chapter 4 power tools and equipment answers quotation

tools driven by compressed air, electricity, or pressurized liquid Shop equipment large shop tools such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and steam cleaners

Connected to the metal lines from the air compressor Allow the technician to take a source of air pressure to the vehicle being repaired Quick-disconnect connectors allow a technician to connect or disconnect hoses or tools without using a wrench

used to set a specific pressure in the system ( psi, or kPa) Filter traps water so that it can be drained daily Lubricator introduces oil into the airstream increases the life of air tools

Must be used with air wrenches Case hardened, thicker, and much stronger than conventional sockets and extensions Impact tools are flat black, instead of chrome Using a chrome tool on an impact wrench can be unsafe

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Air Compressor List the most commonly used power tools and An air compressor is the source of compressed air equipment. for an automotive service facility. Look at Figure 4-1. An Describe the uses for power tools and equipment. air compressor normally has an electric motor that spins Explain the advantages of one type of tool over an air pump. The air pump forces air into a large, metal another. storage tank. The air compressor turns on and off auto- Explain safety rules that pertain to power tools matically to maintain a preset pressure in the system. Metal air lines feed out from the tank to several locations and equipment. in the shop. Technicians can then connect their flexible Correctly answer ASE certification test questions air hoses to the metal lines. that require a knowledge of power tools and equipment. Warning! Shop air pressure usually ranges from 100- 150 psi (689-1034 kPa). This is enough pres- To be a productive technician in today"s automotive sure to kill or severely injure a person. Respectservice facility, you must know when and how to use shop air pressure!power tools and equipment. Power tools are tools drivenby compressed air, electricity, or pressurized liquid. They Air Hosesmake many repair operations easier and quicker. Largeshop tools, such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and Flexible, high-pressure air hoses are connected to thesteam cleaners, are called shop equipment. metal lines from the air compressor. These hoses allow This chapter discusses properly selecting and using the technician to take a source of air pressure to thecommon power tools and shop equipment. They can be vehicle being repaired. Quick-disconnect couplings arevery dangerous if misused. Always follow the operating used to connect air hoses and air tools to the compressedinstructions for the particular tool or piece of equipment air system without using a wrench. To join or separate abefore use. If in doubt, ask your instructor for a demon-" quick-disconnect coupling, pull back on the coupling"sstration. Specialized power tools and equipment are cov- outer sleeve with finger pressure. With the sleeve pulledered in later chapters. Refer to the index to find more back, you can push the coupling together or pull it apart.information 011 them as needed.

Other ComponentsCompressed-Air System A pressure regulator is used to set a specific pres- The components of a compressed-air system include sure in the compressed-air system. This pressure is oftenan air compressor, air lines, air hoses, and air tools. In called shop pressure. In most cases, shop pressure isaddition, a pressure regulator, filter, and lubricator may between 100 and 150 pounds per square inch (psi). Abe attached to the system. Air tools are driven by the filter may be connected to the system. The filter removescompressed-air system. Air-powered tools can be found water from the compressed air. This increases the life ofin nearly every service facility. air tools. In addition, a lubricator may also be connected

Air Tools Air tools use the energy of compressed air for opera-tion. They are also called pneumatic tools. Air tools arelabor-saving devices and well worth" their cost. Alwayslubricate an air tool before and after use. While pressingthe air tool"s trigger, squirt a few drops of air tool oil intothe tool"s air inlet fitting. Not only will the oil protect theinternal parts of the tool during use, but it will also pre-vent the internal parts from rusting during storage. A

Air Wrenches Air wrenches, or impact wrenches, provide a veryfast means of installing or removing threaded fasteners.Look at Figure 4-2A. An impact wrench uses com~pressed air to rotate a driving head. The driving headholds a special impact socket. B Impact wrenches come in 3/8//, 1/2"/, and 3/4/1 drivesizes. A 3/8/1 drive impact is ideal for small fasteners, Figure 4-2. A-1/2" drive impact wrench. B-3/8" drive airsuch as 1/4//-9/16/1 bolts. A 1/2/1 drive is for general pur- ratchet. (Snap-on Tool Corp.)pose use with medium to large fasteners, such as 1/2//- r/bolts. The 3/4// drive impact is for extremely large fas-teners. It is not commonly used in automotive service. A Caution!button or switch on the impact wrench controls the direc- Until you become familiar with the operation oftion of rotation. In one position, the impact wrench an air wrench, be careful not to overtightentightens the fastener. With the switch in the other posi- bolts and nuts or leave them too loose. It is easytion, the wrench loosens the fastener. to strip or break fasteners with an air tool. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 49

