what type of hydraulic pump is most efficient supplier

The goal of a hydraulic pump is to move hydraulic fluid through a hydraulic system, acting much like the beating heart of the system. There are two things that all hydraulic pumps have in common: (1) they provide hydraulic flow to other components (e.g., rams, hydraulic motors, cylinder) within a hydraulic system, and (2) they produce flow which in turn generates pressure when there is a resistance to flow. In addition, most hydraulic pumps are motor-driven and include a pressure relief valve as a type of overpressure protection. The three most common types of hydraulic pumps currently in use are gear, piston, and vane pumps.

In a gear pump, hydraulic fluid is trapped between the body of the pump and the areas between the teeth of the pump’s two meshing gears. The driveshaft is used to power one gear while the other remains idle until it meshes with the driving gear. These pumps are what is known as fixed displacement or positive displacement because each rotation of the shaft displaces the same amount of hydraulic fluid at the same pressure. There are two basic types of gear pumps, external and internal, which will be discussed in a moment.

Gear pumps are compact, making them ideal for applications that involve limited space. They are also simple in design, making them easier to repair and maintain. Note that gear pumps usually exhibit the highest efficiency when running at their maximum speed. In general, external gear pumps can produce higher levels of pressure (up to 3,000 psi) and greater throughput than vane pumps.

External gear pumps are often found in close-coupled designs where the gear pump and the hydraulic motor share the same mounting and the same shaft. In an external gear pump, fluid flow occurs around the outside of a pair of meshed external spur gears. The hydraulic fluid moves between the housing of the pump and the gears to create the alternating suction and discharge needed for fluid flow.

External gear pumps can provide very high pressures (up to 3,000 psi), operate at high speeds (3,000 rpm), and run more quietly than internal gear pumps. When gear pumps are designed to handle even higher pressures and speeds, however, they will be very noisy and there may be special precautions that must be made.

External gear pumps are often used in powerlifting applications, as well as areas where electrical equipment would be either too bulky, inconvenient, or costly. External gear pumps can also be found on some agricultural and construction equipment to power their hydraulic systems.

In an internal gear pump, the meshing action of external and internal gears works with a crescent-shaped sector element to generate fluid flow. The outer gear has teeth pointing inwards and the inner gear has teeth pointing outward. As these gears rotate and come in and out of mesh, they create suction and discharge zones with the sector acting as a barrier between these zones. A gerotor is a special type of internal gear pump that eliminates the need for a sector element by using trochoidal gears to create suction and discharge zones.

Unlike external gear pumps, internal gear pumps are not meant for high-pressure applications; however, they do generate flow with very little pulsation present. They are not as widely used in hydraulics as external gear pumps; however, they are used with lube oils and fuel oils and work well for metering applications.

In a piston pump, reciprocating pistons are used to alternately generate suction and discharge. There are two different ways to categorize piston pumps: whether their piston is axially or radially mounted and whether their displacement is fixed or variable.

Piston pumps can handle higher pressures than gear or vane pumps even with comparable displacements, but they tend to be more expensive in terms of the initial cost. They are also more sensitive to contamination, but following strict hydraulic cleanliness guidelines and filtering any hydraulic fluid added to the system can address most contamination issues.

In an axial piston pump, sometimes called an inline axial pump, the pistons are aligned with the axis of the pump and arranged within a circular cylinder block. On one side of the cylinder block are the inlet and outlet ports, while an angled swashplate lies on the other side. As the cylinder block rotates, the pistons move in and out of the cylinder block, thus creating alternating suction and discharge of hydraulic fluid.

Axial piston pumps are ideal for high-pressure, high-volume applications and can often be found powering mission-critical hydraulic systems such as those of jet aircraft.

In a bent-axis piston pump (which many consider a subtype of the axial piston pump), the pump is made up of two sides that meet at an angle. On one side, the drive shaft turns the cylinder block that contains the pistons which match up to bores on the other side of the pump. As the cylinder block rotates, the distances between the pistons and the valving surface vary, thus achieving the necessary suction and discharge.

In a radial piston pump, the pistons lie perpendicular to the axis of the pump and are arranged radially like spokes on a wheel around an eccentrically placed cam. When the drive shaft rotates, the cam moves and pushes the spring-loaded pistons inward as it passes them. Each of these pistons has its own inlet and outlet ports that lead to a chamber. Within this chamber are valves that control the release and intake of hydraulic fluid.

In a fixed displacement pump, the amount of fluid discharged in each reciprocation is the same volume. However, in a variable displacement pump, a change to the angle of the adjustable swashplate can increase or reduce the volume of fluid discharged. This design allows you to vary system speed without having to change engine speed.

When the input shaft of a vane pump rotates, rigid vanes mounted on an eccentric rotor pick up hydraulic fluid and transport it to the outlet of the pump. The area between the vanes increases on the inlet side as hydraulic fluid is drawn inside the pump and decreases on the outlet side to expel the hydraulic fluid through the output port. Vane pumps can be either fixed or variable displacement, as discussed for piston pumps.

Vane pumps are used in utility vehicles (such as those with aerial ladders or buckets) but are not as common today, having been replaced by gear pumps. This does not mean, however, that they are not still in use. They are not designed to handle high pressures but they can generate a good vacuum and even run dry for short periods of time.

There are other key aspects to choosing the right hydraulic pump that goes beyond deciding what type is best adapted to your application. These pump characteristics include the following:

Selecting a pump can be very challenging, but a good place to start is looking at the type of pump that you need. Vane pumps have been largely replaced by compact, durable gear pumps, with external gear pumps working best for high pressure and operating speeds while internal gear pumps are able to generate flow with very little pulsation. However, vane pumps are still good for creating an effective vacuum and can run even when dry for short periods of time. Piston pumps in general are more powerful but, at the same time, more susceptible to contamination.

Whether the pump is needed for the rugged world of mining, the sterile world of food and beverage processing, or the mission-critical aerospace industry, MAC Hydraulics can assist you with selecting, installing, maintaining, and repairing the right pump to meet the needs of your hydraulic system. In the event of a breakdown, our highly skilled technicians can troubleshoot and repair your pump — no matter who the manufacturer happens to be. We also offer on-site services that include common repairs, preventative maintenance, lubrication, cleaning, pressure testing, and setting.

