kelly bushing oil and gas brands

An adapter that serves to connect the rotary table to the kelly. The kelly bushing has an inside diameter profile that matches that of the kelly, usually square or hexagonal. It is connected to the rotary table by four large steel pins that fit into mating holes in the rotary table. The rotary motion from the rotary table is transmitted to the bushing through the pins, and then to the kelly itself through the square or hexagonal flat surfaces between the kelly and the kelly bushing. The kelly then turns the entire drillstring because it is screwed into the top of the drillstring itself. Depth measurements are commonly referenced to the KB, such as 8327 ft KB, meaning 8327 feet below the kelly bushing.

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Jiangsu Xinxiang share Co., Ltd was founded in 1994, its predecessor was established in 1955, it‘s located in high-tech industrial concentration zone of Nantong City, Jiangsu Province; near to a new developing international deep-water port Yangkou Port which commitment to ship 200,000 tons goods; world famous modern city Shanghai is only 2.5 hours away from it by car; company registered capital is 60,000,000 RMB, the total assets is 119.85 million RMB, it covers an area of 160,000 square meters and currently over 500 employees. Jiangsu Xinxiang Share Co., Ltd is "self-import and export enterprise", "private technology enterprises in Jiangsu Province", "high-tech enterprises in Jiangsu Province", it is top ten companies of the first national large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in independent innovation capacity of the industry; it accessed to API7, 7K, 8A, 8C, and has the right to use the logo, and also passed the ISO9001:2000 quality system certification in the earlier stage within the same industry.

Jiangsu Saifu Petrol- Machinery Co., Ltd is a company with high and new technology engaged in developing, manufacturing and marketing of drilling tools and spare parts. Founded in August 2000. After several years of research and innovation, the company has become an oil drilling tools manufacturing enterprise with certain manufacturing capacity.

Company covers an area of more than 40,000 square meters, registered capital 50.8 million Yuan. And its main products include manual tongs series, slips series, elevators series, elevator links series, bushing series, casing spider series and pneumatic slips series etc. There are 12 products won the national utility model patent product, one invention patent products, five high-tech products, 2 in Nantong famous brand product.

Our products have been sold to various domestic oilfields and exported to Europe, America, Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa and South-East Asia and other overseas regions. Equipped with excellent equipment, strong technique force and completed test facilities, the company constantly innovate and expand market. Now the company has become a first-level supply member of Chinese Petroleum & Natural Gas Consortium, as well as the member of China Petrochemical Material Resources Market. We have obtained the Production License issued by the nation. Strict quality control has allowed us to gain the ISO9001-2008 certificate of quality management system, ISO1400:2004 environment management system certification and GB/T28001-2011 occupational health and safety management system certification and have the right to use API Spec 7K, 8C monogram. Since 2004 and has become a network members Petrochina, CNOOC, Sinopec level, won the "private technology enterprises in Jiangsu province" title, and won the "enterprise credit AAA level" and Nantong "contract" AAA level enterprise title Exploring the way forward in practice and surpassing self in innovation, our ‘Zero Defect and Zero Distance’ service purpose is bringing us more and more business partners.

We believe that our company will usher in a new takeoff through the joint effort of all members of Saifu and love for the cause of oil drilling tools in the near future.

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Kelly bushing is that elevated device positioned right on top of the rotary table and used to transmit torque from the rotary table to the kelly. The kelly bushing is designed to be the connection between the rotary table and the kelly. The kelly is a 4 or 6 sided steel pipe.

The purpose of the rotary table is to generate the rotary action (torque) and power necessary to rotate the drillstring and drill a well. The torque generated by the rotary table is useless if it is not transferred to the kelly (the drillstring is connected to the kelly).

Hence, through the kelly bushing the torque generated at the rotary table is transferred to the kelly. To achieve this connection, the inside profile of the kelly bushing matches the outer profile of the kelly so that the kelly fits or “sits” comfortably in the kelly bushing.

There are various designs for the kelly bushing including the split type, the pin-drive type and the square-drive type. Each of these designs has different ways in which they are connected and disconnected from the rotary table.