Air Ratchet hammering attachments are available. Be sure to select the correct one for the job. An air ratchet is a special impact wrench designedfor working in limited space. Look at Figure 4-2B. For Warning! Never turn an air hammer on unless the toolinstance, an air ratchet is commonly used when removingwater pumps. It will fit between the radiator and engine head is pressed tightly against the workpiece.easily. It works in much the same way as a hand-tool Otherwise, the tool head can fly out of theratchet. An air ratchet normally has a 3/811 drive. hammer with great force, as if shot from a gun!However, it does not have very much turning power.Final tightening and initial loosening must be done with Blowgunhand tools. An air-powered blowgun is commonly used to dry and clean parts washed in solvent. It is also used to blowImpact Sockets and Extensions dust and loose dirt from parts before or during dis- Special impact sockets and impact extensions must assembly. See Figure 4-4A.be used with air wrenches. These are case hardened, When using a blowgun, wear eye protection. Directthicker, and much stronger than conventional sockets and the blast of air away from yourself and others. Do notextensions. A conventional socket can be ruined or blow brake and clutch pmts clean. The dust from thesebroken by the hammering blows of an impact wrench. parts may contain asbestos. Asbestos is a cancer-causingImpact sockets and extensions are easily identified substance. Another type of blowgun is a solvent gun,because they are flat black, not chrome. Figure 4-4B. It can be used to wash parts that will not fit into a cleaning tank.A.~ Caution! Know when and when not to use power tools. In most situations, power tools will speed up your wo~k. However, there are many times when they should not be used. For example, never use an impact wrench in place of a torque wrench. An impact wrench will not torque crit- ical fasteners to their correct specification. Problems and comebacks will result.

Air Drill An air drill is excellent for many repairs because ofits power output and speed adjustment capabilities. Itspower and rotating speed can be set to match the job athand. Look at Figure 4-5. With the right attachments, airdrills can drill holes, grind, polish, and clean parts. A rotary brush is used in an air or electric drill forrapid cleaning of parts, Figure 4-6. It can quickly removeold gasket material, carbon deposits, and rust with a min-imum amount of effort. An abrasive pad is another type of cleaning tool thatcan be used in an air or electric drill. It is used for Figure 4-7. This die grinder is equipped with a high-speedremoving old gasket material. It has the advantage of not stone. This tool is used for removing burrs and for otherscratching aluminum like a rotary brush can. smoothing operations. Here, the technician is making minor repairs to a damaged cylinder head combustion chamber. A rotary file, or stone, can be used in an air drill,electric drill, or air (die) grinder, Figure 4-7. It is handyfor removing metal burrs and nicks. Make sure the stoneis not turned too fast by the air tool. Normally, the max- Electric Toolsimum speed is printed on the file or stone container. There are many electric tools that can be useful to a Warning! technician. Some of these tools, such as a drill press or Use a high-speed rotary brush in an air drill. A grinder, may be fixed to the floor or a bench. Other tools, brush designed for an electric drill may fly such as a drill, are portable and can be taken to the job site. apart. To be safe, always adjust an air drill to the slowest acceptable speed when using a - Bench Grinder rotary brush. Also, always wear eye protection. A bench grinder can be used for grinding, cleaning, or polishing operations, Figure 4·8. A bench grinder usually has two wheels-a grinding wheel and a wire wheel. The hard, abrasive grinding wheel is used for sharpening and deburring. The soft wire wheel is used for cleaning and polishing. A few bench grinder rules to follow are: • Always wear eye protection and keep your hands away from the wheel. • Make sure the grinder shields are in place.

Drills Drills are used to create holes in metal and plasticFigure 4·6. A rotary brush is commonly used in a drill for parts. Some drills are portable; others are mounted on acleaning off carbon deposits or old gaskets. Always wear eye workbench or the floor. Drills use different-size bits toprotection. create the size of hole needed. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 51

Figure 4-10. A key is used to tighten a bit in the chuck.Figure 4-8. The grinding wheelan a bench grinder is used tosharpen tools. The wire wheel can be used to clean and polishsmall parts. Always keep shields, tool rests, and guards in place.

Transmission JackHydraulic Tools Transmission jacks are designed to hold transmis- Hydraulic fools are powered by pressurized liquid. sions and transaxles during removal or installation. OneThe hydraulic tools typically used in the automotive shop type is similar to a floor jack. However, the saddle isinclude jacks, cranes, and presses. These tools are dis- enlarged to fit the bottom of a transmission. Another typecussed in the next sections. of transmission jack is designed to be used when the vehicle is raised on a lift, Figure 4-14. It has a long post that can reach high into the air to support the transmission.Floor Jack A floor jack is used to raise either the front, sides, orrear of a vehicle. Look at Figure 4·13. To avoid vehicledamage, place the jack saddle under a solid part of the carsuch as the frame, suspension arm, or axle housing. If the

Figure 4-14. A transmission jack is designed for holding trans- missions during removal, transporting, and installation. ThisFigure 4-13. A floor jack is for raising the car only. foot-operated, hydraulic stand can be extended to a height(Lincoln Automotive) of 72". (OTC Div. of SPX Corp.) Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 53

Engine Crane , • Warning! A hydraulic press can literally exert tons of A portable engine crane is used to remove and install force. Wear eye protection and use recom-heavy engine assemblies, Figure 4-15. It has a hydraulic mended procedures. Parts can break and fly outhand jack for raising engines and a pressure-release valve with deadly force!for lowering engines. The engine crane is also handy forlifting intake manifolds, cylinder heads, engine blocks,transmissions, transaxles, and other heavy parts. Shop Equipment In addition to pneumatic, hydraulic, and electricHydraulic Press tools, there are various pieces of shop equipment that a technician may find useful. These include tire changers, A hydraulic press is used to install or remove gears, stands, cleaners, welders, lights, and creepers. These arepulleys, bearings, seals, and other parts requiring a high all discussed in the following sections.pushing force. One is shown in Figure 4-16. A hydraulicram extends as the pump handle is worked. The rampresses the parts against a table. Arbor Press An arbor press works like a hydraulic press. However, it is all mechanical. Hydraulic pressure is not used; therefore, the operating pressure is much lower. An arbor press is suited for smaller jobs.