Gear pumps have very few moving parts. They consist of two intermeshing gears. These pumps have a constant flow rate. They operate at pressures generally between 50 and 210 bar. Gear pumps operate at the highest speeds of any pumps at up to 3000-6000 rpm.

In an external-gear pump, only one of the gear wheels, the drive gear, is connected to the drive. The other gear wheel, the driven gear, rotates in the opposite direction, so that the teeth of the rotating gear wheels interlock.

There are also double external-gear pumps, which combine two gear pumps driven by the same coupling shaft. A double external-gear pump has the advantage of supplying two independent hydraulic circuits, and also provides more flow to one circuit.

The type of pump you choose for your power unit affects the nature of the HPU build. Pump choice boils down to cost, complexity and performance. There are three major types of pumps: the gear pump, the vane pump and the piston pump. There are other, less common pumps, but we’ll stick to these three for this discussion.

Gear pumps are economical, but on the low end of the efficiency range. They’re reliable and durable, but efficiency tends to drop over time. Remember, a pump’s job is to convert incoming mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, and the more efficiently it does so not only allows you to choose a smaller motor, but more efficiency saves you money over time. Traditional spur gear pumps average about 80% efficiency, meaning your 10 input horsepower will net you 8 hydraulic horsepower.

Vane pumps reside in the middle ground between gear and piston pumps. They’re more efficient than gear pumps, but less so than piston pumps. Vane pumps are quiet, making them popular for industrial applications. They’re also available with myriad control options, such as pressure compensation, load sensing and displacement control. Vane pumps typically cannot handle high-pressure circuits, however.

Piston pumps take up the premium end of the range. They’re capable of very high pressure, and have nearly infinite methods of control, including pressure compensation, load sensing, servo control, horsepower control, etc. They’re also very efficient; some designs are capable of 95% efficiency, allowing you to get the most from your prime mover. Their downside is cost, both for initial investment, and for service and repair.

Hydraulic pumps are used for a variety of purposes, including moving liquids and gases. The best brands for hydraulic pumps can be a crucial part of your business, so it’s important to do your research before making a purchase. In this article, we’ll take a look at some of the best brands out there and recommend which ones might be right for you.

Rexroth pumps are known for their quality and reliability. They are often used in industries such as manufacturing, construction, and agriculture. Their pumps are also approved by many government agencies, including the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This means that they are guaranteed to meet all safety requirements.

Another reason why Rexroth pumps are so popular is their price tag. They are usually cheaper than other brands, which makes them a good option for budget-conscious businesses. Plus, Rexroth pumps tend to last longer than other brands, which is a bonus.

Keeping a market expectations mindset, Bosch Rexroth is setting a new standard for hydraulic pumps with continuous development at the highest standards and quality. Rexroth pumps are designed for high reliability and efficiency.

The lineup of pumps includes: Axial Piston Pumps, External Gear Pumps, Internal Gear Pumps, Gerotor Pumps, Vane Pumps, Radial Piston Pumps and Electro-hydraulic Pumps.

Rexroth pumps are designed as a solution point of view where the products are compatible with each other in order to provide a whole portfolio for our customers.

To help keep your systems operating safely and at maximum efficiency, Rexroth offers a wide range of pump accessories. Replacement seals, safety valve, mounting flanges, brackets, and adapters make installation easier and faster.

Continuous development within hydraulic pumps industry and latest technologies at the highest level of development Bosch Rexroth will always provide the best matched reliable products for your business.

One of the best brands for hydraulic pumps is Kawasaki. They have a wide range of products, from small pump systems to large engines. Their quality is always top notch, and their customer service is excellent.

Together with about 100 group companies in Japan and overseas, Kawasaki Heavy Industries oversees the formation of a “technology corporate group.” Our technological capabilities, polished over a history that exceeds a century, send diverse products forth into wide-ranging fields that go beyond land, sea, and air, extending from the ocean depths to space. Our aerospace division is active in products ranging from aircraft to satellites. The products that our rolling stock division delivers to the world include Shinkansen and New York subway cars, while our ship and offshore structure division’s products range from gas carriers and large tankers to submarines, and our energy solutions division covers the spectrum from development and manufacture of energy equipment to management systems.

We are also active in wide-ranging businesses driven by diverse and high-level engineering technologies, including environmental and recycling plants, industrial plants, precision machinery, industrial robots, and infrastructure equipment. Finally, we operate our leisure and power products business that features the motorcycles known as the Kawasaki brand. Through the development of unique and broad businesses unmatched elsewhere, we will continue to create new values that solve the issues facing our customers and society.

Wide range of Kawasaki products contribute designing highly efficient and controllable hydraulic system based on many year research and development and the market experiences.

One of the best brands for hydraulic pumps is Linde. Linde supplies pumps to a wide range of industries, including oil and gas, construction, and water resources. They have a wide range of products that are perfect for different applications.

Linde pumps are some of the most reliable on the market. They are built to last and are designed to handle harsh conditions. Their hydraulics are also some of the most accurate in the industry. This means that they can produce high levels of pressure without causing damage to the equipment or the surrounding environment.

We – Linde Hydraulics – develop, produce and globally supply modular drive systems consisting of hydraulics, power transmissions and electronics. As a leading technology provider in the field of high pressure hydraulics, the systems produced by us set the standard in terms of significantly reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions.

Our product range comprises hydraulic pumps and motors, valves, electronic controls and peripheral devices. We are a development partner and supplier of a number of reputable manufacturers of mobile work machinery, including construction, mining, agricultural, forestry and municipal utility machines, as well as manufacturers of industrial machinery.

When it comes to hydraulic pumps, Eaton is one of the most trusted brands on the market. Eaton hydraulic pumps are used in a variety of industries, including construction, mining, and agricultural. They are also some of the most popular pumps for use in industrial applications.

