reciprocating hydraulic pump free sample

A plunger pump operates using the reciprocating motion of plungers or pistons. Depending on the design of the pump, the use of a single or multiple plungers may be used.

Action 3: After reaching it’s maximum position, it is then pushed back into the cavity. During this process, the piston applies enough pressure to the fluid to overcome the pressure in the outlet of the pump. This pressure differential pushes the fluid from inside the cavity through the outlet of the pump.

All these parts have the basic functionality of moving the liquid inside the cylinder. The piston is a lubricated sliding shaft that moves inside the cylinder and pushes the liquid in a forward and backward motion, creating a cavity and a high volume pressure at the outlet. In a diaphragm pump, the diaphragm is used to avoid leaking of the liquid since it completely seals the liquid to penetrate outside, and hence they are especially useful when the liquids are dangerous or toxic. In a plunger pump, there is a high-pressure seal that is stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal.

Crank and Connecting rod: Crank is a circular disk attached to the motor and used to transfer the rotary motion of the motor to the piston. Piston, in turn, moves in a reciprocating motion with help of a connecting rod.

Reciprocating pumps are different from Centrifugal pumps on basis of its working, features, applications etc. The main difference is that Impellers are used in Centrifugal pumps whereas in reciprocating pumps piston is used to move the liquid. Centrifugal pumps continuously discharge the liquid, unlike reciprocating pumps. They are used for high viscous fluid and are lighter in weight, less expensive as compared to reciprocating pumps.

The basic Quality standards of reciprocating pumps include ISO13710, API (American Petroleum Institute) standard 674, API standard 675 “Positive Displacement Pumps- Reciprocating”  and Reciprocating Pump Standards, Hydraulic Institute.

High Pressure, Low Flow Applications: Reciprocating pumps are generally designed to pump in low flow, high head applications. One of the most extreme of these applications is water jet cutting, where only a few gallons pass through the pump per minute but exceed pressures of 10,000 PSI.

Proven, Common Technology: Reciprocating pumps are one of the oldest, most proven pump types. Today, a wide variety of reciprocating pumps can be found in many different materials, types, and sizes. Reciprocating pumps range from less than 1 horsepower to over 3,000 horsepower.

Durability: Reciprocating pumps are used in some of the most abrasive and corrosive applications. Fluid ends and fluid end parts can be made of many different materials such as stainless steel, aluminum bronze, tungsten carbide, ceramic, and more. A wide selection of valve types is used in abrasive applications such as pumping cement, sand slurry, mud, etc.

Efficiency: Reciprocating pumps operate at high a higher efficiency compared to other pump designs. In most cases, at any setpoint, reciprocating pumps operate around 90%.

There are several performance indicators of a reciprocating pump which determine how effectively it works. Following are some of the key performance indicators:

High Maintenance / Short Life:The main disadvantage of a reciprocating pump is high maintenance and short life. There are many parts in the pump works, all constantly changing directions. Unless careful maintenance takes place, the lifespan of the pump is greatly reduced. While pumps such as centrifugal pumps can last 15 to 20 years with little maintenance, a reciprocating pump requires higher levels of attention and rebuilding several times within the same time frame. The cost of a reciprocating pump rebuild is usually inexpensive which still makes them cost-competitive compared to longer-lasting, higher-priced pump designs.

Pulsations:A characteristic of reciprocating pumps is the production of pressure pulsations through the pump inlet and outlets. The reciprocating motion of the pump produces these pulsations. Increasing the number of pump chambers can greatly reduce the pulsations produced, but it does not remove them completely. To negate damage to piping and surrounding systems or the pump itself, pulsation dampeners must be installed. Further system design can further decrease pulsations to nearly zero. In all cases, overall system design is important when using reciprocating pumps.

Plunger pumps come in a variety of styles, shapes, and sizes. The specific type of pump chosen for an application takes into account the pressures encountered, the flow rates needed, measurement and control systems, fluid viscosity and corrosivity, pipe material, etc. Careful attention should be given to the application before selecting a pump. Selecting the wrong pump for a job can result in damage to equipment, piping, systems, and possibly endanger personnel.

Simplex, Duplex, Triplex, Quintuplex Pumps: Many reciprocating type pumps are simplex(one), duplex (two), or triplex (three) cylinder. Duplex pumps are usually used where the two pumps can be used alternatively. Such pumps are commonly used in oil-line pumping, mine de-watering, and chemical and petroleum products transfer, but has many more applications. A triplex pump consists of three plungers, with the aim of reducing the pulsation of a single reciprocating pump. Quintuplex pumps are designed with a gear case that assists in a high-pressure task. Common applications of which are in cement slurries, sand-laden fluids, crude oil, acids, mud, and other oil well-servicing fluids. Well known manufacturers for these types of pumps are National, Gardner Denver, FMC, SPM, Oilwell, Kerr, Union, Gaso, Emsco, Aplex, and Wheatley.

Metering Pumps: A metering pump is usually used where the rate of flow of the liquid needs to be adjusted in a specific time period. Most of the metering pumps are piston-driven and are called Piston pumps. Piston pumps can pump at a constant flow rate against any kind of discharge pressure. Both Piston pumps and Plunger pumps are reciprocating positive displacement pumps that use a plunger or piston to move fluid/substance through a cylindrical chamber. Manufacturers such as

Reciprocating Pumps can also be classified according to the number of cylinders: Single cylinder and double cylinder pump. They are also sometimes classified according to their operation, known as simple hand-operated reciprocating pump & power-operated deep well reciprocating pump.

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps are highly effective, where a high degree of accuracy and reliability under different ranges of conditions that are required. Reciprocating pumps with very high efficiency are often available in a wide range of hydraulic, mechanical, and material options. They are widely used across industries such as chemical, petrochemical, refinery, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and water treatment. Typically, these types of pumps are used for applications such as Salt Water Disposal, Well Services, Descaling, Hydraulic Fracturing, and Oil & Gas Pipelines. All types of reciprocating pumps are easily available in the market to meet the diverse demands, as per different processes and applications. Piston pumps are widely used in applications such as Energy Recovery, Steam Recovery and hazardous area pumping and are available with manufacturers such as

Diaphragm Pumps are commonly used for Sludge Transfer, Acid Pumping, and Chemical Fluid Transfer and are easily available with manufacturers such as Wilden, Sandpiper, ARO, Roughneck, and Graco.