Oxyacetylene Torch An oxyacetylene torch can be used to heat, cut, weld, or braze metal parts, Figure 4-20. The oxy- acetylene setup consists of an oxygen tank, an acetylene tank, pressure regulators, hoses, and a hand-held torch. Tremendous heat is produced by the burning acetylene gas and oxygen. The oxyacetylene cutting torch is often used to remove old, rusted exhaust systems. To use an oxyacetylene cutting torch: 1. Put on all necessary protective gear, including a welding helmet or goggles, welding gloves, and a leather jacket. 2. Inspect the oxyacetylene equipment forFigure 4-18. A cold-solvent tank is used to remove oil and lightgrease from parts. The unit sprays filtered solvent onto parts. damage and make sure all cylinder, regu-Rub the parts with a brush for rapid cleaning. lator, and torch valves are closed. 3. Light the cutting torch according to the manufacturer"s recommendations. 4. With the torch held at a 90° angle to theSteam Cleaner and High-Pressure Washer workpiece, concentrate the flame on the A steam cleaner or high-pressure washer is used to spot where the cut will begin.remove heavy deposits of dirt, grease, and oil from the S. When the spot becomes cherry red, depressoutside of large assemblies, such as engines, transmis- the oxygen cutting lever to begin the cut.sions, and transaxles. Look at Figure 4-19. To help keep 6. Move the torch along the workpiece tothe environment clean, wire brush the item to be cleaned make the cut.and collect oil-soaked dirt before steaming or washing. 7. After making the cut, release the cuttingThen, dispose of the oil-soaked material properly. lever and shut off the torch. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 55

Pressure regulator Soldering Gun valve Acetylene Oxygen A soldering gun or soldering iron is used to join Hoses wires during electrical repairs, Figure 4-21. An electric current heats the tip of the gun. The hot gun tip is used to heat the wires. Solder is then applied to the hot wires and Tanks it melts. Solder is a lead-tin alloy. When the solder cools, it hardens into a strong, solid connection.A Battery Charger 240 volt electrical A battery charger is used to re-energize a "dead," or outlet discharged, battery. It forces current back into the battery to recharge the plates and battery acid. The red charger lead connects to the positive (+) battery terminal. The black charger lead connects to the negative (-) battery Power switch terminal.

Figure 4-20. A-An oxyacetylene outfit can be used for cuttingor welding metal. B-A basic arc welder. (Sun) ~-)--~~)~ A \ Tip Power cord /

Figure 4-22. A-Droplight. B-Drop or extension cord.C- Three-prong adapter with ground terminal and ground wirefor safety. D-Fluorescent droplight. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) Figure 4-24. Jumper cables are used for emergency starting. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 57

Creepers Covers A creeper is useful when working under a car sup- Fender covers are placed over fenders, upper grille,ported on jack stands, Figure 4-25A. It lets the techni- or other body sections to prevent vehicle damage. Theycian easily roll under vehicles without getting dirty. A protect the paint or finish from nicks, scratches, andstool creeper allows the technician to sit while working grease. See Figure 4-27. Never lay tools on a painted sur-on parts that are near the ground. See Figure 4-25B. For face. Costly scratches may result.example, a stool creeper is often used during brake Seat covers are placed over seats to protect themsystem repairs. The brake parts and tools can be placed from dirt, oil, and grease that might be on your workon the creeper. The service technician can sit and still be clothes. These covers should be used while driving theat eye level with the brake assembly. vehicle or while working in the passenger compartment.

Roll-Around Cart Workplace Skills A large roll-around cart or table is handy for taking a Social skills are the techniques you use to conductnumber of tools to the job. One is pictured in Figure 4-26. yourself in such a way that your customers and fellowA technician can quickly place all needed tools in the cart employees like and respect you. Many times, you willand take them to the vehicle. The cart places the tools need the help of another technician to complete a dif-within hand"s reach: This saves time and effort before, ficult task. If your co-workers dislike you, you may haveduring, and after the job. trouble finding help when you need it

Summary • Power tools use electricity, compressed air, or hydraulic pressure (liquid confined under pres- sure). Large shop tools, such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and steam cleaners, are classified as shop equipment. • An air compressor is the source of compressed (pressurized) air for the auto shop.A B • High-pressure air hoses are connected to the metal lines from the air compressor.Figure 4-25. A-A creeper is for working under a vehicle.S- The stool creeper is commonly used during brake and sus- • Air tools, also called pneumatic tools, use airpension repairs. You can sit on the stool and store tools on the pressure for operation. They are labor-savingbottom. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) tools and are well worth their cost.