The internal diameter of the kelly bushing can be cut into the shape of a square (4-sided) or a hexagon (6-sided) depending on the outer shape of the kelly that will be used. The internals of a Kelly bushing is designed to resemble the outer shape of a Kelly just like the insides of a key lock is cut to exactly match the outer shape of the key.

The kelly bushing is not designed to hold tightly onto the Kelly; the kelly is still permitted to move up and down through the kelly bushing. This requirement is a must since drilling cannot progress if the kelly remains on a fixed spot. As the well is drilled deeper, the kelly also moves downward through the Kelly bushing.

The kelly bushing is sometimes used as a reference point from which depth measurements can be taken. All depths must be recorded with respect to a reference point; the kelly bushing (KB) is one of the depth references used in the oil and gas industry.

The top of the kelly bushing is normally used as the depth reference.For example, 7500ft KB means 7500ft below the kelly bushing or 7500ft measured from the top of the kelly bushing down to that point in the well.

In some other cases, depths could be recorded as 7500ft MDBKB meaning 7500ft measured depth below the kelly bushing. This is mostly used when the measured depth is different from the true vertical depth of the well, common with deviated and horizontal wells.

The JOTKB MODEL 27 PDHD OR 20 PDHD are developed for pin drive master bushing for rotary table sizes from 27-1/2" to 49-1/2" having 25-3/4" and 23" dia pin center. This unit is used for heavy duty drilling operations and high torque conditions on off shore as well as on shore drilling operations, and handle Kelly sizes from 3" to 6" Square or Hexagonal.

At a previous employer a coworker came to me and told me that a group within our company had asked for all the KB (kelly bushing) elevations for every well in Colorado. I replied that it made no sense and asked my coworker to see if the reference elevations were what they really wanted. The coworker returned the next day and indicated that they had insisted on the KB elevations. We supplied the KB elevations and sure enough, about a week later they came back and asked for the reference elevations.

Data sometimes takes on an almost mystical quality, where the meaning and intent have been lost because of inaccurate use or overuse. The oil and gas industry has so many buzz words and so many things that are typically done that we sometimes lose the actual meaning of why or how things are done and worse still, fail to understand the data.

It’s really important to understand the data you’re working with – what it is, where it came from, and what it can be used for. The problem is sometimes actually harder than it seems. If we use the example above, most logs are measured from the KB elevation, correct? So you want KB elevations when normalizing logs to the sea-level datum?

Yes, most logs are measured from the KB. No, never use just the KB. Some logs are measured from the DF (derrick floor), GR (ground), or CHF (casing head flange), and there are a few other strange places logs are measured from. In today’s world, where multiple rigs can drill multiple sections of a well, the KB can have different elevations depending on the run of the log. It’s really important to put things back together on a common reference point so the logs aren’t off and formations can be correlated and depth corrected. (Side note: the definition of MSL, mean sea-level, is also probably a good topic of future discussion. It’s probably not what or where you think it is).

I really like to use the CHF as the reference elevation because after surface casing is run and cemented in, it is a constant point that has a single elevation point throughout the drilling and completion cycle. No matter what the elevation of the rig or completion is, the CHF is always at the same elevation.

So the KB is a physical place on the rig and the reference elevation is the physical place where the log was measured from. They can be the same thing but equating them everywhere will certainly create incorrect data.

Where the elevations come from is another question. Elevations are often supplied on the drilling permit, the completion report, the logs, and probably a couple of other reports.

The elevation starts when the surveyor goes out and measures precisely where the oil and gas company wants the well. Today everything is done by GPS, and the surveyor gets a latitude, longitude, and elevation. At the precise spot, the surveyor pounds a steak into the ground and ties an orange surveyor’s ribbon on it. It’s usually in some pasture and hopefully not on the side of a hill or in the middle of some pond. That does happen, however, despite the fact that the geologist spends months studying the subsurface. The thing is, they probably don’t spend more than 10 minutes looking at the surface.

A day or two before the well spuds, a bulldozer arrives and scrapes the land flat so the rig will have a solid footing while it is drilling the well. The excess dirt gets piled up so that any water gets trapped on site and doesn’t run off to the nearest stream or pond. A curious artifact often appears on one of the piles of dirt – a surveyor’s stake with an orange ribbon on it.

