water glycol hydraulic pump pricelist

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Industrial fluid power applications have increased worldwide over the years. Hydraulic fluid performance demands have increased in operating pressures, safety and reliability. As operating pressures increase, the risk of fire from ruptured lines also increases. It is necessary to balance management’s regulatory and insurance interests with equipment requirements for effective lubrication, wear and corrosion protection.

Fire-resistant fluids include synthetics such as phosphate esters or ester-mineral blends and water-based formulas such as water-oil emulsions or water-glycols. Water glycol fluids have proven to be an excellent fire-resistant hydraulic fluid option.

The fire-resistance of these fluids depends upon the vaporization of the water and the smothering effect of the steam. The other performance characteristics important to these fluids are viscosity, lubrication quality, operating temperature range, corrosion resistance, system compatibility and fluid maintenance. Excellent fire-resistance coupled with good cost and performance makes water glycol fluids the right choice for many industrial applications.

Water glycol fluids consist of a solution of water, ethylene or diethylene glycol, a high molecular weight polyglycol and an additive package. The water-to-glycol mixture typically contains 38 to 45 percent water. These fluids usually contain red or pink dye to aid in their identification.

With water in the fluids’ formulation, evaporation is ongoing and upper operating temperature limits must be considered. Checks must be made periodically of the water content. The fluids’ typical operating temperatures should be kept below 150°F.

The polyglycol is a water-soluble polymer thickener, which can be formulated to cover a wide range of viscosities. The resulting viscosity-temperature properties are Newtonian and give water glycols good low-temperature cold-start pump wear protection as well as minimizing cavitation.

The additive package imparts corrosion resistance, metal passivation, seal and hose compatibility, oxidation resistance, antimicrobial properties and antiwear properties. With a density of about 1.0, mineral oil contaminants may float on the fluid surface and be skimmed off. Finally, water glycol fluids have better thermal transfer properties over other fire-resistant fluids.

Water glycol fluids usually have an operating range up to 2000 psi at less than 150°F. Their lubricating quality is very good where loads are moderate and where only hydrodynamic lubrication is involved. When the application has high bearing loads and extreme boundary lubrication conditions, higher wear rates should be expected. Typical applications include:

There are some application limitations due to compatibility when using water glycol fluids. Regarding metals, the fluid is corrosive to zinc, cadmium and nonanodized aluminum, and the reaction with these metals causes rapid deterioration of the fluid.

Synthetic rubber seal and gasket compatibility is good, however polyurethane, leather or cork materials should be avoided. Typical paints will soften in the presence of water glycols; therefore painted surfaces should be painted with epoxy resin paints.

Testing should be conducted initially to measure the water glycol fluid’s ability to meet performance specifications. When charged to a system and during use, water glycol should be periodically tested as part of a maintenance condition-monitoring program.

Given that fluid performance results may differ significantly, as shown in Table 2, fluid performance based on standardized (ASTM) tests should have a major influence in product selection. A Midwestern steel plant recently requested five major commercially available water glycol fluids be evaluated for lubrication performance. Table 2 shows that significant variation is possible. The fifth fluid is unqualified for use.

Note the apparent lack of correlation in Table 2 between the vane pump test (combination boundary and hydrodynamic lubrication) and the boundary lubrication measurement of the Four-ball Wear Test. Figure 1 shows the sample specimen for ASTM D2882 vane pump testing on fluids A (left) and E (right). Fluid E clearly shows the excessive metal scuffing and wear.

The most common fluid faults noted in samples tested from water glycol users are particle contamination, contamination with other fluids and water loss or accumulation shifting the viscosity.

Particle and dirt contamination is a problem for water glycols more than mineral oils because of the affinity of the polymers to hold the fine particles in suspension. Good maintenance practices and filter management is required.

Contamination from mineral oils is readily observable by visual appearance (pink milky emulsion sample) or FTIR. Figure 2 shows a used normal fluid and a used contaminated fluid. The milky appearance and the layer of mineral oil on the top of the sample fluid suggest an oil/water emulsion condition. Contamination often occurs due to the widespread use of mineral oils near or on the equipment using the water glycols, or as a result of direct contamination resulting from poor reservoir top-up practices.