Figure 4-26. A roll-around cart allows you to take many tools tothe vehicle. This saves several trips to the toolbox. It also saves Figure 4-27. Always take good care of your customer"s vehicle.time during cleanup at the end of the day. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) Fender covers protect the paint from nicks and dents.58 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology

• Air wrenches, or impact wrenches, provide a very fast means of installing or removing threaded Important Terms fasteners. Power tools Portable electric drills • Special impact sockets and impact extensions Shop equipment Drill press must be used with air wrenches. Air compressor Hydraulic tools Air hoses Floor jack • A blowgun is commonly used to dry and clean Quick -disconnect Transmission jacks parts washed in solvent. connectors Engine crane • An air drill is excellent for many repairs because Pressure regulator Hydraulic press of its power output and speed adjustment Filter Arbor press capabilities. Lubricator Tire changer • A bench grinder can be used for grinding, Air tools Jack stands cleaning, or polishing operations. The hard Air wrenches Engine stand grinding wheel is used for sharpening or debur- Impact wrenches Cold solvent tank ring. The soft wire wheel is for cleaning and Air ratchet Steam cleaner polishing. Impact sockets High-pressure washer • Drill bits, or twist drills, are used to drill holes in Impact extensions Oxyacetylene torch Air hammer Welder metal and plastic parts. Air chisel Soldering gun • A drill bit is mounted in and rotated by a drill. A Blowgun Soldering iron special key is sometimes needed to tighten the drill bit in the drill chuck. . Solvent gun Battery charger Air drill Droplight • A floor jack is used to raise either the front, sides, Rotary brush Pullers or rear of a vehicle. Abrasive pad Jumper cables • A tire changer is a common piece of shop equip- Rotary file Creeper ment used to remove and replace tires on wheels. Stone Stool creeper • Jack stands support a vehicle during repair. After Electric tools Roll-around cart raising a vehicle with a jack, place stands under Bench grinder Fender covers the vehicle. Drill bits Seat covers

• A portable engine crane is used to remove and install engines. Review Questions-Chapter 4 • An engine stand is used to hold an engine while it Please do not write in this text. Place your answers is overhauled (rebuilt) or repaired. on a separate sheet of paper. • A cold solvent tank can be used to remove grease 1. Power tools use __ , , or __ and oil from parts. __ as sources of energy. • An oxyacetylene torch outfit can be used to heat, 2. Which of the following is not a commonly used cut, weld, or braze metal parts. air tool? • A welder is used to melt and fuse metal parts (A) Impact wrench. together. (B) Air ratchet. • A soldering gun or iron is used to solder wires. (C) Air chisel. (D) Air saw. • A battery charger is used to recharge a discharged car battery. 3. A(n) __ is used to blow dirt off parts and to dry parts after cleaning. • A drop light provides a portable source of light. 4. A rotary file is frequently used to remove __ . • Pullers are needed to remove seals, gears, pulleys, (A) old gasket materials steering wheels, axles, and other pressed-on parts. (B) carbon deposits • Jumper cables are used to start engines that have (C) metal burrs and nicks a dead (discharged) battery. (D) None of the above. • Fender covers are placed over the fenders, the 5. List four important rules for a bench grinder. upper grille, or other body sections to protect them. 6. List five important rules for a drill press. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 59

7. are used to support a vehicle while 6. Each of the following can be used to clean working under it. parts except: (A) Floor jacks (A) air drill. (B) Jack stands (B) blowgun. (C) Transmission jacks (C) air ratchet. (D) Bumper jacks (D) bench grinder. 8. Explain the use of a solvent tank. 7. Which of the following is not a rule to follow9. What are wheel pullers for? when using a bench grinder?10. A 1/2" drive impact wrench is used for fasteners (A) Wear eye protection. with head sizes between 1/2" to 1". Which of the (B) Make sure shields are in place. following sockets can be used by this particular (C) Use the wire wheel to clean soft metal tool? parts. (A) 5/8" chrome plated socket. (D) Keep the tool rest adjusted close to the (B) 9/16" flat black socket. stone and brush. (C) 7/16" flat black socket. 8. When using a drill press, Technician A (D) None of the above. believes drilling pressure should not be released until the bit breaks completely through the bottom of the part. Technician B ASE- Type Questions believes pressure release should occur just before the bit breaks through. Who is right? 1. Power tools are tools that use: (A) A only. (A) electricity. (B) B only. (B) hydraulics. (C) Both A and B. (C) compressed air. (D) Neither A nor B. (D) All of the above. 9. After using a floor jack to raise the front of a 2. Technician A says that shop air pressure is usu- car: ally around 100 to 150 psi. Technician B says (A) place the car in park. shop air pressure is much higher, around (B) block the car"s wheels. 300 psi. Who is correct? (C) secure the car on jack stands. (A) A only. (D) All of the above. (B) B only. 10. The __ press performs the same function as (C) Both A and B. a hydraulic press, but at lower pressures. (D) Neither A nor B. (A) arbor 3. Which of the following IS not a common (B) steam impact wrench drive size? (C) rotary (A) 1/4". (D) ratchet (B) 3/8". (C) 1/2". (D) 3/4". Activities for Chapter 44. Technician A says to use a 1/4" drive on sockets from 1/4" to 9/16". Technician B says to use a 1. Using an automotive tool catalog, develop a list 3/8" drive on these socket sizes. Who is correct? of power tools needed to equip your school"s (A) A only. automotive repair shop. Find prices and add up (B) B only. the cost. (C) Both A and B. 2. Research safety literature on power equipment (D) Neither A nor B. used in an automotive repair facility. 5. Special impact sockets and extensions are (A) Develop a bibliography of resources for easily identified because they are: safe use of power equipment. (A) chrome. (B) Develop a list of safety rules for their use. (B) aluminum. (C) flat black. (D) hard rubber.