I’ve been at a few rig locations and as I drove on site and glanced over at the surveyor’s stick sitting in the dirt pile, I often wondered how the guys setting up the rig knew the exact spot where the hole was supposed to be located with the location stick sitting far away in the dirt. The answer is they don’t. They position the rig on the pad where it will best fit given the generator, tanks, pipe, and all the other equipment that needs to be located, along with space for parking.

Some companies will actually call back the surveyor to have him give a final elevation of the ground and of the KB and/or DF. If you’re really lucky, the company will have also asked the surveyor to respot the well location so there is an updated lat/long, but don’t count on it. One of the most shocking comments I’ve heard about well locations is, “I don’t worry about well locations anymore because everyone uses a GPS.” Yes, the surveyor used a GPS to place the stake in the ground … just before the bulldozer pushed it into the dirt pile.

If the ground elevation changed between the permit and the completion report, there’s an excellent chance the surveyor came back and resurveyed (and hopefully he also included an elevation to something permanent, like the CHF).

So the question is, now that we have established that we might have several different elevations, what is the best one to use? Oh how I wish that were the only question that needed answering. Elevations are reported to the state and elsewhere from lots of different sources. Permits, completions, activity reports, and logs are the main documents where this data can be found. Locations are a different story, and it is a rare event to see a correction.

The elevations off the log are probably the best to use. Though I have seen them wrong on the log, it’s a rare occurrence. The elevations are generally captured to support the geologist in making structure maps, so there’s a good chance they’ve been checked and verified.

So the next time you are looking for an elevation, ask yourself, what was it referenced to, what document did it come from and, probably most importantly, is it a reasonable value?

Well depth is a very important piece of information. There are several TDs and several ways to measure them. The major TDs we deal with are the driller’s total depth (DTD) and the logger’s total depth (LTD). In general, the DTD is considered to be the official depth of the well.

The LTD is a nice backup that gives confirmation that the DTD is in the ballpark. The DTD and the LTD almost never agree exactly. A lot of that has to do with cable stretch and steel drill pipe. We don’t normally think that steel drill pipe stretches, but when it’s strung together to make a length of 2-4 miles, it does indeed stretch. The pipe is also under immense tension. At the bottom of the drill pipe, near the bit, there’s special drill pipe called drill collars. Drill collars are designed to put weight on the bit and make it drill better. However, rather than adding drill collars or removing them as the well drills, they add more weight than they will ever need at the start of the well and the driller uses a brake that holds the drill string, which prevents all of the weight from ending on top of the drill bit. Too much weight and the bit will not drill straight and it will prematurely wear out the bit. If there is too little weight, the drill bit will not drill efficiently. It is this tension on the drill string that adds to the stretching.

A couple of other TDs come into play when you are drilling directional or horizontal wells. MTD is the measured total depth, which is the distance along the wellbore. The other piece of information is the true vertical depth (TVD), which is the distance of the well from the surface. There is actually one other measurement, called true vertical depth subsea (TVDSS), which is the TVD as referenced from the reference elevation. In many instances this ends up with data below the sea level and the values are negative. Think of this like a thermometer, where some values are below zero (below sea-level).

Operator is another thing that can cause confusion. Current operator and original operator can be two different companies, and often a property can be bought and sold several times. The original operator will have a lot of information with the state because they are the one who filed the permit, completion information, and other initial documentation. The current operator is the one listed on the production data file. If you are trying to match wells, never assume that two different operators are two different wells.

When working between states, well name and lease name will drive you crazy. I haven’t worked everywhere in the U.S., but my experience is they are often equivalent with a couple of exceptions. The lease name is the lessor of the minerals. However, where the state has a well name and a not a lease name, the operator is free to name the well whatever they want. In most cases they use the lease name. However, there are lots of well names with the word “lucky” in them. Prospect names are also used as the well name, which leads to some very interesting well names.

California and a couple of other states require operators to file a permit when plugging wells, recompleting them, or almost anything associated with a well. Other states just require a permit to drill and then have standard forms for plugging and other things.

Understand the origin of the data you are looking at, where it came from, and the correct use of it. Before you do any analysis, know what the limits or reasonable values of the data should be before you start.

