fleet, and MS Energy Services last year.

Three crew members were missing after a well blowout and fire on an oil rig platform in the Bohai Sea in northeastern China earlier this week that halted operations in China’s largest offshore oil field.

Naturally, with such attractive conditions for human habitation, Sichuan has been occupied by humans since the early dawn of our existence. The countryside has been worked by the human hand for so long, that it is hard to spot a single wild area in the basin proper. Even steep hillsides are terraced for farming, and ancient family crypts hewn into rock cliff outcrops can be spotted frequently from the highway. The contrast between the luxury cars speeding along the modern 6-lane highways, and the ancient terraces, tombs and irrigation systems is startling, but one can easily imagine one long continuous evolution of human technology here, from thousands and thousands of years ago, to the present. Many of China’s ancient technical accomplishments came from this region, including sophisticated irrigation techniques, and what I am particularly interested in, their drilling technology.

At some point around 2,000 years ago the leap from hand and shovel dug wells to percussively drilled ones was made (figure 4). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD, wells were being drilled up to 140m deep. The drilling technique used can still be seen in China today, when rural farmers drill water wells. The drill bit is made of iron, the pipe bamboo. The rig is constructed from bamboo; one or more men stands on a wooden plank lever, much like a seesaw, and this lifts up the drill stem a metre or so. The pipe is allowed to drop, and the drill bit crashes down into the rock, pulverizing it. Inch by inch, month by month, the drilling slowly progresses. It has been speculated that percussive drilling was derived from the pounding of rice into rice flour. When I read of this technique in Salt, I imagined a fairly crude technology. I had no idea how sophisticated these drilling methods became, to the point where these people really had developed most of the tools and techniques one might see on a modern drilling rig, albeit on a smaller scale and without the benefits of modern machining methods.

Figure 13. An ancient sketch originally fro m "The Annals of Salt Law of Sichuan Province". A "Kang Pen" drum is seen in the centre foreground, with gas pipes directly feeding the salt stoves on the right. At the top, brine from a remote well is being carried in buckets by men, who feed it into a bamboo pipeline that runs down to the stoves. One of the carriers is being paid at top left, and it appears that a blow out is depicted on a new well being drilled in the left foreground; maybe the men operating the drill rig have run away, as tragically happened at a Chongqing, Sichuan sour gas well, late 2003.

My brief visit to Sichuan left me intrigued, fascinated, and eager to learn more about China’s ancient technical accomplishments. I can highly recommend the region as a place to visit, not only for its interesting historical sites, but also for its natural beauty (most of Sichuan is mountainous and unpopulated, especially the west, with bamboo forests, and panda bears), its rich culture with many interesting ethnic minorities, its delicious food, great shopping, and its wonderful, friendly people. However, the highlight of my trip was the visit to the Salt Museum, and I hope I have passed on my enthusiasm for this topic to readers.

Rig explosions, fires, capsizing/sinking, oil spills, and the loss of workers and marine lives have been the most catastrophic forms of offshore oil and gas drilling disasters in recorded history.

Investigational reports on some of the world’s worst offshore oil rig disasters suggest that most of these accidents could have been avoided. Offshore Technology lists some of the leading causes of drilling rig disasters.

Blowouts are the most common cause of offshore drilling rig explosions and oil spills. Rig blowouts occur when an uncontrolled oil or gas release from the well occurs due to the failure of pressure control systems.

The worst disaster caused by a blowout in recent history is the BP Deepwater Horizon explosion that occurred in April 2010, killing 11 rig workers and spilling more than four million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico.

Extreme weather conditions such as typhoons, hurricanes, storms, and rouge waves also lead to explosions, as well as the flooding, capsizing, and sinking of the drilling rigs in the high seas.

The most notable instances of rig capsizing and sinking due to the forceful winds and high waves are the Alexander L Kielland disaster (March 1980) in the Norwegian Continental Shelf that took 123 lives, the Seacrest Drillship disaster (November 1989) in the Gulf of Thailand that killed 91, the Ocean Ranger oil rig disaster (February 1982) in the North Atlantic Sea, Canada that took 84 lives, and the Glomar Java Sea Drillship disaster (October 1983) workers in the South China Sea, Vietnam that claimed 81 lives.