The website describes itself as follows: "The Roadmap guides users through a stepwise process that includes project planning, researching the marketplace, selecting an achievable noise emission criterion, and developing a specification document. The Roadmap also includes guidelines for identifying the appropriate government procurement strategy for each purchase, based on an assessment of the purchase-specific long-term financial and noise exposure risk. The Roadmap is applicable to both public and private sector organizations, and the downloadable forms and worksheets can be customized to each organization. There is a very brief tutorial PowerPoint presentation here."

Sound power level (Lw) is similar in concept to the wattage of a light bulb. In fact, Lw is measured in watts (W). Unlike Lp, Lw does not depend on the distance from the noise source. The sound power level is calculated using the following equation:

Decibels are measured using a logarithmic scale, which means decibels cannot be added arithmetically. For example, if two noise sources are each producing 90 dB right next to each other, the combined noise sound pressure level will be 93 dB, as opposed to 180 dB. The following equation should be used to calculate the sum of sound pressure levels, sound intensity levels, or sound power levels:

Noise is a potential hazard for most jobs that involve abrasive or high-power machinery, impact of rapidly moving parts (product or machinery), or power tools. According to IMIS noise measurements, workers in certain occupations within specific industries are exposed to excessive noise more frequently than others. While many jobs have noise exposure, historically, some of the occupations with the most extreme exposures (listed by Standard Industrial Classification, or SIC) have included:

Several sources have offered detailed methods for evaluating the feasibility of engineering controls for noise. These methods involve diverse interpretations of how the costs of noise exposure are calculated, based on the individual needs of the organization for which the method was developed. They also include various additional steps and tools to help refine the organization"s priorities or to help standardize the process. This appendix reviews five possible approaches for evaluating the benefits and costs of noise control:

In the cleaning department, five workers polish small castings using hand-held pneumatic polishing tools. Seven additional workers at other tasks along the same wall in the cleaning department are similarly exposed to noise from the polishing tools. There are no engineering controls. The daily noise dose is 89 dBA to 93 dBA on the sampled workers. There are two shifts in this department. The polishers are side-by-side and place the castings on wooden work tables. The background noise when no one is using the pneumatic tools is 79 dBA. You determine that retrofit mufflers, barriers between adjacent polishers, and absorptive treatment to the cement block wall in front of the polishing tables will result in a noise reduction of 9 dBA to 11 dBA at the worker"s ear. In this case, the retrofit mufflers and sound absorbers and barriers are expendable and replaced every year. Are these controls economically feasible, given that the 8-hour TWA is less than 100 dBA?

The shearing action occurring in the mixing region results in excessive noise, where the sound level is proportional velocity of air flow raised to the 8th power.

You have the tools to quantify the cost of a HCP, prioritize noise control projects, and to determine the return on investment toward eliminating the need for a HCP.

A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools. The most common types of power tools use electric motors. Internal combustion engines and compressed air are also commonly used. Other power sources include steam engines, direct burning of fuels and propellants, such as in powder-actuated tools, or even natural power sources such as wind or moving water. Tools directly driven by animal power are not generally considered power tools.

Power tools are used in industry, in construction, in the garden, for housework tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and around the house for purposes of driving (fasteners), drilling, cutting, shaping, sanding, grinding, routing, polishing, painting, heating and more.

Power tools are classified as either stationary or portable, where portable means hand-held. Portable power tools have obvious advantages in mobility. Stationary power tools, however, often have advantages in speed and precision. A typical table saw, for instance, not only cuts faster than a regular hand saw, but the cuts are smoother, straighter, and more square than what is normally achievable with a hand-held power saw. Some stationary power tools can produce objects that cannot be made in any other way. Lathes, for example, produce truly round objects.

Stationary power tools for metalworking are usually called machine tools. The term machine tool is not usually applied to stationary power tools for woodworking, although such usage is occasionally heard, and in some cases, such as drill presses and bench grinders, exactly the same tool is used for both woodworking and metalworking.

Early industrial revolution-era factories had batteries of power tools driven by belts from overhead shafts. The prime power source was a water wheel or (later) a steam engine. The introduction of the electric motor (and electric distribution networks) in the 1880s made possible the self-powered stationary and portable tools we know today.