All the mentioned manufacturers in this article, offering various kinds of pumps hold a good reputation with respect to quality, price, revenue (value), and market share and are preferred by many consumers. However, a thorough check of all its features, specific to your process application, should be ideally done to buy the most suitable reciprocating pump, which can be used for a longer period of time requiring low maintenance, ease of operation, and easy availability of its spare parts.

Reciprocating pump terms are based on how the fluid is pumped (action) and the number of plungers or pistons (arrangement). For example, a Union TX-200 is a “single-acting triplex plunger pump”, a Gaso 1849 is a “double-acting duplex plunger pump”, and an Oilwell B-558 is a “single-acting quintuplex plunger pump”.

Reciprocating Pumps are positive displacement machines typically used for low-flow, high-pressure operations. ANSI and the Hydraulic Institute categorize reciprocating pumps by four types. Both pistons and diaphragms are used to provide pumping action while valves regulate flow into and out of the pump body. Sizes range from large scale power pumps to smaller pressure-washer units. The ANSI/HI groupings include:

Radial pumps sometimes employ pistons as well, especially hydraulic pumps used for powering hydraulic systems. These are not covered here. For information on other pumps, please see our Pumps Buyers Guide.

Piston power pumps are broken out by orientation (vertical or horizontal), action (single or double), pump element (piston or plunger), and number of stages (simplex, duplex, triplex…). One example of a power pump is used with power and pressure washers. They deliver high-pressure water at low volumes. Pumps for these are usually duplex or triplex units, and they may use either pistons, which incorporate seals that move with them, or plungers, which move through stationary seals. Single-acting pumps pressurize only on one direction of the stroke while double-acting pumps pressurize in both directions.

Piston power pumps are used on a much larger scale as well. Common in petrochemical industries, piston power pumps are used for hydraulic fracking, salt-water disposal, etc. and for pumping sand-laden fluids, slurries, and so on. Civil engineering projects employ them for high-pressure grouting. They are used for waterjet cutting. These pumps resemble engines in their construction and include crankshafts, connecting rods, cylinders, etc. One consideration of power pumps is their pulsating output, as opposed to the smooth discharge of centrifugal pumps, and once beyond two pistons, manufacturers offer multiplex varieties in odd numbers (3,5,7,9) as a means of smoothing pulsations. Some pumps are run with pulsation dampeners.

The crankshaft and its housing are referred to as the power end of the pump; the piston, cylinders, and valves make up the fluid or wet end. Valves are typically flat faced disc valves on ground seats but for higher pressure pumps, conical or ball valves are often used. Piston pumps handling slurries will frequently include elastomer inserts on the valves.

Piston power pumps are very efficient, even in the smaller sizes. They are generally costlier than other pumps but their high efficiencies at high-pressure, low-flow applications whittles this cost differential down. Compared with centrifugal pumps, maintenance is high with the need to replace wear elements periodically.

Steam power pumps eliminate the need to convert rotary motion to linear motion by directly coupling a steam driven piston to the piston of the power pump. These pumps are generally double acting on both the steam end and the fluid end. A lever connected to the piston rod switches steam flow as the steam and pump pistons near the end of their stroke. Two steam cylinders are commonly employed. These pumps are covered by API 674 standards and are used in hazardous locations by the oil, petrochemical, and refining industries.

A reciprocating piston or plunger makes an effective means of dispensing chemicals, pastes, etc. in industrial processes and food and pharmaceutical applications. Diaphragm styles are also used in metering pumps. Piston/plunger/syringe style pumps usually have adjustable stroke lengths to permit dosage levels to be set. Metering pumps come in many different embodiments, with larger ones used for chemical injection in process plants and very small designs used for pharmaceutical filling, adhesive dispensing, and so forth. Other pump styles are also used for metering, such as peristaltic pumps, but reciprocating pumps cover a large swath of the market.

Air-operated and electric diaphragm pumps employ flexible membranes that isolate the pump cavities making them particularly useful for transferring oils and similar hazardous fluids. Diaphragm pumps range in size from industrial units used in permanent installations to small, portable contractor pumps used for jobsite dewatering. Several methods are used to actuate the diaphragm: mechanical linkages, hydraulic fluid, air, etc. Jobsite pumps are usually arranged to have two diaphragms sharing a common piston that alternately applies suction and discharge strokes, with a spool valve shuttling the air flow. Air power makes them particularly suited to working immersed.

Air Operated, Double Diaphragm (AODD) pumps have extensive application in pharmaceutical and semiconductor processing as they can be manufactured of high-purity materials. Stainless steel units are made for solvent delivery, etc. These pumps are also able to deliver powders.

Chemical dosing pumps employ electrical/mechanical/hydraulic arrangements to drive their diaphragms. These will generally employ a mechanical stroke adjustment to control the amount of fluid delivered with each diaphragm flexure.

Diaphragm pumps are also available as hand-operated units. These all provide an effective way of pumping grout, sludge, bilge, etc. where power is unavailable or a powered device is not justified.

This article presents a brief discussion of reciprocating pumps. For more information on related products, consult our other guides or visit the Thomas Supplier Discovery Platform to locate potential sources of supply or view details on specific products.

A positive displacement (PD) pump moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume and moving it mechanically through the system. The pumping action is cyclic and can be driven by pistons, screws, gears, rollers, diaphragms or vanes.

A Reciprocating Positive Displacement pump works by the repeated back-and-forth movement (strokes) of either a piston, plunger or diaphragm (Figure 1). These cycles are called reciprocation.

In a piston pump, the first stroke of the piston creates a vacuum, opens an inlet valve, closes the outlet valve and draws fluid into the piston chamber (the suction phase). As the motion of the piston reverses, the inlet valve, now under pressure, is closed and the outlet valve opens allowing the fluid contained in the piston chamber to be discharged (the compression phase). The bicycle pump is a simple example. Piston pumps can also be double acting with inlet and outlet valves on both sides of the piston. While the piston is in suction on one side, it is in compression on the other. More complex, radial versions are often used in industrial applications.

Plunger pumps operate in a similar way. The volume of fluid moved by a piston pump depends on the cylinder volume; in a plunger pump it depends on the plunger size. The seal around the piston or plunger is important to maintain the pumping action and to avoid leaks. In general, a plunger pump seal is easier to maintain since it is stationary at the top of the pump cylinder whereas the seal around a piston is repeatedly moving up and down inside the pump chamber.