The other major drilling rig disasters caused by natural forces include the Bohai 2 oil rig disaster (November 1979) offshore China that took 72 lives. The incident occurred when the jack-up rig capsized and sank after the fierce winds broke the ventilator pump and caused a puncture hole in the deck, resulting in extensive flooding. As a recent example, the Abkatun Permanente oil platform explosion (August 2015) in the Gulf of Mexico that claimed four lives was caused due to the extreme waves hitting the platform tower.

While natural disasters remain an inherent risk, faulty equipment and structural defects constitute a major cause of drilling rig disasters. The malfunctioning of equipment and the lack of seaworthiness of the drilling platforms have been attributed as the main reasons for some of the biggest offshore drilling rig disasters.

Another example of how the malfunctioning of a single piece of equipment can lead to a full-blown disaster is the Deepwater Horizon disaster, which was caused due to the failure of the blowout preventer. Similarly, the explosions on the Petrobras P-36 semi-submersible oil platform off the coast of Brazil in 2001 were believed to have occurred due to an emergency drain tank, which was ruptured due to increased pressure.

Although surrounded by waters, offshore drilling rigs have a high-risk of fire and explosion due to the nature of the operation. With the high use of flammable materials on and near the rig, a tiny spark or an uncontrolled gas leakage can result in devastating consequences. Offshore drilling, therefore, warrants extraordinary caution and the implementation of proper safety protocols.

The Piper Alpha disaster (July 1988) in the UK North Sea, the world’s deadliest offshore oil rig accident that killed 167 people, was caused due to a communication error that resulted in a tragic safety lapse. As part of routine maintenance, the pressure valve of one of the condensate-injection pumps was removed, and the condensate pipe was temporarily sealed with two blind flanges during shift-change in the evening as the maintenance work was not complete.

Another example of unsafe practices leading to offshore rig disasters is the explosion of the Black Elk Energy production platform that killed three contract workers and spilt oil into the Gulf of Mexico in November 2012. The explosion occurred when a worker tried to weld a pipe near an oil line and the acetylene torch ignited a fire.

#SCOTON. Hydraulic power tong is a workover tool that utilizes the power of the drilling rig to remove the workover tool. The advantages are obvious and easy to use.

The oil coming out of the pipe is very hot. But then again, it"s really frigid down there in the water. So what happens, you have all this hot oil mixing with the cold water down there. You know, and even if that box contraption works, it"s not actually going to plug the leak. It"s sort of a makeshift idea to trap most of the oil. The remedy to actually stop the oil involves drilling a second hole into the side of this very small pipe. And once they"ve located it, that approach could take a good deal longer to do.

Dr. BEA: I think it"s got a very good chance of working, Ira. We"ve got some similar containment devices working right this minute, here off the shore of California, the Santa Barbara Channel. The water"s shallower, but the approach is the same.

But, like, you could plug the entire surface, and if some of it sank, the casing way down at the bottom of the hole is where the mess started. You could form what would be called a shallow outside-the-casing blowout.

Mr. REVKIN: Right. Right. These are special circumstances. Drilling offshore, and the same thing happened in the Timor Sea last year. I wrote about it on the blog. It didn"t make a lot of headlines because it wasn"t surrounded by American beaches. But this is new terrain. And in a world that"s increasingly thirsty for oil, we"re going to be going farther and deeper. In the Arctic this summer, they"re going start exploratory drilling in the Arctic Ocean, in icy waters, and that will also entail an extra special obligation to make sure the ducks are lined up ahead of time.

Mr. REVKIN: ...off the coast of Ireland. And they had some pretty serious stuff happen just in that couple of hundred feet down to the bottom. And when you"re working 5,000 feet deep, you have to give a lot of respect to the people running the ROVs and trying to do this (unintelligible) work, not to mention the miracle if they get the relief well right. A 13,000-foot drilling project to intersect a seven-inch pipe is a pretty remarkable achievement.