John Fierstien is Director of Product Management for P2 Tobin Data. He started his career in oil and gas in 1978 after finishing his MS in Geology from the University of Pittsburgh and his BS in both Geology and Biology from Central Michigan University. He has worked as both a development and exploration geologist. John has been a product manager in oil and gas for the better part of the last 20 years. He’s also spoken at various meetings and conferences and written about sub-surface modeling, oil and gas software, and oil and gas data. John enjoys photography and growing his home automation system. John currently lives west of Austin, in the Texas Hill Country.

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The global kelly drive market was valued at $1.6 billion in 2021, and is projected to reach $2.3 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 3.7% from 2022 to 2031.

Report Key HighlightersThe kelly drive market is consolidated in nature with few players such as NOV Inc., SANY Group, BAUER Maschinen GmbH (Subsidiary of BAUER Group), Jereh Global Development LLC (As a Subsidiary of Jareh Group) and Liebherr-International Deutschland GmbH. that hold significant share of the market.

The study covers in-depth analysis of 16 countries from different regions including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA. In addition, country-wise data of every country has been provided for better understanding of kelly drive market dynamics in every country.

A kelly drive is a particular kind of well drilling tool which uses a section of pipe with a polygonal or splined outer surface and feeds it through a rotary table and matching kelly (mating) bushing which have the same shape or splines. The Kelly is a long, four- or six-sided steel bar having a hole bored through the center to allow drilling fluid to pass through. The kelly bushing allows the drill string to be lifted or lowered while it rotates by transferring rotating motion from the rotary table or kelly bushing to the drill string. Crewmembers make up several attachments to the kelly. The attachments include the upper kelly cock, the lower kelly cock (drill pipe safety valve), and the kelly saver sub.

Kelly drilling is one of the most used dry rotary drilling techniques. The kelly drive is used to create large-diameter bored piles (from a size of approx. 500 mm). With the increasing drilling activities is booting the kelly drive market share in coming year. The kelly drive works with almost any kind of rock and soil. According to kelly drive market forecast, the demand for short rotary drilling instruments, such as augers, core barrels, buckets, and specialized drilling tools which are used to move the dirt will be more in the market. The drill rod which is also known as a kelly bar, is a typical component of this drilling technique. The strong kelly bars enables deep drilling and help in boosting the kelly drive market trend in forecast period.

Globally, there has been a surge in oil exploration activity, which is driving the demand for kelly drive in rig and drilling industry. Apart from the pandemic time, a boom in exploration has tripled over the last five years. Kelly drive market analysis showcase the owing to a global boom in exploration of oil reserves, several oil companies are getting into the rig sector. With the ongoing expansion in petroleum products, large oil extraction companies are contracting with drilling equipment manufacturers for the rent and sale of drilling equipment. Oil exploration companies and equipment companies collaborate to provide offshore support services that can increase production. Factor such as oil exploration activities is likely to boost the market for kelly drive in near future.

Advances in technology and equipment have enabled more oil and natural gas to be recovered from the length of each well, improving production and reducing the environmental footprint of energy production. Kelly drive is cheaper however, technology is slow, inefficient, and unsafe as compared to the other technology which are present or coming in the market. These factors may restrain customers from using kelly drive; thus, hampering the market growth.

With combination of seismic surveys and drilling wells, companies are doing the search of oil reserve and deposits beneath the surface of the earth. Exploration projects can be expensive, time-consuming, and risky, drilling a well may cost tens of millions of dollars. Several factors are considered the number of wells to be drilled, recovery method, type of installation to be used, separation systems for the gas & fluids, and how the oil and gas will be transported to a processing facility. High demand for the petroleum products in the market resulting into several new excavations projects in different regions. This factor is anticipated to increase the sales of kelly drive; thus, creating lucrative kelly drive market opportunities.

The kelly drive market is segmented into product type, and region. On the basis of product type, the market is bifurcated into cleaners, braking oil, grease and lubes, degreaser, and others. Region-wise, the market is studied across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.