Water loss due to evaporation or accumulation due to the intrusion of free water such as cooling water can be measured accurately by Karl Fischer titration or a refractometer. Make-up water must be distilled or deionized (DI), such as from boiler feed water condensate. Water concentrations should be maintained according to guidelines provided by the OEM. This may mean adding either glycol concentrate or DI water to systems during the lifecycle of the product. This is done to retain proper viscosity and fire-resistance properties.

Water glycols must not be mixed with nonwater-based hydraulic fluids and preferably not with other brands of water glycols. Additive packages in various brands may conflict, resulting in loss of fluid performance. The alkalinity reserve additive does deplete by evaporation. The manufacturer can help users manage fluid alkalinity by supplying supplemental additive.

Water glycol fire-resistant hydraulic fluids are a reliable, cost-effective option for hydraulic power. When maintained properly, they give long, predictable life.

Hydraulic fluid performance, including water-glycols (W/G), depends on the chemical composition of the fluid and cleanliness. This article presents an overview of the effect of W/G fluid chemistry on pump wear. An overview of recommended analytical procedures to assure adequate long-term hydraulic and lubrication performance is provided. These procedures can result in substantial improvements in hydraulic pump longevity and performance.

Many industrial applications such as steel making, die casting, etc. require the use of hydraulic fluids that offer greater fire safety than that achievable with mineral oil. One of the most common alternatives to mineral oil for use in these applications is a water-glycol hydraulic fluid.

The performance of all hydraulic fluids, including W/G hydraulic fluids, depends on the composition of the fluid and on fluid cleanliness. Although there are numerous references describing analysis procedures for petroleum oil-derived hydraulic fluid, similar references describing the analysis of water-glycol hydraulic fluid are relatively rare.

Water-glycol hydraulic fluid formulations typically contain water (for fire protection), glycol (for freeze point protection), polyalkylene glycol (PAG) thickener, an additive package to provide corrosion and antiwear protection, antifoam/air release additive and dye for leak detection.

The performance of a hydraulic fluid depends on the particular additive and concentration used in the formulation. Substances that exhibit a marked effect on hydraulic pump wear, according to the ASTM D2882 test, are water, amines and antiwear additives. The ASTM D2882 test is conducted at 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa) for 100 hours and eight gallons per minute (30.6 L/min) in a Sperry Vickers V-104C vane pump.

Water content creates one of the most significant influences on hydraulic pump wear rate. Figure 1 shows that wear rates increase with increasing water content. Thus, it is critically important to control the water content of W/G hydraulic fluids if both fire-resistance and antiwear performance is to be maintained.

The primary function of the amine is to provide corrosion protection. Vapor and liquid phase inhibitory properties of an amine can be determined using the 200-hour Corrosion Test. This test is conducted by aerating the heated hydraulic fluid at 70 ± 2°C in contact with metal test coupons for 200 hours. The test coupons that are immersed in the fluid are: steel (SAE-1010, low carbon), cast aluminum (SAE-329), copper (CA-110) and brass (SAE-70C). Vapor phase corrosion effects are also determined using coupons of cast iron (G-3500) and steel (SAE-1010) which are suspended above the solution. Figure 3 illustrates a typical corrosion test cell.

Figure 3. Corrosion Test Apparatus is Convenient for Corrosion-Inhibitor Studies of Water-Glycol Hydraulic Fluids Under Laboratory Conditions. Immersed Metal Specimens are Separated by a Glass “Z-bar” in the Specific Order Shown. Vapor-Space Test Specimens are Hung from the Top of the Glass Test Cell. Fluid Temperature is Monitored with an Immersion Thermometer, Air is Blown into the Mixture Using an Aeration Tube, and a Cold-Water Condenser is Used to Reduce Fluid by Evaporation.

Fortunately, as shown in Figure 4, it is possible to formulate a W/G hydraulic fluid so that there will be minimal impact on wear with the inevitable loss of additive over time. Nevertheless, once the critical level is achieved there is a dramatic increase in wear rates with further decreases in antiwear additive concentration.

Hydraulic pump lubrication depends not only on fluid chemistry but also on both liquid and solid contamination. In W/G fluids, the most common liquid contamination is usually petroleum oils, which may enter the hydraulic system from numerous sources. Because petroleum oils are insoluble in the W/G they may be simply skimmed from the fluid reservoir. In practice, removal is often neglected for long enough periods that some of the additives adsorb into the mineral oil and are removed from the working fluid when that oil is skimmed from the surface of the reservoir. Every effort should be made to prevent this form of contamination.