FLATOW: Let"s hope it has a better ending than most of them do. We"re going to take a break and come back and talk with Robert Bea and Andrew Revkin some more. Our number, 1-800-989-8255. We"re also going to talk with the chief executive officer of InnoCentive, who"s been sending out his own messages about what would you do to fix this thing. So stay with us. You can tweet us at @scifri or go to our website at sciencefriday.com and leave us a message. Give us a call, 1-800-989-8255. We"ll be right back.

FLATOW: You know, we had a suggestion on our sciencefriday.com website from Ginger, who had a very interesting suggestion. I"ve seen some of this on Andrew"s blog. Think of the pipe as sort of an artery clog, an aorta clot. You know, when you want to bust the clot, they put a stent in there with a balloon, right? Why couldn"t you thread a balloon, some sort of industrial grade sort of balloon, open the balloon in the pipe, fill it with something and now you"ve got an instant clot that"s clogged the artery up?

Mr. SPRADLIN: So doing that would be fairly interesting. What they - what some of the ideas came back with was, you know, why not actually try to build some sort of a block on the outside? And many of those included use of liquid nitrogen and refrigeration systems and/or other kinds of materials which would take sand from the ocean floor and build sort of a natural barrier to limit the flow or eliminate the flow while they, you know, drill that relief chamber. So we"ve seen a number of those. The ideas of things within the shaft itself have come up but have generally been limited ideas due to the pressure inside the chamber.

FLATOW: Let me ask all three of you: Have they given up on the idea of getting that stopgap measure which didn"t stop, that little valve, the emergency valve, the blowout preventer, getting - have they given up on trying to get that to work again?

Mr. REVKIN: I haven"t heard them mention any progress there. My sense is that that"s a dead-end street. One thing that I did mention on DotEarth as well is an issue that I think that the whole scientific and engineering community needs to think about. You know, there"s this thing under way right now called Grand Engineering Challenges...

Dr. BEA: That"s actually one of the concerns British Petroleum has right now. If you were to stop all of the surface flow, we"ve got some pretty good evidence that the leak that we see at the surface is actually channeling from the reservoir some 18,000 feet below the surface. And pressures down there, as you acknowledge, are approximately 23,000 pounds per square inch. Now, if that pressure can find its way up close to the surface, it"ll just open up another channel to then start erupting at the sea floor. So...

Dr. BEA: In fact, that"s true. Now, back to explosives for a second. In 1970, I worked on a well blowing out at 22,000 feet in Mississippi. This is known as the Piney Woods, Mississippi blowout. We actually worked with Los Alamos at that time on both a conventional and a nuclear explosive package that could be placed adjacent to the well bore below the surface to implode that drinking straw headed toward the surface. In that well, we had to evacuate three cities in southern Mississippi. So it was a serious one.

FLATOW: All right. Thanks for that call, Jay. 1-800-989-8255 is our number. We"re talking about the oil spill and creative ways to deal with it on SCIENCE FRIDAY, from NPR News. I"m Ira Flatow, talking with Andrew Revkin, Robert Bea and Dwayne Spradlin.

Mr. SPRADLIN: Yeah. You know, there have been a - again, there"s just an enormous number of creative and inventive ideas, including some in the biodegradation area that was just mentioned. But I"ll tell you, a personal favorite effort of mine right now is a high school class in Colts Neck High School in Colts Neck, New Jersey. And they made a project out of testing and trying to come up with quick solutions, which they submitted to InnoCentive this past week. And they submitted three very specifically, including videos, experimental results, actually quite impressive.

And I think the best idea they submitted was to use a product, which is really a natural vegetable fiber, that they tested themselves right there in their classrooms, which not only sort of repels oil, but creates a natural, sort of gel-like, nontoxic barrier. So you could essentially buy this in bulk and spray it and create a temporary barrier while you collect this stuff. It was actually pretty amazing. That"s Michelle Silverstone"s class.

But, I mean, it kind of shows you the power of getting people involved. These are all great ideas. And I would say what was submitted from that class, as an example, you know, rates right up there with some of the great solutions we got from engineers and designers elsewhere all over the world.