In 2021, the square kelly segment was the largest revenue generator, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 3.6% during the forecast period. With the increasing horizontal drilling operations result in increasing demand for square kelly in the market. To increase the output from a single well, drilling square kelly equipment are being used frequently in the market. Square Kelly is advantageous for end-users, however equipment can be used for both onshore and offshore drilling operations. Drilling activities are becoming more challenging which are demanding the high quality of kelly equipment. Several oil firms engage in new types of drilling on land, such as horizontal well drilling which covers a significantly larger area under the earth. With the increasing horizontal well drilling creates the opportunity for square kelly segment in global kelly drive market.

In 2021, the kelly bar segment was the largest revenue generator, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 4.0% during the forecast period. With the increasing number of excavation projects and finding of deep oil reserves will increase the demand for kelly bars in the market. Companies are entering into the agreement for the drilling operations which is driving the kelly bars market. Today, reserves are found very deep under the land of sea which require the high strength bars for handling the pressure. Vertical and horizontal drilling activities are increasing which is increasing the demand for different shapes of kelly bars.

In 2021, the onshore segment was the largest revenue generator, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% during the forecast period. The rise in production activities and decrease in non-productive time are anticipated to propel the market for the onshore segment during the coming years. The onshore oilfields in North America and LAMEA have witnessed a high market share, regions mainly focus on efficiency improvement, decline in non-productive drilling activity time, and enhancement in health, safety, and environment aspects while drilling.

The North America kelly drive market size is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The region is experiencing more drilling activities of oil and gas extraction as the demand for oil-related goods rises worldwide. Kelly drive equipment is particularly helpful for drilling through hard rock and getting to the oil deposits. The Kelly Drive can be used to reduce operational expenses in drilling operations. For field operators and engineers, it ensures long-term project success and a high rate of return.

LAMEA was the second-largest contributor in terms of revenue in the global kelly drive market in 2021, and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 3.8% during the forecast period. Accelerated investment across the upstream sector along with crude oil price recovery will foster the drilling activities in the region. Robust growth in petrochemical products demand along with increase in industrial and commercial activities across the developing economies will boost the kelly drive market growth in LAMEA region.

For instance, The natural gas production in Saudi Arabia has been planned to increase by two-fold in the coming decade, which is expected to result in increased drilling activities related to gas production.

The leading players operating in the global kelly drive market include, NOV Inc., SANY Group, BAUER Maschinen GmbH (Subsidiary of BAUER Group), Jereh Global Development LLC (As a Subsidiary of Jareh Group) and Liebherr-International Deutschland GmbH, Bridges Equipment LTD, Lake Petro., TEXAS INTERNATIONAL OILFIELD TOOLS, LTD, Goldman, Tianhe Oil Group Co. Ltd., XI"AN KINGWELL OILFIELD MACHINERY CO.,LTD, El Didi Group.

Key benefits for stakeholdersPorter’s five forces analysis helps analyze the potential of buyers & suppliers and the competitive scenario of the industry for strategy building.

It outlines the current Kelly drive market trends and future estimations from 2021 to 2031 to understand the prevailing opportunities and potential investment pockets.

The invasion of Russia has further worsened an already precarious scenario for the energy and drilling markets, notably in Europe. To minimize the possibility of an interruption in Russian oil and gas supply, oil and gas corporations must collaborate with governments. In longer term, the sector needs to increase its adaptability and relevance in a rapidly evolving energy environment. The scenario brought about by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine influences the Kelly Drive market as well. Many projects that were previously underway in the nations are now on hold, and new projects are being delayed, which has slowed the market"s expansion in recent years.

Just like no two people are alike, neither are two wells. It doesn’t matter if the wells are located in the same area, utilize the same equipment, or if they are drilled into with the same oil-bearing formation; the outcomes of the drilling procedure relies on a wide variety of variables. This can include: people, equipment, company procedures, and more; and in order to be a successful lease pumper, you will need to understand these eight important areas.

Every signed oil well drilling contract includes some form of conditions and agreements. For example, the drilling rig contractor will agree to a specific drilling depth, financial obligations, or where the well will be drilled. Once everything has been agreed upon, the drilling rig will be moved in to prepare for drilling. This is most commonly referred to as the MIRU, or the “Move In and Rig Up”; and in most cases, will include drilling with a jackknife rig instead of the derricks that are built in place. Other important personnel often comprise of:

Typically the company representative is one of the senior members of the crew (such as the tool pusher), the owner of the company (this generally occurs in small oil companies.), or another official representative for the company. Since the company pays the full cost of drilling and owns the new well once completed, the company representative will oversea every operational aspect from building roads to installation of the wellhead. In many cases, the company representative also makes the final decisions regarding the formation tests.