Eaton hydraulic pumps are built with durability in mind. They are designed to withstand a lot of wear and tear. This means that they will last for years without any problems. Eaton hydraulic pumps also have a wide range of features and capabilities. This makes them perfect for a variety of applications.

Denison hydraulic pumps are designed to be rugged and flexible. They can handle a variety of different pressures and temperatures, which means they can be used in a wide range of industries.

Another advantage of Denison hydraulic pumps is their price. They are typically cheaper than other brands, which makes them a good option for small businesses that don’t have a lot of money to spend.

We stock remanufactured and new aftermarket Denison® pumps and motors. Including: M4 T6, T67, T7, P6, P7, M6, M7, M8, P14, M14 series. Many units are in stock and available for immediate delivery. All units are fully tested and set to OEM specifications before leaving any of our facilities and are backed by an industry leading warranty.

These cast iron compact, external gear pumps are designed to pump fluids with lubricating qualities. Haldex GC Series pumps are ideal for use in a wide variety of material handling, agricultural and construction equipment, robotics, and machine tools.

Haldex hydraulic pumps are some of the strongest and most reliable pumps available. They are also very easy to use, which makes them perfect for a variety of applications.

Haldex hydraulic pumps are perfect for businesses that need to maintain high levels of production. Their reliability ensures that businesses can continue to operate at high levels even in tough conditions.

Parker’s Hydraulic Pump and Power Systems Division provides a broad selection of piston pumps, hydraulic motors and power units that help our customers meet their industrial and mobile application needs. Our division is the result of the Parker piston pump business’s acquisition of Denison Hydraulics and merger with the Parker Oildyne Division.

Reach higher hydraulic working pressures, get better reliability, higher efficiencies, and achieve lower operating costs and improved productivity on your heavy-duty equipment with Parker’s line of piston pumps and vane pumps, electro-hydraulic actuators, hydraulic motors and power units, piston motors and hydrostatic transmissions.

Parker hydraulic pumps are some of the most reliable on the market. They are able to handle a variety of applications, including oil and gas production. This makes them the perfect choice for businesses that need a reliable pump.

The quality of Parker hydraulic pumps is also unparalleled. They are built with precision and care, which ensures that they Functions flawlessly. Therefore, businesses who consider purchasing a Parker pump should not hesitate because they will not be disappointed.

There are a lot of brands of hydraulic pumps available on the market, but Daikin hydraulic pump is the best choice for most applications. This is because Daikin hydraulic pump are designed specifically for hydraulic applications. They have a high degree of accuracy and reliability, which makes them perfect for a variety of applications.

Daikin hydraulic pump are also very durable. They can handle a lot of stress and pressure, which means they can be used in a variety of situations. Their versatility means that they can be used in a wide range of industries and applications.

Danfoss hydraulic pumps are some of the most reliable on the market. They are designed to withstand heavy use and are able to deliver accurate measurements. Their precision makes them ideal for use in industrial settings and in agricultural settings.

Trust our compact piston pumps to give your transmission the power it needs with the low emissions that satisfy today’s global regulations. Performance, power density and functionality are standard features of our axial piston pumps for the diverse off-highway mobile market. We have the displacement, configuration, and control option to suit your specific open or closed-circuit system.

There are a lot of brands for hydraulic pumps, but Moog is the best. Moog hydraulic pumps are built to last and are known for their quality and performance. They are also very affordable, making them a good option for small businesses and businesses that need to keep costs low.

Moog hydraulic pumps come in a variety of sizes and styles, so they can be used for a variety of applications. They can be used to pump water, oil, or gas. They are also very versatile, able to be used in both commercial and industrial settings.

Moog is the leading supplier for Radial Piston Pumps (RKP) worldwide. This mature and robust product has been used for decades and runs today in over 100,000 machines in various applications around the globe. It is widely known for its robust and reliable design.

In the current generation, Moog made significant product improvements in the design to make it quieter and more compact, while offering rapid response times and high volumetric efficiencies.

If you are in the market for a hydraulic pump, then you will want to check out the list of the best 10 brands. These brands have been known for their quality and durability when it comes to hydraulic pumps, which is why they make this list.

If you want to offer the best pipe bursting services to your customers, you need the right equipment to power the job. A hydraulic pump is a necessary tool for pipe bursting and your company should have the most powerful lateral bursting system available. Investing in the best hydraulic pump for your company will help you complete jobs in a timely manner and offer dependable power no matter the scope of work.

California-based TRIC Tools is an innovative and leading expert in the trenchless pipe repair and replacement industry. The company specializes in what they refer to as the TRIC formula: simple, modular, compact, and adaptable, and the industry leaders showcase the formula in their line of hydraulic pumps. The TRIC Tools hydraulic pumps are designed for small residential projects or major municipality repairs. When you need to power your pipe bursting job, TRIC Tools has the hydraulic pump to fit your needs.

Hammerhead Trenchless offers three models featuring 3.75 ton, 12 tons and 22 tons of pulling power to handle a wide range of jobs from 1 to 30 inches in diameter. Currently headquartered in Lake Mills, Wisconsin, the trenchless equipment company focuses on installation, repair and replacement of fiber, communication, water, sewer and gas underground infrastructure.

Hydraulic pumps from Power Team come in a wide range of sizes and power. Power Team is a product brand of SPX FLOW Inc., based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Model 5.5 - Hydraulic Pump is one of the most popular choices when more speed is needed for your lateral system.

TT Technologies is another strong option for hydraulic pumps. The brand’s products are designed for pulling CIPP liners, fold and form liners, conventional and specialty sliplining, CCTV, and cable through innerduct. TT Technologies’ Grundoburst system calls for less power than tradition pipe bursting, as the technology uses a static pipe bursting tool.

Pow-R Mole Trenchless Solutions offers hydraulic power units for residential, commercial, municipalities, and utility applications. Choose from the mini power unit to the diesel power unit, based on the needs of your company.

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The hydraulic pumps found in virtually all mobile and industrial applications today use pistons, vanes, or gears to create the pumping action that produces flow. Each method features individual characteristics that differentiate it from the others and make it suitable for a particular range of applications.