A diaphragm pump uses a flexible membrane instead of a piston or plunger to move fluid. By expanding the diaphragm, the volume of the pumping chamber is increased and fluid is drawn into the pump. Compressing the diaphragm decreases the volume and expels some fluid. Diaphragm pumps have the advantage of being hermetically sealed systems making them ideal for pumping hazardous fluids.

The cyclic action of reciprocating pumps creates pulses in the discharge with the fluid accelerating during the compression phase and slowing during the suction phase. This can cause damaging vibrations in the installation and often some form of damping or smoothing is employed. Pulsing can also be minimized by using two (or more) pistons, plungers or diaphragms with one in its compression phase whilst the other is in suction.

The repeatable and predictable action of reciprocating pumps makes them ideal for applications where accurate metering or dosing is required. By altering the stroke rate or length it is possible to provide measured quantities of the pumped fluid.

Rotary positive displacement pumps use the actions of rotating cogs or gears to transfer fluids, rather than the backwards and forwards motion of reciprocating pumps. The rotating element develops a liquid seal with the pump casing and creates suction at the pump inlet. Fluid, drawn into the pump, is enclosed within the teeth of its rotating cogs or gears and transferred to the discharge. The simplest example of a rotary positive displacement pump is the gear pump. There are two basic designs of gear pump: external and internal (Figure 2).

An external gear pump consists of two interlocking gears supported by separate shafts (one or both of these shafts may be driven). Rotation of the gears traps the fluid between the teeth moving it from the inlet, to the discharge, around the casing. No fluid is transferred back through the centre, between the gears, because they are interlocked. Close tolerances between the gears and the casing allow the pump to develop suction at the inlet and prevent fluid from leaking back from the discharge side. Leakage or “slippage” is more likely with low viscosity liquids.

An internal gear pump operates on the same principle but the two interlocking gears are of different sizes with one rotating inside the other. The cavities between the two gears are filled with fluid at the inlet and transported around to the discharge port, where it is expelled by the action of the smaller gear.

Gear pumps need to be lubricated by the pumped fluid and are ideal for pumping oils and other high viscosity liquids. For this reason, a gear pump should not be run dry. The close tolerances between the gears and casing mean that these types of pump are susceptible to wear when used with abrasive fluids or feeds containing entrained solids.

In the case of the lobe pump, the rotating elements are lobes instead of gears. The great advantage of this design is that the lobes do not come into contact with each other during the pumping action, reducing wear, contamination and fluid shear. Vane pumps use a set of moveable vanes (either spring-loaded, under hydraulic pressure, or flexible) mounted in an off-centre rotor. The vanes maintain a close seal against the casing wall and trapped fluid is transported to the discharge port.

A further class of rotary pumps uses one or several, meshed screws to transfer fluid along the screw axis. The basic principle of these pumps is that of the Archimedes screw, a design used for irrigation for thousands of years.

There are two main families of pumps: positive displacement and centrifugal. Centrifugal pumps are capable of higher flows and can work with lower viscosity liquids. In some chemical plants, 90% of the pumps in use will be centrifugal pumps. However, there are a number of applications for which positive displacement pumps are preferred. For example, they can handle higher viscosity fluids and can operate at high pressures and relatively low flows more efficiently. They are also more accurate when metering is an important consideration.

In general, positive displacement pumps are more complex and difficult to maintain than centrifugal pumps. They are also not capable of generating the high flow rates characteristic of centrifugal pumps.

Positive displacement pumps are less able to handle low viscosity fluids than centrifugal pumps. To generate suction and reduce slippage and leaks, a rotary pump relies on the seal between its rotating elements and the pump housing. This is considerably reduced with low viscosity fluids. Similarly, it is more difficult to prevent slippage from the valves in a reciprocating pump with a low viscosity feed because of the high pressures generated during the pumping action.

A pulsing discharge is also a characteristic of positive displacement, and especially reciprocating, pump designs. Pulsation can cause noise and vibration in pipe systems and cavitation problems which can ultimately lead to damage or failure. Pulsing can be reduced by the use of multiple pump cylinders and pulsation dampeners but this requires careful system design. Centrifugal pumps, on the other hand, produce a smooth constant flow.

The back-and-forth motion of a reciprocating pump can also be a source of vibration and noise. It is therefore important to construct very strong foundations for this type of pump. As a consequence of the high pressures generated during the pumping cycle it is also vital that either the pump or discharge line has some form of pressure relief in case of a blockage. Centrifugal pumps do not need over-pressure protection: fluid is simply recirculated in this eventuality.

Feeds containing a high level of abrasive solids can cause excessive wear on the components of all types of pumps and especially valves and seals. Although the components of positive displacement pumps operate at considerably lower speeds than those of centrifugal pumps, they remain prone to these problems. This is particularly the case with piston and plunger style reciprocating pumps and gear rotary pumps. With this type of feed, a lobe, screw or diaphragm pump may be suitable for more demanding applications.

Positive Displacement pumps are commonly used for pumping high viscosity fluids such as oil, paints, resins or foodstuffs. They are preferred in any application where accurate dosing or high pressure output is required. Unlike centrifugal pumps, the output of a positive displacement pump is not affected by pressure so they also tend to be preferred in any situation where the supply is irregular. Most are self priming.

A positive displacement pump moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume, with the aid of seals or valves, and moving it mechanically through the system. The pumping action is cyclic and can be driven by pistons, screws, gears, lobes, diaphragms or vanes. There are two main types: reciprocating and rotary.

Positive displacement pumps are preferred for applications involving highly viscous fluids such as thick oils and slurries, especially at high pressures, for complex feeds such as emulsions, foodstuffs or biological fluids, and also when accurate dosing is required.

Hydraulic pumps are mechanisms in hydraulic systems that move hydraulic fluid from point to point initiating the production of hydraulic power. Hydraulic pumps are sometimes incorrectly referred to as “hydrolic” pumps.

They are an important device overall in the hydraulics field, a special kind of power transmission which controls the energy which moving fluids transmit while under pressure and change into mechanical energy. Other kinds of pumps utilized to transmit hydraulic fluids could also be referred to as hydraulic pumps. There is a wide range of contexts in which hydraulic systems are applied, hence they are very important in many commercial, industrial, and consumer utilities.