Commonly referred to as the derrick man, a derrick worker cannot be afraid of heights. This position requires working high above the floor, and is used during regular operations to help when the pipe is being pulled or run. In many of the modern rigs, a rack will vertically hold various sections of drill pipe along the side of the derrick. Each is then added to the drilling string as the bit makes it way deeper and deeper into the ground.

One of the common duties of derrick workers is to add (or remove) sections of pipe from the drill string. During drilling, the pipe is added the deeper into the ground they drill; while sections are removed from the drill string and pulled out of the ground once the drilling has been complete. Sections of pipe are also removed for replacement, or to deal with any drilling issues.

The rig crew typically consists of four to five people, with the driller in charge of the group.  He/she will generally operate the draw works (a structure made of cables and pulleys used to run the pipe into the well), and often performs the tool pusher’s duties when they are away or off work.

While running and pulling pipe, there are always two floor workers. These two personal are generally referred to as either roughnecks or floor hands, with the more experienced worker being referred to as the lead. The lead operates the lead tong, while the other floor worker operates the back-up tong (or back-up). In most cases, these workers are the most inexperienced members of the rig crew.

In a five person rig crew, the fifth individual is commonly referred to as the motor worker (also known as the motor man). The motor man is one of the most experienced workers, and will often relieve the driller during times off. He/she may also be required to catch drilling samples.

Every drilling company provides a supervisor for the rig during the drilling of the well. While more and more crews have taken on titles like drilling engineer, production engineer, or other comparable titles; at one point in time, this individual was only referred to as the tool pusher.

The tool pusher is in charge of both the drilling rig, and every moving part on that rig. It is their job to purchase and rig supplies, supervise the rig personnel, and to oversea all the drilling procedures. Due to today’s technological advances making communicating easier, tool pushers may also be in charge of more than one rig at a time; and therefore, may not always be present at a specific location. Due to the vital importance of having this type of supervision required for around-the-clock drilling operations, the tool pusher is often supplied some sort of small domicile (ex. small mobile home) at the well site. This allows them the ability to remain onsite for days at a time in the event any problems arise.

While the rig is moved onto the lease for drilling a new well, a lease pumper can often be required to handle operation related duties. For example, most drilling rigs utilize anywhere from two to four steel mud pits. These pits (generally lined with some form of plastic liner) are used to hold any excess fluids or drilling cuttings; with the first pit will have a shale shaker built on the top to permit the drilling mud to fall through the screen.

During drilling operations, lease pumpers are often responsible for looking out for the landowner’s interests, especially for contracted drilling. This includes making sure the mud pit is properly fenced. Otherwise, the livestock could try to get into the pit to drink the water, or eat any trash or greasy rags left behind.  However, due to the fact mud pits can take several weeks or even months to dry out enough to be leveled out; this duty doesn’t end once the hole is finished. In fact, after the rig is no longer active, the landowner will still anticipate the lease pumper to preserve a clean and well-fenced pit to protect their livestock from harm.

Another common responsibility of lease pumpers is maintaining the well records, with one of the most important sets being the downhole measurements. These measurements document the dimensions of every single section of pipe used in the well, and are vital to knowing the size of pumps, tools, or other supplies required to pass through or be used on the pipe (including any required components to complete the installation).

Tubing – Refers to the moveable strings of pipe that can be easily pulled and run back in whenever working the well. The tubing is located inside of the casing, and is measured by the outside diameter.

In order to accurately determine the location of the perforations, the depth of the well, or various other vital features to the production; downhole measurements must be captured accurately. Each measurement is made to the nearest one hundredth of a foot (all rig tapes use the same measurement system) to allow numbers to easily be used by a conventional calculator. This would be equivalent to taking each foot and dividing it into ten equal parts, and then taking each of those sections and dividing them into ten more parts. For example, if you have three pipe lengths measuring: 20 feet 3/32″, 20; 4 5/16″, and 19′ 9 1/4″; using this system, your measurements would be: 20.09, 20.36, and 19.77.