Piston pumps can have the pistons arranged in a radial or axial fashion. Radial types tend to be specialized for applications requiring very high power, while axial piston pumps are available in a wide range of displacements and pressure capabilities that make them suitable for many mobile and industrial tasks.

Axial-piston pumps consist of a set of pistons that are fitted within a cylinder block and driven by an angled swash plate powered by the input shaft. As the swash plate rotates, the pistons reciprocate in their respective cylinder block bores to provide the pumping action. (Figure 1 above)

Axial-piston pumps are available with the input shaft and pistons arranged coaxially, or with the input shaft mounted at an angle to the piston bores. Bent axis pumps tend to be slightly more volumetrically efficient for technical reasons, but they also tend to be slightly larger for a given capacity and their shape can present packaging difficulties in some applications.

A unique characteristic of a piston-type pump is that the displacement can be changed simply by changing the angle of the swash plate. Any displacement between zero and maximum is easily achieved with relatively simple actuators to change the swash plate angle.

The most commonly encountered vane-type pump generates flow using a set of vanes, which are free to move radially within a slotted rotor that rotates in an elliptical chamber. A typical configuration uses an elliptical cam ring with the rotor spinning within in a cylindrical housing and a pair of side plates to form the pumping chambers. (Figure 2) The changing volume of the cavity between adjacent vanes creates the pumping action as the rotor rotates.

It is possible to vary the displacement of a vane-type pump, but this is not commonly done except for very specialized applications. The majority of the vane-type pumps used in industrial and mobile applications have a fixed displacement.

Vane pumps can be hydraulically balanced, which greatly enhances efficiency. Some designs place the rotating group in a cartridge, which makes them very easy to repair. The entire rotating group is easily removed and replaced by simply removing the back cover, pulling out the old rotating cartridge and replacing it with a new one.

The simplest gear-type pump uses a pair of mating gears rotating in an oval chamber to produce flow. As the gears rotate, the changing size of the chambers created by the meshing and unmeshing of the teeth provides the pumping action. (Figure 3)

Another design uses an external rotating ring with internal gear teeth that mesh with an internal gear as it rotates. As the inner gear rotates, the tooth engagement creates chambers of diminishing size between the inlet and outlet positions to create flow.

A more sophisticated variant of this principle is the gerotor pump, which has a non-concentric inner and outer rotor with different numbers of teeth. As the pair rotates, the changing volume of the space between the rotors creates the pumping action. Replacing the meshing teeth of the gerotor pump with low-friction rolling elements produces a geroter pump.

All gear-type pumps have a fixed displacement. These pumps are relatively inexpensive compared to piston and vane type pumps with similar displacements, but tend to wear out more quickly and are not generally economically repairable.

Piston-type pumps have a very good service life, provided contamination and heat are controlled. They also have the highest pressure ratings, and the significant advantage of variable displacement. This makes them the best choice for applications where high efficiency and high power density are important considerations. The ability to configure piston-type pumps with both pressure sensing and load sensing capabilities is an important advantage, particularly in mobile applications.

Vane-type pumps are widely used in constant flow/constant pressure industrial applications because they are quiet and easily repaired. They also have the unique attribute of allowing a “soft start” because vane-type pumps typically do not achieve full output at speeds below about 600 rpm. This characteristic can significantly reduce the starting current requirements of electric motors driving a vane-type pump which extends motor life.

Gear pumps are very common in constant flow/constant pressure applications on mobile equipment because of their low cost and dirt tolerance. They are also widely used as charge pumps to pressurize the inlets of piston and vane pumps because of their excellent inlet vacuum tolerance.

Sizing a pump is not really dependent on which technology is chosen. In all cases, it is best to start with the load and then work back through the system calculating losses at each point. Once the theoretical pressure and flow characteristics are calculated, the input horsepower requirement can be determined. A 20% safety factor is commonly used in determining the pump input horsepower requirement to account for efficiency losses in the pump.

Mobile applications that may encounter overrunning loads often require special valve plates that alter the stroke of a piston pump more quickly than standard units. Such proper valving reduces the internal forces in the pump allowing it to come out of stroke more quickly to respond to the load condition.

You should also be aware that many pump options often are not listed in manufacturer’s catalog literature. It is always a good policy to consult with the pump manufacturer or your local representative when sizing or selecting a pump for a specific application.

Today’s hydraulic pumps are sophisticated, precision products that will enhance the customer value of the equipment they power. Knowing the characteristics of each of the common pump technologies and selecting the units that deliver the best balance of cost versus performance in your application is the best way to maximize that value.

Piston pumps have the highest pressure capabilities of the three technologies, up to 7250 psi (500 bar) for those in common use, and as high at 10,000 psi (690 bar) for certain specialized units. Vane and gear pumps are commonly limited to pressures up to about 4000 psi (275 bar).

Hydraulic power density is directly related to operating pressure; the higher the pressure the greater the power density. Piston pumps offer the highest power density with vane and gear types following in that order.

Like power density, the conversion ratio of input power to output power is directly related to operating pressure. Piston pumps offer the highest conversion ratio, followed by vane and gear pumps in that order. The ability of piston and vane pumps to be hydraulically balanced is also a factor in their greater conversion efficiency.

No hydraulic component is immune to damage from dirt! But of the three pump technologies, the gear-type is the most dirt tolerant, followed by vane and piston pumps in that order.

Positive inlet pressure is always preferred in hydraulic pump applications to avoid wear and premature failure. However, of the three technologies, gear-type pumps are the most vacuum tolerant handling vacuums up to 10 in.-Hg (254 mm-Hg). Vane-type pumps can handle inlet vacuum up to 6 in.-Hg (152.4 mm-Hg) and piston-type pumps up to 4 in.-Hg (101.6 mm-Hg).

It is worth noting that piston pumps can be significantly quieted by altering the metering notch geometry on the valve plate. Doing so, however, reduces their efficiency. There is no free lunch.

Gear pumps tend to the lightest for a given displacement, followed by vane and piston pumps in that order. Note also that all three types can be “ganged” by stacking multiple sections together. This is more commonly done with gear and vane pumps, but double piston pumps are also available.