Water contained in a W/G fluid can be lost through evaporation during normal hydraulic operation. Water loss increases the fluid’s viscosity. Water must therefore be added back to the system to maintain fire-resistance and to assure proper viscosity and system operation.

The most common methods for determining water content of a W/G hydraulic fluid are refractive index, viscosity and Karl Fischer analysis. Refractive index is the most commonly used and is readily determined using a portable temperature-compensated refractometer that provides readings in degrees Brix.

The principal limitation of water determination by refractive index is that refractive index is affected by any material, including contaminants, that may be present in the hydraulic fluid. Thus, it is advisable to crosscheck water analyses obtained by refractive index against at least one other analytical method. After the water concentration is determined, additional water should be added if necessary. Some suppliers provide tables such as Table 1, which provide water make-up levels without the use of the calibration plot represented by Figure 5.

Only distilled or deionized water with a conductance of less than 15 µmhos/cm (or a maximum total water hardness of 5 ppm has also been recommended), should be added to a W/G hydraulic fluid system. This is critically important because polyvalent metal ions such as Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, etc. will react with the antiwear additive, usually an organic carboxylic acid, to form a polyelectrolyte complex salt (Formula 1) which appears as a white, soapy solid. This process must be prevented for two reasons. The first is that it will lead to continuous depletion of the critically important antiwear additive. Second, the presence of such precipitates, like any solid material, will increase wear.

The water content of a hydraulic fluid may also be determined by viscosity measurement. One common method of viscosity measurement is to follow the ASTM D445 procedure for kinematic viscosity.

By using the chart in Figure 6, viscosity vs. water content, the amount of water can be easily maintained within the necessary range for the fluid. Alternatively, a water make-up table based on viscosity, as shown in Table 2, may be obtained from the W/G hydraulic fluid supplier for the specific fluid being used.

The load-bearing capacity of a fluid film depends on fluid viscosity. Oxidative and thermal degradation processes will result in a decrease of fluid viscosity. Thus routine viscosity measurement is one of the best methods of monitoring fluid stability. However, such comparative measurements must be made at the same total water content.

The third, and most unambiguous, method of water determination is by Karl Fischer Titration (ASTM D1744). The advantage of Karl Fischer analysis is that it is a direct measure of water content, while viscosity and refractive index are both indirect measurements which are substantially affected by either contamination (refractive index) or fluid degradation (viscosity).

Amine concentration in a W/G hydraulic fluid is designated as reserve alkalinity and is conventionally reported as the volume in milliliters of 0.1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) required to titrate 100 ml of W/G fluid to pH 5.5. A typical titration plot is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 8. Two-dimensional Contour Plot - Effect of Formic Acid and Reserve Alkalinity on ASTM D2882 Wear Rates of a Conventional W/G Hydraulic Fluid. Wear Rate is Affected by Both Formic Acid Content and Alkalinity.

It has thus far been shown that hydraulic fluid quality and performance depends on fluid cleanliness and chemistry variation. On occasion, it is necessary to troubleshoot fluid performance in malfunctioning systems. In addition to the chemical and physical analyses described, it is often valuable to analyze any wear debris. Ferrography is one of the principal wear debris analysis methods. It can be used to determine the concentration and distribution of wear particles contained in the hydraulic fluid.

It has been shown that W/G hydraulic fluid performance, like all other hydraulic fluids, depends on both fluid cleanliness and fluid formulation chemistry.

Water, antiwear additive and corrosion inhibitor concentrations must be monitored to assure optimum fluid antiwear performance. Recommended analytical methods include:

While analysis by ion chromatography and ferrography are specialized procedures and may be conducted as required, analysis for water content, reserve alkalinity, viscosity as well as visual observations are critical and must be conducted regularly (usually by the fluid supplier).

If the hydraulic system is properly maintained and fluid performance is adequately monitored, excellent long-life hydraulic and lubrication performance with water-glycol fluids is achievable.

Ciekurs, P. Ropar, S. and Kelley, V. "Prediction of Hydraulic Pump Failures Through Wear Debris Analysis." Naval Air Engineering Center Report, NAEC-92-171. July 19, 1983.