As the crew drills the well, the distances are calculated starting from the top of kelly bushing (refers to the sliding bushing located on the drilling rig floor on top of the rotary table that permits the drill kelly  to go down through it when the pipe is turning and the hole is drilled.

Once the casing pipe is permanently cemented into the hole (or set) and either the braiden head or wellhead installed, the measurements from the top of the wellhead to the top of the kelly bushing are calculated and subtracted from all drilling records. This allows precise well records for once the drilling rig is no longer there.

Since the majority of the water we drink comes from underground fresh water reservoirs, one of the most important considerations in drilling a new well is protecting any fresh water areas. Therefore, the string of surface casing bottom has to properly extend below the fresh water zones. The surface hole must also be drilled to a depth deep enough for it to pass through any loose materials you may encounter until the stable rock is encountered, and the surface pipe is set.

Below the surface casing is placed (aka ‘run in the hole’), it is diligently inspected and measured; and often times, each of the couplings are welded to help prevent any future leaks from occurring. Once complete, the scratchers and centralizers (bow shaped strips of steel used to hold the pipe in place away from the walls and in the center of the hole) are installed on the pipe (See Figure 2).

Scratchers are used to help the cement to be able to bond the pipe and the walls of the hold. Their job is to remove the caked-on drilling mud, and it is done by raising and lowering the pipe several times into the hole to allow the scraper to loosen the material. As the crew pumps the cement down into the hole (going through the casing) and out the bottom, it will rise up towards the surface on the outside of the casing creating a good cemented bond all the way around the entire pipe from the bottom to the surface. The pipe is then left in place even when the well is plugged.

Depending upon the depth of the well, some may require a second string of pipe above the production reservoir. (This section is also cemented into place.) Often times, this second string of casing is installed to correct any adverse hole conditions. These reasons could include: gas, heaving, high pressure, lost circulation zones, or sloughing.

Each and every additional string of casing placed in the hole will use a smaller bit. This allows for the new bit to go inside the new casing and to drill out through the bottom. In most cases, it will go all the way to the reservoir; yet in deeper wells, rig crews may install string of casings comprising of each string of casing successively getting smaller in diameter. This is typically completed for financial reasons, or due to the physical limits of the casing string.

To begin, a moderately large casing is used from the surface and partially down into the hole; following it with a slightly smaller string of drill pipe and bit. At the bottom of each string of casing, a casing hanger is installed to permit the next section of pipe to be lowered into place through the current section, before it is firmly attached and cemented permanently into place. As the crew runs the casing, they may also use a technique known as floating the pipe in; which requires filling the casing with drilling mud to prevent it from collapsing under the extremely high external pressure.

When a drilling break (an indicator the formation is more porous and cause the drilling bit to cut into the earth in an abrupt increase) occurs one of the more imperative decisions the drilling supervisor must make is determining how to proceed. Often times, this permeable layer can hold different hydrocarbons (ex. natural gas, crude oil). Thankfully by taking everything into consideration (ex. the location and/or distance to the bottom of the well, how fast the crew is operating the pump, the amount of space outside of the drill pipe, etc.) the crew and/or supervisor can determine exactly how long it will be before the drilling break zone cuttings are able to reach the surface.

Once these cuttings arrive, a crew member will catch samples and use these to test under a black light (aka ultraviolet light). If crude oil is present, the black light will cause the sample to glow. Unfortunately, high mud pressure can prevent a good cutting sample from reaching the surface. To overcome this issue, one answer is to perform drill stem testing.

Typically time and/or allowances are allotted in the contract to provide the rig crew time to run the pipe and cement it into place. Generally during any time the rig stops drilling, the lease operator (or production company) will compensate the crew by paying by the hour, or through some other appropriate amount of compensation for the rig crew during any time spent cementing, running pipe, and/or waiting for the cement to set (drilling reports often refer to this as waiting on cement).

As with any type of drilling, as the bit is used the tooth sharpness and diameter will slowly wear away; and when the bit diameter shrinks, so does the diameter of the hole being drilled. To avoid this issue, a reamer is placed right behind the bit. This sequence of rolling cones rotates is the bit turns, and widens the hole slightly larger. Typically this will take one time of reaming the hole to be sufficient.