Piston and gear pumps tend to offer the greatest range of fluid compatibilities. Note that is it often necessary to de-rate a pump when it is used with non-petroleum fluids.

Fluid compatibility depends on the type of seals, O-rings and materials used in the construction of a pump. It’s best to consult the manufacturer before using any alternative fluids.

In a condition-based maintenance environment, the decision to change out a hydraulic pump or motor is usually based on remaining bearing life or deteriorating efficiency, whichever occurs first.

Despite recent advances in predictive maintenance technologies, the maintenance professional’s ability to determine the remaining bearing life of a pump or motor, with a high degree of accuracy, remains elusive.

Deteriorating efficiency on the other hand is easy to detect, because it typically shows itself through increased cycle times. In other words, the machine slows down. When this occurs, quantification of the efficiency loss isn’t always necessary. If the machine slows to the point where its cycle time is unacceptably slow, the pump or motor is replaced. End of story.

In certain situations, however, it can be helpful, even necessary, to quantify the pump or motor’s actual efficiency and compare it to the component’s native efficiency. For this, an understanding of hydraulic pump and motor efficiency ratings is essential.

There are three categories of efficiency used to describe hydraulic pumps (and motors): volumetric efficiency, mechanical/hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency.

Volumetric efficiency is determined by dividing the actual flow delivered by a pump at a given pressure by its theoretical flow. Theoreticalflow is calculated by multiplying the pump’s displacement per revolution by its driven speed. So if the pump has a displacement of 100 cc/rev and is being driven at 1000 RPM, its theoretical flow is 100 liters/minute.

Actualflow has to be measured using a flow meter. If when tested, the above pump had an actual flow of 90 liters/minute at 207 bar (3000 PSI), we can say the pump has a volumetric efficiency of 90% at 207 bar (90 / 100 x 100 = 90%).

Its volumetric efficiency used most in the field to determine the condition of a hydraulic pump - based on its increase in internal leakage through wear or damage. But without reference to theoretical flow, the actual flow measured by the flow meter would be meaningless.

A pump’s mechanical/hydraulic efficiency is determined by dividing thetheoretical torque required to drive it by the actual torque required to drive it. A mechanical/hydraulic efficiency of 100 percent would mean if the pump was delivering flow at zero pressure, no force or torque would be required to drive it. Intuitively, we know this is not possible, due to mechanical and fluid friction.

Table 1. The typical overall efficiencies of hydraulic pumps, as shown above, are simply the product of volumetric and mechanical/hydraulic efficiency.Source: Bosch Rexroth

Like theoretical flow, theoretical drive torque can be calculated. For the above pump, in SI units: 100 cc/rev x 207 bar / 20 x p = 329 Newton meters. But like actual flow, actual drive torque must be measured and this requires the use of a dynamometer. Not something we can - or need - to do in the field. For the purposes of this example though, assume the actual drive torque was 360 Nm. Mechanical efficiency would be 91% (329 / 360 x 100 = 91%).

Overall efficiency is simply the product of volumetric and mechanical/hydraulic efficiency. Continuing with the above example, the overall efficiency of the pump is 0.9 x 0.91 x 100 = 82%. Typical overall efficiencies for different types of hydraulic pumps are shown in the Table 1.

System designers use the pump manufacturers’ volumetric efficiency value to calculate the actual flow a pump of a given displacement, operating at a particular pressure, will deliver.

As already mentioned, volumetric efficiency is used in the field to assess the condition of a pump, based on the increase in internal leakage due to wear or damage.

When calculating volumetric efficiency based on actual flow testing, it’s important to be aware that the various leakage paths within the pump are usually constant. This means if pump flow is tested at less than full displacement (or maximum RPM) this will skew the calculated efficiency - unless leakage is treated as a constant and a necessary adjustment made.

For example, consider a variable displacement pump with a maximum flow rate of 100 liters/minute. If it was flow tested at full displacement and the measured flow rate was 90 liters/minute, the calculated volumetric efficiency would be 90 percent (90/100 x 100). But if the same pump was flow tested at the same pressure and oil temperature but at half displacement (50 L/min), the leakage losses would still be 10 liters/minute, and so the calculated volumetric efficiency would be 80 percent (40/50 x 100).

The second calculation is not actually wrong, but it requires qualification: this pump is 80 percent efficient at half displacement. Because the leakage losses of 10 liters/minute are nearly constant, the same pump tested under the same conditions will be 90 percent efficient at 100 percent displacement (100 L/min) - and 0 percent efficient at 10 percent displacement (10 L/min).

To help understand why pump leakage at a given pressure and temperature is virtually constant, think of the various leakage paths as fixed orifices. The rate of flow through an orifice is dependant on the diameter (and shape) of the orifice, the pressure drop across it and fluid viscosity. This means that if these variables remain constant, the rate of internal leakage remains constant, independent of the pump"s displacement or shaft speed.

Overall efficiency is used to calculate the drive power required by a pump at a given flow and pressure. For example, using the overall efficiencies from the table above, let us calculate the required drive power for an external gear pump and a bent axis piston pump at a flow of 90 liters/minute at 207 bar:

As you’d expect, the more efficient pump requires less drive power for the same output flow and pressure. With a little more math, we can quickly calculate the heat load of each pump:

No surprise that a system with gear pumps and motors requires a bigger heat exchanger than an equivalent (all other things equal) system comprising piston pumps and motors.

Brendan Casey has more than 20 years experience in the maintenance, repair and overhaul of mobile and industrial equipment. For more information on reducing the operating cost and increasing the...

There are typically three types of hydraulic pump constructions found in mobile hydraulic applications. These include gear, piston, and vane; however, there are also clutch pumps, dump pumps, and pumps for refuse vehicles such as dry valve pumps and Muncie Power Products’ Live PakTM.

The hydraulic pump is the component of the hydraulic system that takes mechanical energy and converts it into fluid energy in the form of oil flow. This mechanical energy is taken from what is called the prime mover (a turning force) such as the power take-off or directly from the truck engine.

With each hydraulic pump, the pump will be of either a uni-rotational or bi-rotational design. As its name implies, a uni-rotational pump is designed to operate in one direction of shaft rotation. On the other hand, a bi-rotational pump has the ability to operate in either direction.