Using fire-resistant lubricants is a cost-effective option compared with installing mechanical fire-suppression equipment. With a 42–44% water content, Shell Water-Glycol S2 CX is an HFC type, fire-resistant hydraulic fluid designed for use in industrial equipment operating in areas subject to fire hazards, including in the steel, aluminium, die-casting, mining, glass and tunnel boring industries. It has a higher ignition temperature and lower flammability than mineral oils, and its glycol (diethylene glycol) content enables the fluid to be used in all seasons.

The fluid uses an innovative friction modifier to provide excellent pump lubricity, which can help to extend equipment service life and reduce maintenance costs. In the Vickers V-104 vane pump test, only 10–15 mg of wear was recorded after 100 hours at 2,000 psi and 65°C (ASTM D7043).

Featuring a high level of anti-wear protection, Shell Water-Glycol S2 CX is engineered to offer increased resistance to mechanical shear and has a stable viscosity that helps to protect components against wear.

Provides corrosion protection to a wide variety of metals, including aluminium, copper, brass, cast iron, steel and others commonly used in hydraulic systems.

Water based hydraulic systems have been traditionally used in underground mining applications and in the high temperature areas of steel mills and foundries

Wide range of high quality pumps within Water Glycol, Hydraulics and Chemical Injection. These include an extensive range of axial piston oil pumps which provide cost-effective solutions to any flow and pressure requirements. From the 0,23 l/m SM pump to the 193 l/m XH with pressure up to 690 bar for most ranges and even up to 1,040 bar for X pump.Water / glycol, water and oil service

With hundred of different hydraulic fluids available, it is often difficult to decioher which is best for your operation. Discover the hazardous properties, ISO 9001:2015 compliance, fire-resistance, and more of the glycol and water-based hydraulic fluids below.

Glycol-based hydraulic fluids are commonly found in industries such as die-cast manufacturing operations that operate at high temperatures, due to their low cost and good lubricating properties. Even in a low-heat environment where the flashpoint may not come into play, leaks from machines cause a concern. Most hydraulic fluids are hazardous to the environment and, if introduced into the groundwater, can expose a business to substantial contamination fines.

If your glycol-based hydraulic fluid is not disposed of properly — accidentally or intentionally — you will face large fines from the EPA and local governments. Violations to the Clean Water Act can be levied up to $25,000 per day until the spill is cleaned up. In addition, you will be required to pay for cleanup costs and be exposed to an increase in insurance premiums.

Non-hazardous water-based hydraulic fluids can eliminate all of these risks for your company, while complying with the risk-based thinking for ISO 9001:2015. Implementing a water-based hydraulic fluid meets the requirement of mitigating points of risk for your business. Composed of naturally occurring components, water-based is non-hazardous in nature, eliminating the need for costly cleanup if introduced into the groundwater.

When your business is consistently operating at high temperatures, with potential for fires, it is important that your hydraulic fluid can keep up without the risk of fire ignition. Glycol-based fluids have a fairly low operating range of -30° to 150°C. Under high heat and pressure, where a failure in a line can produce a spray, a glycol-based fluid can present serious hazards.

Our non-hazardous water-based solutions are better suited for industries that run at high temperatures with risks for fire, due to their exceptional flashpoint that runs >350⁰ C. This is much higher than most glycol fluids. Keeping employees safe and producing a quality product should not be a trade-off.

If you’ve decided that a water-based hydraulic fluid is the best solution for your business, then you are ready to find the right fluid. Look no further than Non-Haz FRHF 46. Unlike other water-based lubricants, Non-Haz FRHF 46 is a globally accepted, groundbreaking formula that enhances the overall performance and contains enough water to suppress fire ignition!

Our revolutionary formula is EPA excepted — non-hazardous, non-toxic, and diethylene glycol free. More than non-hazardous and fire resistant, Non-Haz FRHF 46 increases lubricity with wear, extending the pump life; has exceptional heat-transfer properties that allow it to operate under high temperatures without breaking down; and works in alignment with the hydraulic system to prevent corrosion and deterioration of the machine.

Best of all, Non-Haz FRHF 46 was meticulously created to work without having to flush or clean your system that is currently using a glycol version. Simply add it to your existing water-based hydraulic fluid to start reaping the benefits of this groundbreaking formula.

See first hand the difference Non-Haz FRHF 46 makes for your operation with a free pump test comparison. Contact us today for more information or to schedule your complementary test!