Dr. BEA: That"s exactly right, because you have to - it depends on the oil being lighter than water to collect it up at the top of that dome so it can be pipelined or siphoned out.

Citation: Mutter, J.C., (2020), Catastrophic earthquake, oil rig blowout, fire, storm or pandemic: Thinking about the unthinkable, http://doi.org/10.32858/temblor.080

When the drill rig Deepwater Horizon was heading for doom in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the events that happened on the platform had never happened before on that rig or any other. Mistakes were made that could have been avoided, despite preparation. Like so many disasters, brought on by nature’s paroxysms or brought about by human misjudgment, there were things that could and should have been done to avoid disaster, and other things that no one could possibly have anticipated.

On a drill rig, you are constantly reminded of danger. The very sounds around you, the smell of the air and the protective clothing say that this is a dangerous place. So does the ubiquitous signage telling you the location of shut-off valves, fire hoses and escape routes. Frequent safety drills reinforce the notion of danger, but also safety: “We’re prepared, we’ve got it under control, we know what to do.”

But what if you are wrong; the preparative thoughts you had about what might happen were just wrong? What if what has happened, like the conflagration on the Deepwater Horizon or the global reach and death toll of COVID-19, was unthinkable to most of us only weeks before it actually happened? The hubris of those who said the blowout would be contained in no time at all matches that of those in high office currently who said that the virus would be quickly contained in the U.S. Selling snake oil remedies doesn’t help either, and could make the situation worse.

n: a record made each day of the operations on a working drilling rig and, traditionally, phoned, faxed, emailed, or radioed in to the office of the drilling company and possibly the operator every morning.

(pronounced "tower") n: in areas where three eight-hour tours are worked, the shift of duty on a drilling rig that starts at or about daylight. Compare evening tour, morning (graveyard) tour.

(pronounced "tower") n: in areas where two 12-hour tours are worked, a period of 12 hours, usually during daylight, worked by a drilling or workover crew when equipment is being run around the clock.

n: a large load-bearing structure, usually of bolted construction. In drilling, the standard derrick has four legs standing at the corners of the substructure and reaching to the crown block. The substructure is an assembly of heavy beams used to elevate the derrick and provide space to install blowout preventers, casingheads, and so forth.

n: the crew member who handles the upper end of the drill string as it is being hoisted out of or lowered into the hole. On a drilling rig, he or she may be responsible for the circulating machinery and the conditioning of the drilling or workover fluid.

n: a high-compression, internal-combustion engine used extensively for powering drilling rigs. In a diesel engine, air is drawn into the cylinders and compressed to very high pressures; ignition occurs as fuel is injected into the compressed and heated air. Combustion takes place within the cylinder above the piston, and expansion of the combustion products imparts power to the piston.

n: the employee normally in charge of a specific (tour) drilling or workover crew. The driller’s main duty is operation of the drilling and hoisting equipment, but this person may also be responsible for downhole condition of the well, operation of downhole tools, and pipe measurements.

n: an internal-combustion engine used to power a drilling rig. These engines are used on a rotary rig and are usually fueled by diesel fuel, although liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, and, very rarely, gasoline can also be used.

n: a type of portable service or workover rig that is self-propelled, using power from the hoisting engines. The driver"s cab and steering wheel are mounted on the same end as the mast support; thus the unit can be driven straight ahead to reach the wellhead.

An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface. Usually some natural gas is released as associated petroleum gas along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce only gas may be termed a gas well. Wells are created by drilling down into an oil or gas reserve that is then mounted with an extraction device such as a pumpjack which allows extraction from the reserve. Creating the wells can be an expensive process, costing at least hundreds of thousands of dollars, and costing much more when in hard to reach areas, e.g., when creating offshore oil platforms. The process of modern drilling for wells first started in the 19th century, but was made more efficient with advances to oil drilling rigs during the 20th century.