“Power transmission” alludes to the complete procedure of technologically changing energy into a beneficial form for practical applications. Mechanical power, electrical power, and fluid power are the three major branches that make up the power transmission field. Fluid power covers the usage of moving gas and moving fluids for the transmission of power. Hydraulics are then considered as a sub category of fluid power that focuses on fluid use in opposition to gas use. The other fluid power field is known as pneumatics and it’s focused on the storage and release of energy with compressed gas.

"Pascal"s Law" applies to confined liquids. Thus, in order for liquids to act hydraulically, they must be contained within a system. A hydraulic power pack or hydraulic power unit is a confined mechanical system that utilizes liquid hydraulically. Despite the fact that specific operating systems vary, all hydraulic power units share the same basic components. A reservoir, valves, a piping/tubing system, a pump, and actuators are examples of these components. Similarly, despite their versatility and adaptability, these mechanisms work together in related operating processes at the heart of all hydraulic power packs.

The hydraulic reservoir"s function is to hold a volume of liquid, transfer heat from the system, permit solid pollutants to settle, and aid in releasing moisture and air from the liquid.

Mechanical energy is changed to hydraulic energy by the hydraulic pump. This is accomplished through the movement of liquid, which serves as the transmission medium. All hydraulic pumps operate on the same basic principle of dispensing fluid volume against a resistive load or pressure.

Hydraulic valves are utilized to start, stop, and direct liquid flow in a system. Hydraulic valves are made of spools or poppets and can be actuated hydraulically, pneumatically, manually, electrically, or mechanically.

The end result of Pascal"s law is hydraulic actuators. This is the point at which hydraulic energy is transformed back to mechanical energy. This can be accomplished by using a hydraulic cylinder to transform hydraulic energy into linear movement and work or a hydraulic motor to transform hydraulic energy into rotational motion and work. Hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders, like hydraulic pumps, have various subtypes, each meant for specific design use.

The essence of hydraulics can be found in a fundamental physical fact: fluids are incompressible. (As a result, fluids more closely resemble solids than compressible gasses) The incompressible essence of fluid allows it to transfer force and speed very efficiently. This fact is summed up by a variant of "Pascal"s Principle," which states that virtually all pressure enforced on any part of a fluid is transferred to every other part of the fluid. This scientific principle states, in other words, that pressure applied to a fluid transmits equally in all directions.

Furthermore, the force transferred through a fluid has the ability to multiply as it moves. In a slightly more abstract sense, because fluids are incompressible, pressurized fluids should keep a consistent pressure just as they move. Pressure is defined mathematically as a force acting per particular area unit (P = F/A). A simplified version of this equation shows that force is the product of area and pressure (F = P x A). Thus, by varying the size or area of various parts inside a hydraulic system, the force acting inside the pump can be adjusted accordingly (to either greater or lesser). The need for pressure to remain constant is what causes force and area to mirror each other (on the basis of either shrinking or growing). A hydraulic system with a piston five times larger than a second piston can demonstrate this force-area relationship. When a force (e.g., 50lbs) is exerted on the smaller piston, it is multiplied by five (e.g., 250 lbs) and transmitted to the larger piston via the hydraulic system.

Hydraulics is built on fluids’ chemical properties and the physical relationship between pressure, area, and force. Overall, hydraulic applications allow human operators to generate and exert immense mechanical force with little to no physical effort. Within hydraulic systems, both oil and water are used to transmit power. The use of oil, on the other hand, is far more common, owing in part to its extremely incompressible nature.

Pressure relief valves prevent excess pressure by regulating the actuators’ output and redirecting liquid back to the reservoir when necessary. Directional control valves are used to change the size and direction of hydraulic fluid flow.

While hydraulic power transmission is remarkably useful in a wide range of professional applications, relying solely on one type of power transmission is generally unwise. On the contrary, the most efficient strategy is to combine a wide range of power transmissions (pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical). As a result, hydraulic systems must be carefully embedded into an overall power transmission strategy for the specific commercial application. It is necessary to invest in locating trustworthy and skilled hydraulic manufacturers/suppliers who can aid in the development and implementation of an overall hydraulic strategy.

The intended use of a hydraulic pump must be considered when selecting a specific type. This is significant because some pumps may only perform one function, whereas others allow for greater flexibility.

The pump"s material composition must also be considered in the application context. The cylinders, pistons, and gears are frequently made of long-lasting materials like aluminum, stainless steel, or steel that can withstand the continuous wear of repeated pumping. The materials must be able to withstand not only the process but also the hydraulic fluids. Composite fluids frequently contain oils, polyalkylene glycols, esters, butanol, and corrosion inhibitors (though water is used in some instances). The operating temperature, flash point, and viscosity of these fluids differ.

In addition to material, manufacturers must compare hydraulic pump operating specifications to make sure that intended utilization does not exceed pump abilities. The many variables in hydraulic pump functionality include maximum operating pressure, continuous operating pressure, horsepower, operating speed, power source, pump weight, and maximum fluid flow. Standard measurements like length, rod extension, and diameter should be compared as well. Because hydraulic pumps are used in lifts, cranes, motors, and other heavy machinery, they must meet strict operating specifications.

It is critical to recall that the overall power generated by any hydraulic drive system is influenced by various inefficiencies that must be considered in order to get the most out of the system. The presence of air bubbles within a hydraulic drive, for example, is known for changing the direction of the energy flow inside the system (since energy is wasted on the way to the actuators on bubble compression). Using a hydraulic drive system requires identifying shortfalls and selecting the best parts to mitigate their effects. A hydraulic pump is the "generator" side of a hydraulic system that initiates the hydraulic procedure (as opposed to the "actuator" side that completes the hydraulic procedure). Regardless of disparities, all hydraulic pumps are responsible for displacing liquid volume and transporting it to the actuator(s) from the reservoir via the tubing system. Some form of internal combustion system typically powers pumps.

While the operation of hydraulic pumps is normally the same, these mechanisms can be split into basic categories. There are two types of hydraulic pumps to consider: gear pumps and piston pumps. Radial and axial piston pumps are types of piston pumps. Axial pumps produce linear motion, whereas radial pumps can produce rotary motion. The gear pump category is further subdivided into external gear pumps and internal gear pumps.