A large automotive components manufacturer had a series of fires on its hot stamping lines—all caused by oil from ruptured hoses or leaky couplings that ignited when the oil came into contact with the hot metal being formed. In 2012, a particularly bad fire injured workers and caused 12 days of downtime, resulting in £5.3 million in damages from lost production and repairs. After assessing all the options—including changes to the sprinkler systems and equipment design—management concluded the safest and most cost-effective approach would be to replace the highly flammable mineral oil with a synthetic, water-free hydraulic fluid (HFD-U). This conversion was a significant outlay—approximately £70,000. So why did management believe avoiding future fires was worth that much additional expense?

Today, in manufacturing operations that pose a risk for fire or explosion, most large-scale manufacturers have already replaced mineral oil with fire-resistant hydraulic fluids. Even though these fluids can cost anywhere from two to four times as much as mineral oil, the economics are sound for these producers because with mineral oil, there is simply too much at risk.

Many manufacturers are experiencing a weakened economic environment. So discussions on spending more on anything, including fire-resistant hydraulic fluids, are usually not at the top of anyone’s list…unless there is a fire.

A fire can be devastating to a producer, and even more so in these difficult times. Waiting until there is a fire to review fluid options is not a wise choice. And because the economics, regulations, and technologies related to hydraulic fluids are always changing, it’s best to evaluate hydraulic fluids periodically, reviewing all the issues to determine if converting to a fire-resistant fluid makes sense for the facility.

Globally, there are two types of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids that are dominant in high-temperature operating environments: water glycols (HFC) and polyol ester (HFD-U)-based fluids. The relative benefits of each technology are different for each situation. Every company, every facility has a different set of demands to respond to—demands placed by regulators, customers, and the economy.

When evaluating hydraulic fluid options, it is important for the manufacturer to pull together an internal team of stakeholders so all business issues can be considered and brainstormed. Within some companies, silos develop that impede the right overall decision. Each department has a specific focus, such as

We check out the wastewater: the geographic location and proximity to metro area. We then proceed to onsite or outside, regulations, and current costs/surcharges.

We analyze conversion. This can be from mineral oil to water glycol, which is a longer process, involving draining, flushing, and refilling. The mineral oil to HDF-U conversion is a shorter process of topping off, draining, and refilling. There is no need to flush the system.

Our gerotor oil pumps offer benefits and innovations for various mobile and stationary applications. Over 40 years experience in the production of heat exchangers, connection technology and hydraulic pumps has made us a global leader in advanced technologies. Our expertise creates progress and grants competitive prices, consistent product performance and reliability. The modular design and patented solutions of our innovations offer numerous possibilities for customizing the product to your application.

Cat Pumps has provided water-based hydraulic pumping solutions for over 50 years. Decades of engineering and close customer relations has helped us develop versatile water-based hydraulics product solutions.

With field-proven dependability in applications around the globe, Cat Pumps provides the best high-pressure water pumps and systems for water-based hydraulic systems.

Keeping equipment working at optimal performance with less downtime and supporting a longer life span are significant factors that make fire-resistant hydraulic fluids a safe and pragmatic choice. As in any hydraulic system, a strong maintenance strategy is vital to reduce component corrosion and thereby avoid the significant costs of replacing parts and unplanned repair downtime. Therefore, a disciplined maintenance regime for water-glycol (HFC) hydraulic fluids can help keep systems operating more effectively and efficiently — and for longer.

Standing at 50 to 55% market adoption, HFC is a water-based fluid that can be used in all industries where there are major fire risks. HFC hydraulic fluids remain the most widely used fire-resistant hydraulic fluids today because of their price ratio and combination of excellent fire-resistant properties with good lubrication performance.

Hydraulic fluids with HFC technology have low flammability. They can be used in the presence of a high-temperature heat source, such as high-pressure die casting (HPDC) foundries or steel-making shops. In addition to offering uncompromising fire resistance, other factors for choosing HFC include OEM endorsements.

Water-glycol fluid viscosity is directly related to its water content. The glycol and polyalkylene glycol (PAG) thickener in an HFC fluid are not volatile and remain in the hydraulic reservoir regardless of fluid temperature. As such, the fluid’s viscosity is expected to increase over time as water evaporates.