For truck-mounted hydraulic systems, the most common design in use is the gear pump. This design is characterized as having fewer moving parts, being easy to service, more tolerant of contamination than other designs and relatively inexpensive. Gear pumps are fixed displacement, also called positive displacement, pumps. This means the same volume of flow is produced with each rotation of the pump’s shaft. Gear pumps are rated in terms of the pump’s maximum pressure rating, cubic inch displacement and maximum input speed limitation.

Generally, gear pumps are used in open center hydraulic systems. Gear pumps trap oil in the areas between the teeth of the pump’s two gears and the body of the pump, transport it around the circumference of the gear cavity and then force it through the outlet port as the gears mesh. Behind the brass alloy thrust plates, or wear plates, a small amount of pressurized oil pushes the plates tightly against the gear ends to improve pump efficiency.

A cylinder block containing pistons that move in and out is housed within a piston pump. It’s the movement of these pistons that draw oil from the supply port and then force it through the outlet. The angle of the swash plate, which the slipper end of the piston rides against, determines the length of the piston’s stroke. While the swash plate remains stationary, the cylinder block, encompassing the pistons, rotates with the pump’s input shaft. The pump displacement is then determined by the total volume of the pump’s cylinders. Fixed and variable displacement designs are both available.

With a fixed displacement piston pump, the swash plate is nonadjustable. Its proportional output flow to input shaft speed is like that of a gear pump and like a gear pump, the fixed displacement piston pump is used within open center hydraulic systems.

As previously mentioned, piston pumps are also used within applications like snow and ice control where it may be desirable to vary system flow without varying engine speed. This is where the variable displacement piston pump comes into play – when the hydraulic flow requirements will vary based on operating conditions. Unlike the fixed displacement design, the swash plate is not fixed and its angle can be adjusted by a pressure signal from the directional valve via a compensator.

Flow and Pressure Compensated Combined – These systems with flow and pressure compensation combined are often called a load-sensing system, which is common for snow and ice control vehicles.

Vane pumps were, at one time, commonly used on utility vehicles such as aerial buckets and ladders. Today, the vane pump is not commonly found on these mobile (truck-mounted) hydraulic systems as gear pumps are more widely accepted and available.

Within a vane pump, as the input shaft rotates it causes oil to be picked up between the vanes of the pump which is then transported to the pump’s outlet side. This is similar to how gear pumps work, but there is one set of vanes – versus a pair of gears – on a rotating cartridge in the pump housing. As the area between the vanes decreases on the outlet side and increases on the inlet side of the pump, oil is drawn in through the supply port and expelled through the outlet as the vane cartridge rotates due to the change in area.

Input shaft rotates, causing oil to be picked up between the vanes of the pump which is then transported to pump outlet side as area between vanes decreases on outlet side and increases on inlet side to draw oil through supply port and expel though outlet as vane cartridge rotates

A clutch pump is a small displacement gear pump equipped with a belt-driven, electromagnetic clutch, much like that found on a car’s air conditioner compressor. It is engaged when the operator turns on a switch inside the truck cab. Clutch pumps are frequently used where a transmission power take-off aperture is not provided or is not easily accessible. Common applications include aerial bucket trucks, wreckers and hay spikes. As a general rule clutch pumps cannot be used where pump output flows are in excess of 15 GPM as the engine drive belt is subject to slipping under higher loads.

What separates this pump from the traditional gear pump is its built-in pressure relief assembly and an integral three-position, three-way directional control valve. The dump pump is unsuited for continuous-duty applications because of its narrow, internal paths and the subsequent likelihood of excessive heat generation.

Dump pumps are often direct mounted to the power take-off; however, it is vital that the direct-coupled pumps be rigidly supported with an installer-supplied bracket to the transmission case with the pump’s weight at 70 lbs. With a dump pump, either a two- or three-line installation must be selected (two-line and three-line refer to the number of hoses used to plumb the pump); however, a dump pump can easily be converted from a two- to three-line installation. This is accomplished by inserting an inexpensive sleeve into the pump’s inlet port and uncapping the return port.

Many dump bodies can function adequately with a two-line installation if not left operating too long in neutral. When left operating in neutral for too long however, the most common dump pump failure occurs due to high temperatures. To prevent this failure, a three-line installation can be selected – which also provides additional benefits.

Pumps for refuse equipment include both dry valve and Live Pak pumps. Both conserve fuel while in the OFF mode, but have the ability to provide full flow when work is required. While both have designs based on that of standard gear pumps, the dry valve and Like Pak pumps incorporate additional, special valving.

Primarily used on refuse equipment, dry valve pumps are large displacement, front crankshaft-driven pumps. The dry valve pump encompasses a plunger-type valve in the pump inlet port. This special plunger-type valve restricts flow in the OFF mode and allows full flow in the ON mode. As a result, the horsepower draw is lowered, which saves fuel when the hydraulic system is not in use.

In the closed position, the dry valve allows just enough oil to pass through to maintain lubrication of the pump. This oil is then returned to the reservoir through a bleed valve and small return line. A bleed valve that is fully functioning is critical to the life of this type of pump, as pump failure induced by cavitation will result if the bleed valve becomes clogged by contaminates. Muncie Power Products also offer a butterfly-style dry valve, which eliminates the bleed valve requirement and allows for improved system efficiency.

It’s important to note that with the dry valve, wear plates and shaft seals differ from standard gear pumps. Trying to fit a standard gear pump to a dry valve likely will result in premature pump failure.

Encompasses plunger-type valve in the pump inlet port restricting flow in OFF mode, but allows full flow in ON mode lowering horsepower draw to save fuel when not in use

Wear plates and shaft seals differ from standard gear pumps – trying to fit standard gear pump to dry valve likely will result in premature pump failure

Live Pak pumps are also primarily used on refuse equipment and are engine crankshaft driven; however, the inlet on a Live Pak pump is not outfitted with a shut-off valve. With a Live Pak pump, the outlet incorporates a flow limiting valve. This is called a Live Pak valve. The valve acts as an unloading valve in OFF mode and a flow limiting valve in the ON mode. As a result, the hydraulic system speed is limited to keep within safe operating parameters.