Each type of hydraulic pump, regardless of piston or gear, is either double-action or single-action. Single-action pumps can only pull, push, or lift in one direction, while double-action pumps can pull, push, or lift in multiple directions.

Vane pumps are positive displacement pumps that maintain a constant flow rate under varying pressures. It is a pump that self-primes. It is referred to as a "vane pump" because the effect of the vane pressurizes the liquid.

This pump has a variable number of vanes mounted onto a rotor that rotates within the cavity. These vanes may be variable in length and tensioned to maintain contact with the wall while the pump draws power. The pump also features a pressure relief valve, which prevents pressure rise inside the pump from damaging it.

Internal gear pumps and external gear pumps are the two main types of hydraulic gear pumps. Pumps with external gears have two spur gears, the spurs of which are all externally arranged. Internal gear pumps also feature two spur gears, and the spurs of both gears are internally arranged, with one gear spinning around inside the other.

Both types of gear pumps deliver a consistent amount of liquid with each spinning of the gears. Hydraulic gear pumps are popular due to their versatility, effectiveness, and fairly simple design. Furthermore, because they are obtainable in a variety of configurations, they can be used in a wide range of consumer, industrial, and commercial product contexts.

Hydraulic ram pumps are cyclic machines that use water power, also referred to as hydropower, to transport water to a higher level than its original source. This hydraulic pump type is powered solely by the momentum of moving or falling water.

Ram pumps are a common type of hydraulic pump, especially among other types of hydraulic water pumps. Hydraulic ram pumps are utilized to move the water in the waste management, agricultural, sewage, plumbing, manufacturing, and engineering industries, though only about ten percent of the water utilized to run the pump gets to the planned end point.

Despite this disadvantage, using hydropower instead of an external energy source to power this kind of pump makes it a prominent choice in developing countries where the availability of the fuel and electricity required to energize motorized pumps is limited. The use of hydropower also reduces energy consumption for industrial factories and plants significantly. Having only two moving parts is another advantage of the hydraulic ram, making installation fairly simple in areas with free falling or flowing water. The water amount and the rate at which it falls have an important effect on the pump"s success. It is critical to keep this in mind when choosing a location for a pump and a water source. Length, size, diameter, minimum and maximum flow rates, and speed of operation are all important factors to consider.

Hydraulic water pumps are machines that move water from one location to another. Because water pumps are used in so many different applications, there are numerous hydraulic water pump variations.

Water pumps are useful in a variety of situations. Hydraulic pumps can be used to direct water where it is needed in industry, where water is often an ingredient in an industrial process or product. Water pumps are essential in supplying water to people in homes, particularly in rural residences that are not linked to a large sewage circuit. Water pumps are required in commercial settings to transport water to the upper floors of high rise buildings. Hydraulic water pumps in all of these situations could be powered by fuel, electricity, or even by hand, as is the situation with hydraulic hand pumps.

Water pumps in developed economies are typically automated and powered by electricity. Alternative pumping tools are frequently used in developing economies where dependable and cost effective sources of electricity and fuel are scarce. Hydraulic ram pumps, for example, can deliver water to remote locations without the use of electricity or fuel. These pumps rely solely on a moving stream of water’s force and a properly configured number of valves, tubes, and compression chambers.

Electric hydraulic pumps are hydraulic liquid transmission machines that use electricity to operate. They are frequently used to transfer hydraulic liquid from a reservoir to an actuator, like a hydraulic cylinder. These actuation mechanisms are an essential component of a wide range of hydraulic machinery.

There are several different types of hydraulic pumps, but the defining feature of each type is the use of pressurized fluids to accomplish a job. The natural characteristics of water, for example, are harnessed in the particular instance of hydraulic water pumps to transport water from one location to another. Hydraulic gear pumps and hydraulic piston pumps work in the same way to help actuate the motion of a piston in a mechanical system.

Despite the fact that there are numerous varieties of each of these pump mechanisms, all of them are powered by electricity. In such instances, an electric current flows through the motor, which turns impellers or other devices inside the pump system to create pressure differences; these differential pressure levels enable fluids to flow through the pump. Pump systems of this type can be utilized to direct hydraulic liquid to industrial machines such as commercial equipment like elevators or excavators.

Hydraulic hand pumps are fluid transmission machines that utilize the mechanical force generated by a manually operated actuator. A manually operated actuator could be a lever, a toggle, a handle, or any of a variety of other parts. Hydraulic hand pumps are utilized for hydraulic fluid distribution, water pumping, and various other applications.

Hydraulic hand pumps may be utilized for a variety of tasks, including hydraulic liquid direction to circuits in helicopters and other aircraft, instrument calibration, and piston actuation in hydraulic cylinders. Hydraulic hand pumps of this type use manual power to put hydraulic fluids under pressure. They can be utilized to test the pressure in a variety of devices such as hoses, pipes, valves, sprinklers, and heat exchangers systems. Hand pumps are extraordinarily simple to use.

Each hydraulic hand pump has a lever or other actuation handle linked to the pump that, when pulled and pushed, causes the hydraulic liquid in the pump"s system to be depressurized or pressurized. This action, in the instance of a hydraulic machine, provides power to the devices to which the pump is attached. The actuation of a water pump causes the liquid to be pulled from its source and transferred to another location. Hydraulic hand pumps will remain relevant as long as hydraulics are used in the commerce industry, owing to their simplicity and easy usage.

12V hydraulic pumps are hydraulic power devices that operate on 12 volts DC supplied by a battery or motor. These are specially designed processes that, like all hydraulic pumps, are applied in commercial, industrial, and consumer places to convert kinetic energy into beneficial mechanical energy through pressurized viscous liquids. This converted energy is put to use in a variety of industries.

Hydraulic pumps are commonly used to pull, push, and lift heavy loads in motorized and vehicle machines. Hydraulic water pumps may also be powered by 12V batteries and are used to move water out of or into the desired location. These electric hydraulic pumps are common since they run on small batteries, allowing for ease of portability. Such portability is sometimes required in waste removal systems and vehiclies. In addition to portable and compact models, options include variable amp hour productions, rechargeable battery pumps, and variable weights.