Until the 1970s, most oil wells were vertical, although lithological and mechanical imperfections cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical (see deviation survey). However, modern directional drilling technologies allow for strongly deviated wells which can, given sufficient depth and with the proper tools, actually become horizontal. This is of great value as the reservoir rocks which contain hydrocarbons are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal; a horizontal wellbore placed in a production zone has more surface area in the production zone than a vertical well, resulting in a higher production rate. The use of deviated and horizontal drilling has also made it possible to reach reservoirs several kilometers or miles away from the drilling location (extended reach drilling), allowing for the production of hydrocarbons located below locations that are either difficult to place a drilling rig on, environmentally sensitive, or populated.

The well is created by drilling a hole 12 cm to 1 meter (5 in to 40 in) in diameter into the earth with a drilling rig that rotates a drill string with a bit attached. After the hole is drilled, sections of steel pipe (casing), slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole, are placed in the hole. Cement may be placed between the outside of the casing and the borehole known as the annulus. The casing provides structural integrity to the newly drilled wellbore, in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from each other and from the surface.

The generated rock "cuttings" are swept up by the drilling fluid as it circulates back to surface outside the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through "shakers" which strain the cuttings from the good fluid which is returned to the pit. Watching for abnormalities in the returning cuttings and monitoring pit volume or rate of returning fluid are imperative to catch "kicks" early. A "kick" is when the formation pressure at the depth of the bit is more than the hydrostatic head of the mud above, which if not controlled temporarily by closing the blowout preventers and ultimately by increasing the density of the drilling fluid would allow formation fluids and mud to come up through the annulus uncontrollably.

The pipe or drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 9 m (30 ft) sections or "joints" of pipe under the kelly or topdrive at the surface. This process is called making a connection. The process called "tripping" is when pulling the bit out of hole to replace the bit (tripping out), and running back in with a new bit (tripping in). Joints can be combined for more efficient tripping when pulling out of the hole by creating stands of multiple joints. A conventional triple, for example, would pull pipe out of the hole three joints at a time and stack them in the derrick. Many modern rigs, called "super singles", trip pipe one at a time, laying it out on racks as they go.

This process is all facilitated by a drilling rig which contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and turn the pipe, control downhole, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and generate on-site power for these operations.

The production stage is the most important stage of a well"s life; when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and complete the well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or production tree. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.

Workovers are often necessary in older wells, which may need smaller diameter tubing, scale or paraffin removal, acid matrix jobs, or completing new zones of interest in a shallower reservoir. Such remedial work can be performed using workover rigs – also known as pulling units, completion rigs or "service rigs" – to pull and replace tubing, or by the use of well intervention techniques utilizing coiled tubing. Depending on the type of lift system and wellhead a rod rig or flushby can be used to change a pump without pulling the tubing.

The cost of a well depends mainly on the daily rate of the drilling rig, the extra services required to drill the well, the duration of the well program (including downtime and weather time), and the remoteness of the location (logistic supply costs).

Center, Petrogav International Oil & Gas Training (2020-07-02). The technological process on Offshore Drilling Rigs for fresher candidates. Petrogav International.

Recognizing potential kick situations and executing proper well control procedures post a well kick are paramount. It requires rig crews trained and were in a position to respond on time to all potential well control situations.

It is very important to post "Pre-Recorded Data sheet" and pertinent well control information on the rig floor as immediate guide for rig crews. Pre - Recorded Data sheet contains critical information that is required in a well control operations hence its updating with current well conditions plays vital role.

For an effective well control, it is very important to maintain HP is extremely important. Training of rig crews in proper filling methods on trips and awareness on volume of fill fluid requirement is paramount for successful work over completions.

Early recognition of a kick and rapid shut-in are the keys to effective well control. Prompt detection and action will minimize the amount of formation fluid entering the well and the amount of workover fluid expelled from the well.

Out of the five factors illustrated, rig crews have control of only one -- the size (height) of an influx. Therefore, rig crews must be properly trained to:

The single most important step in blowout prevention is closing the preventers when the well kicks. Rig crews must become proficient at detecting kicks and shutting in the well. Developing and practicing shut-in procedures for every type of rig activity is essential in achieving this goal.