Due to factors like formation density, uneven drill bit wear, drill pipe flexing, and various other situations that can cause the hole to deviate from the its true vertical depth(the vertical distance from the well to the surface); you typically are unable to drill a straight hole to the oil reservoir. Nonetheless, the hole is still generally viable for oil production.

For the best results when drilling the hole, an incessant series of decisions will be used to adjust the drilling method. This includes considering all aspects from getting the best life and performance out of your drilling bits, to the location of the hole, to what choices you should make to ensure good drilling progress. Typically there are two main ways to control these types of factors:

In most cases, the maximum penetration rate (and the straight hole) are maintained by applying the correct bit, drill pipe weight, and bit RPM. You need a good balance of these factors to determine the proper adjustments for your conditions (such as formation density or any hole depth changes).

Any formation the drill bit comes across that is not horizontal, tends to climb uphill. This can easily be solved by applying more drill collars on top of the reamer. The extra drill collars will add more weigh, and thus make the pipe more inflexible. Sadly, drill collars will not solve all your drilling issues. For instance, another common issue is when the drill bit gets stuck in the grooves (also referred to as key seats) located on the sides of the hole.

Key seats are created when the drill pipe bends under the high pressures and rubs along the sides of the hole. The connections (the lined ends of the drill pipe) are generally larger in diameter than the drill pipe’s body (or tube).  Since these connections are larger than the rest of the pipe’s diameter, it is common to get stuck in the key seats. This is especially true when the rig crew begins to remove the drill bit back out of the hole.

Formations never have the same density throughout the entire distance to the production zone; and because of this, bit wear, and flexes in the drill pipe, it is very rare the rig crew will experience a hole that goes straight down. In fact, most cases will generally have a twisted profile like a corkscrew; and due to this, the tubing string is likely to rub against the casing when it comes into contact with the various bends. This rubbing will eventually cause the tubing or casing to wear, and in turn, produces even more problems for drilling operations; such as:

1.Please provide the original brand, model and drawing number of accessories of the equipment you are using. If you do not know the specific name of the accessories of the wellhead equipment or tools, you can provide the pictures as the supporting evidence, and we will transfer them to the technology department for verification.

4.If you need accurate weight and size, please indicate them in the mail together, and we will provide CIF price to facilitate your freight calculation.

5.For wellhead equipment accessories, we provide export fumigation free wood packaging, and the cylinder liner is frame packaging. If you need iron box packaging, please inform in advance.

SPECTRUM DRILLING TOOLS INTERNATIONAL(SPECTRUM) is located in the mesmerizing Sun City of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, and engaged in manufacturing of highly precise and quality products within micron accuracy to feed the requirement of Oil & Gas Industries and other large scale industries engaged in manufacturing of most sophisticated machinery and equipment.

The company is an established and approved manufacturer/supplier in major Oil & Gas companies and shipping companies in India. Also engaged in exporting of products to the USA, UAE, and Singapore, etc., and having authorized supply house in UAE. Our highly skilled team and process engineers are capable of manufacturing a wide range of Oilwell Drilling Rig Equipment, Drilling tools, assemblies, components, and spare parts to cater to all Oil & Gas Industries internationally as per International standards and also other precious equipment, components, assemblies and spare parts as per customer"s requirements and specifications/drawings.

This is backed up by Besides above, the company is having a well-trained Team of Quality Assurance Engineers with all types of in-house testing facilities as per international standards to ensure the quality, durability, and safety of our products. The company ensures the testing and inspection of the following vital tests or as applicable to meet the requirement. Chemical Test Mechanical Test Structural Analysis Impact Test Radiographic Test Ultrasonic Test MPI Test Torque Test Proof Load Test We are also having the authorization of various renowned Oil & Gas equipment manufacturing companies to sell their products in India and abroad. We are one of the established sources to supply such products to Oil & Gas Giant companies in India. World-class brand of automated machines such as CNC VTL cum Turn-mill, Vertical Machine Centre (VMC), CNC Lathe machine etc. of Doosan Make, South Korea.