While non rechargeable alkaline 12V hydraulic pumps are used, rechargeable ones are much more common because they enable a continuous flow. More considerations include minimum discharge flow, maximum discharge pressure, discharge size, and inlet size. As 12V batteries are able to pump up to 150 feet from the ground, it is imperative to choose the right pump for a given use.

Air hydraulic pumps are hydraulic power devices that use compressed air to stimulate a pump mechanism, generating useful energy from a pressurized liquid. These devices are also known as pneumatic hydraulic pumps and are applied in a variety of industries to assist in the lifting of heavy loads and transportation of materials with minimal initial force.

Air pumps, like all hydraulic pumps, begin with the same components. The hydraulic liquids, which are typically oil or water-based composites, require the use of a reservoir. The fluid is moved from the storage tank to the hydraulic cylinder via hoses or tubes connected to this reservoir. The hydraulic cylinder houses a piston system and two valves. A hydraulic fluid intake valve allows hydraulic liquid to enter and then traps it by closing. The discharge valve is the point at which the high pressure fluid stream is released. Air hydraulic pumps have a linked air cylinder in addition to the hydraulic cylinder enclosing one end of the piston.

The protruding end of the piston is acted upon by a compressed air compressor or air in the cylinder. When the air cylinder is empty, a spring system in the hydraulic cylinder pushes the piston out. This makes a vacuum, which sucks fluid from the reservoir into the hydraulic cylinder. When the air compressor is under pressure, it engages the piston and pushes it deeper into the hydraulic cylinder and compresses the liquids. This pumping action is repeated until the hydraulic cylinder pressure is high enough to forcibly push fluid out through the discharge check valve. In some instances, this is connected to a nozzle and hoses, with the important part being the pressurized stream. Other uses apply the energy of this stream to pull, lift, and push heavy loads.

Hydraulic piston pumps transfer hydraulic liquids through a cylinder using plunger-like equipment to successfully raise the pressure for a machine, enabling it to pull, lift, and push heavy loads. This type of hydraulic pump is the power source for heavy-duty machines like excavators, backhoes, loaders, diggers, and cranes. Piston pumps are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aeronautics, power generation, military, marine, and manufacturing, to mention a few.

Hydraulic piston pumps are common due to their capability to enhance energy usage productivity. A hydraulic hand pump energized by a hand or foot pedal can convert a force of 4.5 pounds into a load-moving force of 100 pounds. Electric hydraulic pumps can attain pressure reaching 4,000 PSI. Because capacities vary so much, the desired usage pump must be carefully considered. Several other factors must also be considered. Standard and custom configurations of operating speeds, task-specific power sources, pump weights, and maximum fluid flows are widely available. Measurements such as rod extension length, diameter, width, and height should also be considered, particularly when a hydraulic piston pump is to be installed in place of a current hydraulic piston pump.

Hydraulic clutch pumps are mechanisms that include a clutch assembly and a pump that enables the user to apply the necessary pressure to disengage or engage the clutch mechanism. Hydraulic clutches are crafted to either link two shafts and lock them together to rotate at the same speed or detach the shafts and allow them to rotate at different speeds as needed to decelerate or shift gears.

Hydraulic pumps change hydraulic energy to mechanical energy. Hydraulic pumps are particularly designed machines utilized in commercial, industrial, and residential areas to generate useful energy from different viscous liquids pressurization. Hydraulic pumps are exceptionally simple yet effective machines for moving fluids. "Hydraulic" is actually often misspelled as "Hydralic". Hydraulic pumps depend on the energy provided by hydraulic cylinders to power different machines and mechanisms.

There are several different types of hydraulic pumps, and all hydraulic pumps can be split into two primary categories. The first category includes hydraulic pumps that function without the assistance of auxiliary power sources such as electric motors and gas. These hydraulic pump types can use the kinetic energy of a fluid to transfer it from one location to another. These pumps are commonly called ram pumps. Hydraulic hand pumps are never regarded as ram pumps, despite the fact that their operating principles are similar.

The construction, excavation, automotive manufacturing, agriculture, manufacturing, and defense contracting industries are just a few examples of operations that apply hydraulics power in normal, daily procedures. Since hydraulics usage is so prevalent, hydraulic pumps are unsurprisingly used in a wide range of machines and industries. Pumps serve the same basic function in all contexts where hydraulic machinery is used: they transport hydraulic fluid from one location to another in order to generate hydraulic energy and pressure (together with the actuators).

Elevators, automotive brakes, automotive lifts, cranes, airplane flaps, shock absorbers, log splitters, motorboat steering systems, garage jacks and other products use hydraulic pumps. The most common application of hydraulic pumps in construction sites is in big hydraulic machines and different types of "off-highway" equipment such as excavators, dumpers, diggers, and so on. Hydraulic systems are used in other settings, such as offshore work areas and factories, to power heavy machinery, cut and bend material, move heavy equipment, and so on.

Fluid’s incompressible nature in hydraulic systems allows an operator to make and apply mechanical power in an effective and efficient way. Practically all force created in a hydraulic system is applied to the intended target.

Because of the relationship between area, pressure, and force (F = P x A), modifying the force of a hydraulic system is as simple as changing the size of its components.

Hydraulic systems can transfer energy on an equal level with many mechanical and electrical systems while being significantly simpler in general. A hydraulic system, for example, can easily generate linear motion. On the contrary, most electrical and mechanical power systems need an intermediate mechanical step to convert rotational motion to linear motion.

Hydraulic systems are typically smaller than their mechanical and electrical counterparts while producing equivalents amounts of power, providing the benefit of saving physical space.

Hydraulic systems can be used in a wide range of physical settings due to their basic design (a pump attached to actuators via some kind of piping system). Hydraulic systems could also be utilized in environments where electrical systems would be impractical (for example underwater).

By removing electrical safety hazards, using hydraulic systems instead of electrical power transmission improves relative safety (for example explosions, electric shock).

The amount of power that hydraulic pumps can generate is a significant, distinct advantage. In certain cases, a hydraulic pump could generate ten times the power of an electrical counterpart. Some hydraulic pumps (for example, piston pumps) cost more than the ordinary hydraulic component. These drawbacks, however, can be mitigated by the pump"s power and efficiency. Despite their relatively high cost, piston pumps are treasured for their strength and capability to transmit very viscous fluids.