Outlet incorporates flow limiting valve called Live Pak valve – acts as an unloading valve in OFF mode and flow limiting valve in ON mode restricting hydraulic system speed to keep within safe operating parameters

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Hydraulic pumps come in different forms to accommodate a range of application requirements, from industrial die presses to heavy-duty off road equipment. One hydraulic system can vary greatly from another. For one system, a hydraulic piston pump may be the best solution, while a hydraulic gear pump may be better suited for a different one.

Powered by a hydraulic drive, a piston pump has a reciprocating positive displacement design to manage fluid flow. Pistons, or cylindrical elements within a cylinder block, create a vacuum, generated by a drive mechanism, that draws in fluid. The cylindrical chamber is pressurised by distributing energy into the fluid, compressing and forcing it towards the pump’s outlet.

Basic designs can generate about 4,000 psi, but pumps with up to 14,500 psi operating pressure are available. There are many different models that can displace a specific amount of fluid. Some allow you to adjust the displacement per revolution, which can make them more energy efficient. Piston pumps are relatively complex in design and expensive, but practical in energy-efficient applications that require high pressures and effective oil flow control.

A hydraulic gear pump is a lower-cost option, but it is quite durable, with many options available. The typical pressure rating is about 3,000 psi, but many displacement sizes and pressures can be found. Some gear pumps are rated as high as 4,500 psi, although additional valves will be needed in systems that require regular flow adjustments.

Gear pumps function by drawing fluid between their meshing gears. The adjacent gear teeth form chambers that are enclosed within the housing and pressure plates. A partial vacuum forms at the inlet where the gear teeth unmesh, allowing fluid to fill the space and be moved along the outer edge of the gears; as the gear teeth mesh again, fluid is forced out of the pump.

Both pumps use hydraulic fluid to transfer energy or generate mechanical force. Hydraulic piston pumps rely on reciprocating motion. Rotational forces are generated along an axis. Fixed and variable displacement pumps are available, as are different types, including axial, inline, bent-axis, plunger, and radial pumps, each with its own unique method of pushing fluid.

On the other hand, gear pumps move fluid via tightly aligned cogs that create suction to draw in and discharge fluid. Pumps with internal or external gears can be used, depending on the application requirements. Lobe, screw, and vane pumps are just some available types. A downside of using gear pumps is that additional devices are needed to control the desired amount of displacement, as they operate on fixed displacement only.

While gear pumps are available in a wide range of displacement sizes and pressures, and they suit various machinery applications, piston pumps offer the benefits of higher pressure ratings and are variable displacement and energy efficient. Rapid cooling means each pump is ready for the next operating cycle and can be serviced soon after shut-off.

Gear pumps typically don’t move more than 50 gallons per minute of fluid. On the other hand, some piston pumps can move hundreds of gallons per minute. Either one has advantages, depending on your hydraulic application.

Hydraulic pumps are available in different types, sizes, pressure ratings, and other specifications. It is important to choose the right pump for your hydraulic system. Gear pumps are suited for various types of machinery. Piston pumps are often found in oil field and agricultural applications, as well as in heavy-duty construction equipment. They are reliable and efficient, and they resist leakage at high speeds and pressures.

White House Products, Ltd. supplies, repairs, and maintains hydraulic gear pumps and hydraulic piston pumps from leading manufacturers. We can assist you in choosing a pump that meets your application requirements. Start browsing our catalog or register/login to view prices/availability and place an order. Contact us at +44 (0)1475 742500 for more information.

Hydraulic pumps are mechanisms in hydraulic systems that move hydraulic fluid from point to point initiating the production of hydraulic power. Hydraulic pumps are sometimes incorrectly referred to as “hydrolic” pumps.

They are an important device overall in the hydraulics field, a special kind of power transmission which controls the energy which moving fluids transmit while under pressure and change into mechanical energy. Other kinds of pumps utilized to transmit hydraulic fluids could also be referred to as hydraulic pumps. There is a wide range of contexts in which hydraulic systems are applied, hence they are very important in many commercial, industrial, and consumer utilities.

“Power transmission” alludes to the complete procedure of technologically changing energy into a beneficial form for practical applications. Mechanical power, electrical power, and fluid power are the three major branches that make up the power transmission field. Fluid power covers the usage of moving gas and moving fluids for the transmission of power. Hydraulics are then considered as a sub category of fluid power that focuses on fluid use in opposition to gas use. The other fluid power field is known as pneumatics and it’s focused on the storage and release of energy with compressed gas.

"Pascal"s Law" applies to confined liquids. Thus, in order for liquids to act hydraulically, they must be contained within a system. A hydraulic power pack or hydraulic power unit is a confined mechanical system that utilizes liquid hydraulically. Despite the fact that specific operating systems vary, all hydraulic power units share the same basic components. A reservoir, valves, a piping/tubing system, a pump, and actuators are examples of these components. Similarly, despite their versatility and adaptability, these mechanisms work together in related operating processes at the heart of all hydraulic power packs.

The hydraulic reservoir"s function is to hold a volume of liquid, transfer heat from the system, permit solid pollutants to settle, and aid in releasing moisture and air from the liquid.

Mechanical energy is changed to hydraulic energy by the hydraulic pump. This is accomplished through the movement of liquid, which serves as the transmission medium. All hydraulic pumps operate on the same basic principle of dispensing fluid volume against a resistive load or pressure.

Hydraulic valves are utilized to start, stop, and direct liquid flow in a system. Hydraulic valves are made of spools or poppets and can be actuated hydraulically, pneumatically, manually, electrically, or mechanically.

The end result of Pascal"s law is hydraulic actuators. This is the point at which hydraulic energy is transformed back to mechanical energy. This can be accomplished by using a hydraulic cylinder to transform hydraulic energy into linear movement and work or a hydraulic motor to transform hydraulic energy into rotational motion and work. Hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders, like hydraulic pumps, have various subtypes, each meant for specific design use.