Currently as of 2021, an electric motor is the most popular choice to power stationary tools, though in the past they were powered by windmills, water wheels, and steam. Some museums and hobbyists still maintain and operate stationary tools powered by these older power sources. Portable electric tools may be either corded or battery-powered. Compressed air is the customary power source for nailers and paint sprayers. A few tools (called chainsaws and string trimmers. Other tools like blowtorches will burn their fuel externally to generate heat. Compressed air is universally used where there is a possibility of fuel or vapor ignition - such as automotive workshops. Professional level electric tools differ from DIY or "consumer" tools by being double insulated and not earthed - in fact, they must not be earthed for safety reasons.

Different battery powered power tools often use batteries which are not be compatible across brands and models. This may cause vendor lock-in, and results in poor sustainability if and when either the battery, charger or power tool component fails, resulting in potentially all having to be replaced.

Examples of battery differences include the battery technologies themselves, with nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and nickel–cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) being common previously,lithium-ion batteries have become the de facto standard for new power tools. The voltage is one of the most important factors for battery compatibility. In simple terms, a higher voltage rating on the tool often means that the power tool can deliver more power, with all else being equal. Using a battery with the wrong voltage rating may damage the tool, persons or surroundings. As of 2021, 18 volt battery packs are the de facto standard in new power tools. The ampere hour, in simple terms, tells something about how long the power tool can operate before it needs to be recharged. If comparing two batteries with the same battery technology and same voltage rating, a battery with twice the amp hour rating should last about twice as long. In practice there may however be some variations to this. Also, batteries with a higher amp hour rating in practice can also often let the power tool deliver a slightly higher peak power due to the ability to deliver a higher current.

Even when using the same battery technology, voltage rating and amp hour rating, the interface of batteries for power tools are often not compatible across different manufacturers, and sometimes also not even within the same brand or product line. There are examples of aftermarket adapters being made so that the user can mix and match batteries between well-known brands, but these often do not fully implement the tools battery safety and monitoring systems and the use is done at the user"s own risk.

There are initiatives with the goal that the same battery can be used across products from several manufacturers. In June 2018 nine companies presented a manufacturer-overlapping system for rechargeable batteries called "Cordless Alliance System" (CAS).Gardena, Gloria,WagnerRapid. However, the Power For All Alliance batteries will only be used on Bosch"s consumer tools in the Bosch Home & Garden line and Bosch Home Appliances line. The Bosch professional ("blue") tools will still have its own battery and charger system which is incompatible with the Power For All batteries. Furthermore, since the Power For All tool-to-battery interface is not an open standard, it is unlikely that other manufacturers can join in on the standard. Still, the initiative may be seen as an important step towards starting a standardization of battery interfaces on modern power tools.

While hand-held power tools are extremely helpful, they also produce large amounts of noise and vibrations.hearing protection over a long period of time can put a person at risk for hearing loss. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recommended that a person should not be exposed to noise at or above 85 dB, for the sake of hearing loss prevention.drills, circular saws, belt sanders, and chainsaws, operate at sound levels above the 85 dB limit, some even reaching over 100 dB.

Prior to the 1930s, power tools were often housed in cast metal housings. The cast metal housings were heavy, contributing to repetitive use injuries, as well as conductive - often shocking the user. As Henry Ford adapted to the manufacturing needs of World War II, he requested that A. H. Peterson, a tool manufacturer, create a lighter electric drill that was more portable for his assembly line workers.recession, but the company was auctioned off to A. F. Siebert,Milwaukee Electric Tool Company.

In the early 1930s, companies started to experiment with housings of thermoset polymer plastics. In 1956, under the influence of Hans Erich Slany, Robert Bosch GmbH was one of the first companies to introduce a power tool housing made of glass filled nylon.

This chapter provides information on pre-solicitation requests, various methods of solicitation and various sourcing tools. It also contains information on how to prepare and issue a solicitation. Finally, contracting officers will find information on closing procedures, bid receiving, modification and withdrawal of bids/offers/arrangements. Contracting officers are reminded that Canada seeks competitive solicitations whenever possible.

Subject to the applicable procedures for use of the Standard Procurement Templates contained in the SACC Manual, contracting officers must use the bid solicitation and resulting contract templates for competitive and non-competitive requirements for low dollar value (Simple), medium complexity (MC) and higher complexity (HC), and the templates for Request for Standing Offers (RFSO) and Request for Supply Arrangements (RFSA) for the procurement of goods, services or both. To maintain the "common look and feel" for PWGSC"s acquisition documents, contracting officers must not modify or change the order and content of these templates, except where indicated. Where applicable, contracting officers should obtain from their supervisor the most current standard template used within their respective area that has been customized for specific requirements in accordance with the standard templates. Directorates needing assistance in developing documents based on these templates should contact the Strategic Policy Development and Integration Directorate of the Strategic Policy Sector by email at : TPSGC.Outilsdapprovisionnement-ProcurementTools.PWGSC@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca.