Handling hydraulic liquids is messy, and repairing leaks in a hydraulic pump can be difficult. Hydraulic liquid that leaks in hot areas may catch fire. Hydraulic lines that burst may cause serious injuries. Hydraulic liquids are corrosive as well, though some are less so than others. Hydraulic systems need frequent and intense maintenance. Parts with a high factor of precision are frequently required in systems. If the power is very high and the pipeline cannot handle the power transferred by the liquid, the high pressure received by the liquid may also cause work accidents.

Even though hydraulic systems are less complex than electrical or mechanical systems, they are still complex systems that should be handled with caution. Avoiding physical contact with hydraulic systems is an essential safety precaution when engaging with them. Even when a hydraulic machine is not in use, active liquid pressure within the system can be a hazard.

Inadequate pumps can cause mechanical failure in the place of work that can have serious and costly consequences. Although pump failure has historically been unpredictable, new diagnostic technology continues to improve on detecting methods that previously relied solely on vibration signals. Measuring discharge pressures enables manufacturers to forecast pump wear more accurately. Discharge sensors are simple to integrate into existing systems, increasing the hydraulic pump"s safety and versatility.

Hydraulic pumps are devices in hydraulic systems that move hydraulic fluid from point to point, initiating hydraulic power production. They are an important device overall in the hydraulics field, a special kind of power transmission that controls the energy which moving fluids transmit while under pressure and change into mechanical energy. Hydraulic pumps are divided into two categories namely gear pumps and piston pumps. Radial and axial piston pumps are types of piston pumps. Axial pumps produce linear motion, whereas radial pumps can produce rotary motion. The construction, excavation, automotive manufacturing, agriculture, manufacturing, and defense contracting industries are just a few examples of operations that apply hydraulics power in normal, daily procedures.

In waterworks and wastewater systems, pumps are commonly installed at the source to raise the water level and at intermediate points to boost the water pressure. The components and design of a pumping station are vital to its effectiveness. Centrifugal pumps are most often used in water and wastewater systems, making it important to learn how they work and how to design them. Centrifugal pumps have several advantages over other types of pumps, including:

A centrifugal pump consists of a rotating shaft that is connected to an impeller, which is usually comprised of curved blades. The impeller rotates within its casing and sucks the fluid through the eye of the casing (point 1 in Figure 10.1). The fluid’s kinetic energy increases due to the energy added by the impeller and enters the discharge end of the casing that has an expanding area (point 2 in Figure 10.1). The pressure within the fluid increases accordingly.

The characteristic curves of commercial pumps are provided by manufacturers. Otherwise, a pump should be tested in the laboratory, under various discharge and head conditions, to produce such curves. If a single pump is incapable of delivering the design flow rate and pressure, additional pumps, in series or parallel with the original pump, can be considered. The characteristic curves of pumps in series or parallel should be constructed since this information helps engineers select the types of pumps needed and how they should be configured.

Many pumps are in use around the world to handle liquids, gases, or liquid-solid mixtures. There are pumps in cars, swimming pools, boats, water treatment facilities, water wells, etc.  Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in water, sewage, petroleum, and petrochemical pumping. It is important to select the pump that will best serve the project’s needs.

The objective of this experiment is to determine the operational characteristics of two centrifugal pumps when they are configured as a single pump, two pumps in series, and two pumps in parallel.

Each configuration (single pump, two pumps in series, and two pumps in parallel) will be tested at pump speeds of 60, 70, and 80 rev/sec.  For each speed, the bench regulating valve will be set to fully closed, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% open.  Timed water collections will be performed to determine flow rates for each test, and the head, hydraulic power, and overall efficiency ratings will be obtained.

The hydraulics bench is fitted with a single centrifugal pump that is driven by a single-phase A.C. motor and controlled by a speed control unit. An auxiliary pump and the speed control unit are supplied to enhance the output of the bench so that experiments can be conducted with the pumps connected either in series or in parallel. Pressure gauges are installed at the inlet and outlet of the pumps to measure the pressure head before and after each pump. A watt-meter unit is used to measure the pumps’ input electrical power [10].

Consider the pump shown in Figure 10.3. The work done by the pump, per unit mass of fluid, will result in increases in the pressure head, velocity head, and potential head of the fluid between points 1 and 2. Therefore:

While pumping fluid, the pump has to overcome the pressure loss that is caused by friction in any valves, pipes, and fittings in the pipe system. This frictional head loss is approximately proportional to the square of the flow rate. The total system head that the pump has to overcome is the sum of the total static head and the frictional head. The total static head is the sum of the static suction lift and the static discharge head, which is equal to the difference between the water levels of the discharge and the source tank (Figure 10.4). A plot of the total head-discharge for a pipe system is called asystem curve; it is superimposed onto a pump characteristic curve in Figure 10.5. The operating point for the pump-pipe system combination occurs where the two graphs intercept [10].

Pumps are used in series in a system where substantial head changes take place without any appreciable difference in discharge. When two or more pumps are configured in series, the flow rate throughout the pumps remains the same; however, each pump contributes to the increase in the head so that the overall head is equal to the sum of the contributions of each pump [10]. For n pumps in series:

The composite characteristic curve of pumps in series can be prepared by adding the ordinates (heads) of all of the pumps for the same values of discharge. The intersection point of the composite head characteristic curve and the system curve provides the operating conditions (performance point) of the pumps (Figure 10.6).

Parallel pumps are useful for systems with considerable discharge variations and with no appreciable head change. In parallel, each pump has the same head. However, each pump contributes to the discharge so that the total discharge is equal to the sum of the contributions of each pump [10]. Thus for  pumps:

The composite head characteristic curve is obtained by summing up the discharge of all pumps for the same values of head.  A typical pipe system curve and performance point of the pumps are shown in Figure 10.7.

d) Record the pump 1 inlet pressure (P1) and outlet pressure (P2). Record the input power from the watt-meter (Wi).  (With the regulating valve fully closed, discharge will be zero.)

d) Record the pump 1 and 2 inlet pressure (P1) and outlet pressure (P2). Record the input power for pump 1 from the wattmeter (Wi). (With the regulating valve fully closed, discharge will be zero.)

Correct the pressure rise measurement (outlet pressure) across the pump by adding a 0.07 bar to allow for the difference of 0.714 m in height between the measurement point for the pump outlet pressure and the actual pump outlet connection.