The viscosity increase rate depends on ambient temperature, reservoir temperature, airflow across the reservoir breather, the amount of make-up fluid added, and other factors. A knowledgeable hydraulic fluid supplier can provide a graph that directly relates the viscosity to the water content. The graph eliminates the need to run actual water contents and allows for easy maintenance.

Decreasing viscosity can be related to excess water in the water-glycol fluid. This excess water can only come from a leaking heat exchanger or an over-addition of water during a water adjustment.

If a water alteration is necessary, perform water suppletion gradually and use soft, distilled, or deionized water. Divalent metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium found in tap and spring water, will separate the lubrication additive from the fluid, resulting in performance issues.

The pH of the water-based HFC fluid must be above 8.0 to inhibit rust. A pH of less than 8.0 indicates that the system has been contaminated or diluted.

An alkaline reserve of 90 or above is needed to inhibit vapor phase rust in an HFC fluid. The alkaline reserve will drop with use because the vapor phase inhibitor is slowly removed from the fluid. The evaporation rate depends on reservoir temperature, ambient temperature, and airflow across the reservoir’s breather. Small additions of make-up fluid can significantly and positively impact the alkaline reserve of a water-glycol fluid. Depending on the amine used as the vapor phase corrosion inhibitor, the alkaline reserve of the fluid in service may never need to be adjusted.

Particle counts must be managed to maximize component life. Pump and valve OEMs recommend fluid particle counts depending on pump type, operating pressure, and whether servo or proportional valves are used. Therefore, users can set particle count targets for a given piece of equipment by identifying the critical hardware in a hydraulic system.

Typically, water-glycol fluid will have particle counts around 19/17/14 as determined using the ISO 4406:1999 standard. This applies to fluid supplied in drums and intermediate bulk containers.

abstractNote = {Work is currently underway within the ASTM D.02 N.07 Hydraulic Fluid Testing Committee to evaluate the potential of replacing the Vickers V-104 vane pump with a newer, more current model 20VQ vane pump for use in an updated ASTM D-2882 and other national standards. All of the round robin work conducted within the committee thus far has involved the use of non-aqueous hydraulic oils. Although there are some significant inter-laboratory reproducibility problems, it appears that the overall ranking of the hydraulic oils by most laboratories appears to be consistent. To further evaluate the potential utility of replacing the Vickers V-104 pump with the 20VQ pump, a series of different water-glycol hydraulic fluid formulations with significantly different wear rates were evaluated using a modified ASTM D-2882 testing procedure. The results showed that expected catastrophic pump failures, which occurred with the V-104 pump, not only did not occur with the 20VQ pump, but the relative orders of wear rates for some of the fluids were also different. In this paper, a brief history of the development of the ASTM D-2882 test, as currently conducted, will be presented, a comparison of the features of the V-104 and 20VQ pump and cartridge assemblies will be given and a comparative tabulation of the pump test using the V-104 pump and the 20VQ pump using different testing conditions will be provided. Finally, recommendations for future work will be made.},

abstractNote = {The performance of all hydraulic fluids in general, and water glycol hydraulic fluids specifically, is dependent on both fluid cleanliness and fluid composition. In fact, fluid cleanliness (and contamination) can exhibit dramatic increases in pump wear, even for new fluids, if inadequate filtration is used or if contamination occurs. Since fluid composition can also similarly affect war rates, it is also essential that compositional changes during use be minimized. The impact of improper fluid maintenance on hydraulic fluid performance will be discussed and recommended fluid maintenance procedures for water-glycol hydraulic fluids will be provided.},

They are used in particular in non-moving hydraulics (e.g. machine tools, presses, etc.) and in vehicles that operate in a confined space (electric forklifts, etc.).

The modular and compact construction with single and multiple pump versions permits a wide range of applications. In multiple pump systems up to 5 metering units can ...

The modular and compact construction with single and multiple pump versions permits a wide range of applications. In multiple pump systems up to 5 metering units can ...

... variable-displacement axial-piston pump, the Oilgear pump PVV line is ready. No matter what pressure and flow demands you face, these pumps rise to the challenge.

A hydraulic pump is the power source in a hydraulic system. It is driven by an engine or an electric motor and pumps oil from the hydraulic oil reservoir ...

... pressure requirements. From the 0.23 l/m SM pump to the 193 l/m XH with pressures up to 690 bar (10,000 psi) for most ranges and even up to 1,040 bar (15,000 psi) for the X pump.