The solicitation must also indicate the date to be used in determining the exchange rate for adjustment purposes. This will be the rate published by the Bank of Canada on such a date, by 16:30 ET. It is often preferable to use the delivery date as the exchange rate for adjustment purposes. Contracting officers may also choose to use the direct shipment date, as indicated on the Canada Customs Coding Form, CBSA Form B3-3, or some other date. Contracting officers must always ensure that the solicitation (and contract) clearly specifies the method for determining the date for the exchange rate for adjustment. Where a modification to a clause is required, contracting officers are encouraged to work with the Procurement Process Tools Division (outilsapprov.proctools@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca) and legal services to modify the appropriate Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions (SACC) Manual clause. Generally, bids must be submitted in Canadian currency.

The GST/HST does not apply to: exempt supplies; zero-rated supplies; or certain imports. These areas are covered in Annex 4.4: Supplies Exempt from Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax. Also, it generally does not apply to Indian, Indian Bands and Band-empowered Entities; this is also covered in Annex 4.4: Supplies Exempt from Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax.

Duty and the GST/HST on Tools, Equipment or Spare Parts in Contracts for Services by Non-residents Customs duty and the GST/HST, as applicable, may be imposed on any tools, equipment or spare parts that are brought into Canada by non-resident personnel performing certain services under a PWGSC contract. When assessed, such duties and the GST/HST are payable to the CBSA.

The following interpretation of applicable regulations is intended as background information only. If necessary, specific questions relating to actual cases should be directed to the nearest regional CBSA Office. The application or relief of customs duty and the GST/HST is stated in each item below in italics: a non-resident worker entering Canada with personal tools or other equipment to erect, install or repair machinery or other plant equipment, the said worker being sent here by the foreign manufacturer of the machinery or plant equipment, may import the tools or other equipment under authority of the Temporary Importation (Tariff Item no. 9993.00.00) Regulations. For more information, see CBSA Memorandum D8-1-1;

a non-resident worker entering Canada with tools or other equipment supplied by the manufacturer of the machine to be erected, installed or repaired may bring the tools or other equipment into Canada on a 1/60 th basis under the Temporary Importation (Tariff Item No. 9993.00.00) Regulations. For more information, see Memorandum D8-1-1;

a non-resident worker entering Canada with tools or other equipment to repair, erect or install machinery or other equipment, when the contract is with a foreign-based supplier, which is not the manufacturer of the machinery or other equipment;

If it is anticipated that a non-resident may be required to import tools, equipment or spare parts to perform services in Canada, Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions(SACC) Manual clause C2604C must be used.

Canada Revenue Agency Technical Information Bulletin B-039R3, GST/HST Administrative Policy - Application of GST/HST to Indians, sets out Canada Revenue Agency"s (CRA) guidelines concerning the treatment of purchases made by Indians, Indian bands and band-empowered entities (BEEs). The conditions described therein must be satisfied for tax relief to apply (e.g., an Indian must present proof of registration under the Indian Actto a vendor in order to acquire goods or services on reserve without the payment of GST/HST.

The number of components in any hydraulic power unit may vary depending on the complexity of the system. Normally, all these depend on the specific applications of the power unit.

I will make the entire discussion simple and easy to understand. This is because you need to evaluate every component before buying the hydraulic power unit.

The electrical DC motors convert direct current into a rotational mechanical energy. These motors use a direct power supply whose voltage may vary from DC12V, DC24V, DC48V or DC96V; depending on the design specification of the hydraulic power pack system.

These motors are common in most micro or mini hydraulic power packs. This is because the DC power supply is portable thus, a perfect choice for mobile of portable hydraulic equipment.

An armature (also referred to as the rotor in this case) that connects to a DC power supply via commutator rings. It’s a coil that conducts electrical energy.

That is, the field coil of the electromagnet is powered from the DC source that powers the armature. Depending on the type of connection, you’ll have either a shunt or series DC motor.

The complexity of the design will depend on the type load the motor should drive. In the case of the hydraulic power packs, we have a hydraulic pump as the load.

In the recent past, a number of hydraulic power pack manufacturers have adopted the permanent magnet and brushless DC motors for most pump applications. The brushed wound field DC motors are still common in some hydraulic applications.

The AC motors are such that they convert an alternating electrical energy into a rotating mechanical energy. Normally, when you’re designing AC electric motors, you need to consider the AC voltage and frequency of the AC power grid.

The AC motors are powered with an alternating current (AC) while the DC motors are powered with a direct current (DC).Construction of the electric motors

Quite a number of AC hydraulic power packs use induction motors. The most common types of induction motors are:Three phase induction AC motors – requires three power phases

With these two main components of the hydraulic power pack (electric motor and pump), your systems should draw the hydraulic fluid, ready to supply it to the circuit.

Target has delivered thousands hydraulic power units for different applications around the world. These include a series of standard hydraulic manifolds that are commonly used in most hydraulic power packs.

At times, the standard hydraulic power packs may not meet the specific requirements of your applications. In such cases, you should opt for customized hydraulic manifold blocks that meet your specific requirements

As you can see, there are many types of hydraulic cartridge valves available in the market. These valves are suitable for high flow rates and leak free control systems such as hydraulic power packs.

In hydraulic power pack circuits, you’ll mount the internal check valve in the block, while the external check valve on mounting hole found on the surface of the valve block.

At times, hydraulic power pack manufacturing companies may include a pilot operated check valve. You can control these valves using fluids from other valves.