In each of above graphs, show the results for single pump, two pumps in series, and two pumps in parallel – a total of three graphs. Do not connect the experimental data points, and use best fit to plot the graphs

Hydraulic systems uses fluid pressure to power a pump. That is done by pumping fluids downhole using a triplex pump designed for extremely high pressure, usually between approximately 2,000 and 5,000 psi. Hydraulic lift pumps are flexible, and are useful for wells that are producing any volume, from low to high. In general, hydraulic lifts have higher production volumes than mechanical lift pumps.

The hydraulic, reciprocating pump is at the bottom of the well. New oil is pulled from the annulus by the pump. The newly produced oil and power oil are combined, then pumped back to the surface and then to the operation’s tank battery.

Fluid is recycled to operate the wells. For a rough guideline, for every three barrels pumped into the well as power oil, you can expect to see five barrels pumped back to the surface. The extra two barrels is new production. The pump will produce oil on the triplex pump’s upstroke and on its downstroke, and its speed can be adjusted using a valve.

Some of the options are more complex. We’re going to take a look at some of the simpler options, free parallel and fixed insert pumps, as well as giving a brief overview of what a jet pump looks like.

When you decide to put a hydraulic lift on your lease, you’ll have to choose between a free parallel or a fixed insert system. The pump is similar with both options, but the choice between fixed insert and free parallel can make a big difference on which wellhead you choose, and how you decide to install the moveable pipe.

The free parallel pump using two strings of tubing, one of which is a smaller string that is strapped to the outside of the larger tubing string. Once you’ve lowered the tubing down into the well and installed the wellhead, you can simply drop the pump into the tubing.

You can then open the hydraulic valve so that the power oil or water flows down into the well, carrying the pump with it to the bottom. When the pump hits the bottom and seats properly, it will begin to function as lower as a power fluid is being pumped.

That power fluid will flow over with the produced oil and be pumped up to the surface through the smaller tube on the outside of the string. As with any pumping well, natural gas that is produced will mix with the produced oil and power fluid, and travel back to the tank battery.

An important advantage with this sort of pump is that it’s much easier to replace the pump when there’s a problem. The system is designed to allow a single person to bring the pump to the surface by turning a valve on the wellhead. The pump can be retrieved once it’s reached the surface with a few simple pieces of equipment.

Free parallel pumps can sometimes become knocked out of the proper position by solid objects, known as trash. The same valve that brings it to the surface to change can also be used to hop the pump up briefly, which will clear the trash. Returning the valve to its original position allows the pump to reseat. This is just as common with free parallel pumps as with insert pumps.

The insert pump is inserted (hence the clever name) into larger diameter tubing, usually. around 2 ⅜ inch. Attached to the top of the pump is a smaller diameter string of tubing, which is also inside the larger tube. The bottom of the pumps seats against the the tubing seating nipple. The pump is designed to use it’s own weight to hold it seated and in place. There’s a packer, so gas is returned to the surface up through the annular space, as with a mechanical pumping well. It’s then combined with the produced fluid from the wellhead, where everything enters the flow line. A pulling unit is required to retrieve the smaller tubing string and change the hydraulic pump.

Figure 3. Four different hydraulic pump designs. The fixed insert design is shown at the far left, and the free parallel design is shown third from the left. (courtesy of Trico Industries, Inc.)

As with the free parallel pump, trash can collect under the pump seating, causing production to fall or stop altogether. This can cause the column of fluid inside the larger diameter tubing to fall back into the well. A lift piston can be placed at the top of the wellhead so that power oil can be pumped under the piston. That allows the insert pump to use the same ‘hop’ technique as with a free parallel pump to clear trash and reseat the pump. This will remove the trash, and the pump will begin to operate normally again. You’ll most likely have to do this regularly while this pump is in use.

The valve on a pumping wellhead is designed so that a quarter turn of the valve handle opens the valves the correct amount to get the pump to hop up. Returning the valve to its standard setting will allow the pump and smaller diameter tubing to fall back to the bottom and where the pump will reseat.

Jet pumps are more complex. The jet action is produced using a venturi tube, which has a particular cone shape intended to narrow the flow path. The shape creates an area of low pressure by increasing flow rate. Fluid is drawn into that low pressure area.

There are a few contexts where a jet pump is going to work well. It’s common in wells offshore, where space is tight, as a single triplex unit can power several wells at once. Jet pumps can also be used with continuous coiled tubing and in horizontal completions.

A key advantage of using hydraulic production systems is that it’s easy to adjust the volume of the power fluid pumped. Hydraulic pumps can also handle a high daily production volume. Free pumps, in particular, can be replaced by one or two workers without needing a whole crew.

There are some chronic problems with hydraulic lifts systems, however. Keeping enough clean oil or water to use for power fluid can be difficult in some areas. When equipment fails, it can be time consuming to repair, with one or more wells shut in for long periods. There is also simply more equipment to monitor and maintain, as you’ll need both an additional tank for power fluid, and several tube strings in addition to power fluid lines for the hydraulic systems.

A novel hydraulically-powered, Self-Reciprocating Valve Pump (SRVP) was piloted in a Western Colorado gas well for deliquification operations. The objective was to pump fluids from a deep gas well and later retrieve and redeploy the SRVP without a workover rig. This paper will describe the SRVP technology, areas of applicability, and pilot program, including the completion design, deployment/retrieval workovers, performance, teardowns, learnings, and future plans.

Gas production wells tend to load up with produced or condensed liquids that create an impediment to flow and reduce or stop gas production. Pumps are typically used when the reservoir pressure is too low for less intrusive artificial lift methods or when significant amounts of fluid must be removed. Pumps can suffer from reliability issues and considerable installation/deployment costs because a workover rig is typically required for intervention. Unfavorable producing conditions and tortuous wellbore trajectories further tend to decrease run lives. These issues can make economical hydrocarbon production impossible. The SRVP was developed to overcome these challenges.

The SRVP is installed downhole inside a concentric tubing string and is powered by injecting a high pressure fluid. The injected (power) fluid causes the SRVP to reciprocate, driving a piston pump to produce formation liquids and power fluid back to surface up the concentric string by production tubing annulus. Removal of the produced fluids decreases backpressure on the formation, enabling gas production up the casing. Because there is no mechanical linkage to surface for pump operation, the SRVP can be deployed in highly-deviated and/or small-diameter wells that standard ar