The essence of hydraulics can be found in a fundamental physical fact: fluids are incompressible. (As a result, fluids more closely resemble solids than compressible gasses) The incompressible essence of fluid allows it to transfer force and speed very efficiently. This fact is summed up by a variant of "Pascal"s Principle," which states that virtually all pressure enforced on any part of a fluid is transferred to every other part of the fluid. This scientific principle states, in other words, that pressure applied to a fluid transmits equally in all directions.

Furthermore, the force transferred through a fluid has the ability to multiply as it moves. In a slightly more abstract sense, because fluids are incompressible, pressurized fluids should keep a consistent pressure just as they move. Pressure is defined mathematically as a force acting per particular area unit (P = F/A). A simplified version of this equation shows that force is the product of area and pressure (F = P x A). Thus, by varying the size or area of various parts inside a hydraulic system, the force acting inside the pump can be adjusted accordingly (to either greater or lesser). The need for pressure to remain constant is what causes force and area to mirror each other (on the basis of either shrinking or growing). A hydraulic system with a piston five times larger than a second piston can demonstrate this force-area relationship. When a force (e.g., 50lbs) is exerted on the smaller piston, it is multiplied by five (e.g., 250 lbs) and transmitted to the larger piston via the hydraulic system.

Hydraulics is built on fluids’ chemical properties and the physical relationship between pressure, area, and force. Overall, hydraulic applications allow human operators to generate and exert immense mechanical force with little to no physical effort. Within hydraulic systems, both oil and water are used to transmit power. The use of oil, on the other hand, is far more common, owing in part to its extremely incompressible nature.

Pressure relief valves prevent excess pressure by regulating the actuators’ output and redirecting liquid back to the reservoir when necessary. Directional control valves are used to change the size and direction of hydraulic fluid flow.

While hydraulic power transmission is remarkably useful in a wide range of professional applications, relying solely on one type of power transmission is generally unwise. On the contrary, the most efficient strategy is to combine a wide range of power transmissions (pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical). As a result, hydraulic systems must be carefully embedded into an overall power transmission strategy for the specific commercial application. It is necessary to invest in locating trustworthy and skilled hydraulic manufacturers/suppliers who can aid in the development and implementation of an overall hydraulic strategy.

The intended use of a hydraulic pump must be considered when selecting a specific type. This is significant because some pumps may only perform one function, whereas others allow for greater flexibility.

The pump"s material composition must also be considered in the application context. The cylinders, pistons, and gears are frequently made of long-lasting materials like aluminum, stainless steel, or steel that can withstand the continuous wear of repeated pumping. The materials must be able to withstand not only the process but also the hydraulic fluids. Composite fluids frequently contain oils, polyalkylene glycols, esters, butanol, and corrosion inhibitors (though water is used in some instances). The operating temperature, flash point, and viscosity of these fluids differ.

In addition to material, manufacturers must compare hydraulic pump operating specifications to make sure that intended utilization does not exceed pump abilities. The many variables in hydraulic pump functionality include maximum operating pressure, continuous operating pressure, horsepower, operating speed, power source, pump weight, and maximum fluid flow. Standard measurements like length, rod extension, and diameter should be compared as well. Because hydraulic pumps are used in lifts, cranes, motors, and other heavy machinery, they must meet strict operating specifications.

It is critical to recall that the overall power generated by any hydraulic drive system is influenced by various inefficiencies that must be considered in order to get the most out of the system. The presence of air bubbles within a hydraulic drive, for example, is known for changing the direction of the energy flow inside the system (since energy is wasted on the way to the actuators on bubble compression). Using a hydraulic drive system requires identifying shortfalls and selecting the best parts to mitigate their effects. A hydraulic pump is the "generator" side of a hydraulic system that initiates the hydraulic procedure (as opposed to the "actuator" side that completes the hydraulic procedure). Regardless of disparities, all hydraulic pumps are responsible for displacing liquid volume and transporting it to the actuator(s) from the reservoir via the tubing system. Some form of internal combustion system typically powers pumps.

While the operation of hydraulic pumps is normally the same, these mechanisms can be split into basic categories. There are two types of hydraulic pumps to consider: gear pumps and piston pumps. Radial and axial piston pumps are types of piston pumps. Axial pumps produce linear motion, whereas radial pumps can produce rotary motion. The gear pump category is further subdivided into external gear pumps and internal gear pumps.

Each type of hydraulic pump, regardless of piston or gear, is either double-action or single-action. Single-action pumps can only pull, push, or lift in one direction, while double-action pumps can pull, push, or lift in multiple directions.

Vane pumps are positive displacement pumps that maintain a constant flow rate under varying pressures. It is a pump that self-primes. It is referred to as a "vane pump" because the effect of the vane pressurizes the liquid.

This pump has a variable number of vanes mounted onto a rotor that rotates within the cavity. These vanes may be variable in length and tensioned to maintain contact with the wall while the pump draws power. The pump also features a pressure relief valve, which prevents pressure rise inside the pump from damaging it.

Internal gear pumps and external gear pumps are the two main types of hydraulic gear pumps. Pumps with external gears have two spur gears, the spurs of which are all externally arranged. Internal gear pumps also feature two spur gears, and the spurs of both gears are internally arranged, with one gear spinning around inside the other.

Both types of gear pumps deliver a consistent amount of liquid with each spinning of the gears. Hydraulic gear pumps are popular due to their versatility, effectiveness, and fairly simple design. Furthermore, because they are obtainable in a variety of configurations, they can be used in a wide range of consumer, industrial, and commercial product contexts.

Hydraulic ram pumps are cyclic machines that use water power, also referred to as hydropower, to transport water to a higher level than its original source. This hydraulic pump type is powered solely by the momentum of moving or falling water.

Ram pumps are a common type of hydraulic pump, especially among other types of hydraulic water pumps. Hydraulic ram pumps are utilized to move the water in the waste management, agricultural, sewage, plumbing, manufacturing, and engineering industries, though only about ten percent of the water utilized to run the pump gets to the planned end point.

Despite this disadvantage, using hydropower instead of an external energy source to power this kind of pump makes it a prominent choice in developing c