Below are seven crucial parameters you need to consider when buying a pressure valve:Pressure rating; it should be compatible with your hydraulic power pack system pressure.

Such valves have a fast and a safe switching mechanism. They are also: reliable, durable, compact in design and offer low control power. Below are examples of hydraulic release valves:

Throughout this section, I believe you have noted that there are very many types of hydraulic valves. Always choose one that best suits your hydraulic power pack.

Remember, with an appropriate valve, you can have full control of the fluid flowing through the hydraulic pipes. Now, let’s discuss the next component of a hydraulic power pack.

Hydraulic oil tanks for power pack units come in a wide range of shapes, sizes and materials. For the scope of this eBook, I will focus on the following:Hydraulic plastic tanks

The size may vary depending on both design and size of the hydraulic power pack. The volume of the tank should be large enough to allow for all hydraulic fluids in the pipes to drain in the tank.

Like the plastic hydraulic reservoir tanks, the hydraulic steel tanks are available in a wide range of sizes and designs. Unfortunately, for these hydraulic power pack steel tanks, you’ll need a liquid meter to determine the level of hydraulic fluid.

You will mount hydraulic power pack to the other customized steel tank through the steel tank neck. So, you can mount one or two or more power packs on one steel, square customized steel tank.

Hydraulic pipes and filters play an integral role in hydraulic power pack systems. In this sub-section, you’re going to learn about:Hydraulic suction pipe

These are basic components of hydraulic power packs that depend on electrical signals to send commands to the system. In this subsection, you’ll learn about three major components:Cable remote-push button pendant

Commonly used for single / double acting hydraulic system. There was a key you can lock this remote away from battery, so, nobody can operating power pack without this key. It has four wires, which are 4 meters4 buttons Remote

With this wireless remote, your ability to control a power unit is not limited by the length of the wire. It has a remote control range of up to 200 meters.

A hydraulic actuator is the mechanical portion that converts hydraulic power into useful mechanical work. This mechanical work can either be linear motion, rotary motion or oscillatory motion.

The electro-hydraulic actuators are commonly used in applications that require a high degree of precision. They have self-contained actuators, which are operated only by electric power.

In chapter 1, section 1.2 (sorts of hydraulic power pack) and section 1.3 (function of hydraulic power), I did discuss all the vital aspects about single acting and double acting hydraulic cylinders.

As you have learnt earlier, hydraulic power packs are broadly categorized as either single acting hydraulic cylinder or double acting hydraulic cylinder. So, this fact does not change in hydraulic cylinder actuators.

As you have seen earlier (chapter 1), all these hydraulic power packs have their unique advantages and disadvantages. You will learn more about this in chapter 5.

This is breaking mechanism that uses brake fluid (hydraulic fluid) to stop or control a moving wheel or object. You can review hydraulic power pack applications in chapter one to learn more about this.

Hydraulic fluid is the medium through which power or energy is transferred in hydraulic systems. Some of the most commonly used hydraulic fluids are either mineral or water based solutions.

The Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) is a comprehensive inventory of environmental attributes of electric power systems. The preeminent source of air emission data for the electric power sector, eGRID is based on available plant-specific data for all U.S. electricity generating plants that provide power to the electric grid and report data to the U.S. government. eGRID uses data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) Forms EIA-860 and EIA-923 and EPA’s Clean Air Markets Program Data. Emission data from EPA are carefully integrated with generation data from EIA to produce useful values like pounds of emissions per megawatt-hour of electricity generation (lb/MWh), which allows direct comparison of the environmental attributes of electricity generation. eGRID also provides aggregated data by state, U.S. total, and by three different sets of electric grid boundaries (i.e., balancing authority area, NERC region, and eGRID subregion).

Many consumers have a choice regarding the source of their electricity, and some seek cleaner sources, such as wind and solar power. EPA’s Power Profiler application, which uses eGRID data, helps individual consumers understand the environmental impacts of their own electricity usage.

Electricity generation is the dominant industrial source of air emissions in the United States today. Whenever you switch on an electrical appliance, chances are you are contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. By documenting the environmental attributes of electric power generation, eGRID can help consumers and researchers to better understand the relationship between electricity and the environment.

In the United States, electricity is generated in many different ways, with a wide variation in environmental impacts. In many states, power companies are required to disclose the environmental attributes of their retail electricity products. eGRID data can be used to support the following activities:

eGRID provides separate data at the combustion unit and generator levels. These data are combined at the plant level. The plant level data are then aggregated to state, U.S. total, and three types of power grid regions:​

Balancing authority area (generally smaller regions of the power grid in which all power plants are managed to balance power system demand and supply);

Download all the data here. The eGRID historical ZIP file currently contains the data and supplementary files (e.g., technical support documents, maps, summary tables, and release notes) for years 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. Net imports-exports by state are provided for years 2004, 2005, and 2007. Data on net imports-exports by state and power interchange between grid regions are included in eGRID data for years 1996 through 2000. The eGRID2018 ZIP file contains year 2018 data and supplementary files.

eGRID is valuable to those in the Federal Government, state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, c