definition of kelly hose free sample

A large-diameter (3- to 5-in inside diameter), high-pressure flexible line used to connect the standpipe to the swivel. This flexible piping arrangement permits the kelly (and, in turn, the drillstring and bit) to be raised or lowered while drilling fluid is pumped through the drillstring. The simultaneous lowering of the drillstring while pumping fluid is critical to the drilling operation.

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A kelly drive is a type of well drilling device on an oil or gas drilling rig that employs a section of pipe with a polygonal (three-, four-, six-, or eight-sided) or splined outer surface, which passes through the matching polygonal or splined kelly (mating) bushing and rotary table. This bushing is rotated via the rotary table and thus the pipe and the attached drill string turn while the polygonal pipe is free to slide vertically in the bushing as the bit digs the well deeper. When drilling, the drill bit is attached at the end of the drill string and thus the kelly drive provides the means to turn the bit (assuming that a downhole motor is not being used).

The kelly is the polygonal tubing and the kelly bushing is the mechanical device that turns the kelly when rotated by the rotary table. Together they are referred to as a kelly drive. The upper end of the kelly is screwed into the swivel, using a left-hand thread to preclude loosening from the right-hand torque applied below. The kelly typically is about 10 ft (3 m) longer than the drill pipe segments, thus leaving a portion of newly drilled hole open below the bit after a new length of pipe has been added ("making a connection") and the drill string has been lowered until the kelly bushing engages again in the rotary table.

The kelly hose is the flexible, high-pressure hose connected from the standpipe to a gooseneck pipe on a swivel above the kelly and allows the free vertical movement of the kelly while facilitating the flow of the drilling fluid down the drill string. It generally is of steel-reinforced rubber construction but also assemblies of Chiksan steel pipe and swivels are used.

The kelly is below the swivel. It is a pipe with either four or six flat sides. A rotary bushing fits around the flat sides to provide the torque needed to turn the kelly and the drill string. Rollers in the bushing permit the kelly free movement vertically while rotating. Since kelly threads would be difficult to replace, normally the lower end of the kelly has saver sub — or a short piece of pipe — that can be refurbished more cheaply than the kelly. Usually, a ball valve, called the lower kelly cock, is positioned between the kelly and the kelly saver sub. This valve is used for well control if the surface pressure becomes too high for the rotary hose or surface conditions.

According to the ″Dictionary of Petroleum Exploration, Drilling and Production″, ″[The] kelly was named after Michael J. (King) Kelly, a Chicago baseball player (1880-1887) who was known for his base running and long slides.″

The space around a pipe in a well bore, the outer wall of which may be the wall of either the bore hole or the casing; sometimes termed the annular space.†

One or more valves installed at the wellhead to prevent the escape of pressure either in the annular space between the casing and the drill pipe or in open hole (for example, hole with no drill pipe) during drilling or completion operations. See annular blowout preventer and ram blowout preventer.†

A blowout preventer that uses rams to seal off pressure on a hole that is with or without pipe. It is also called a ram preventer. Ram-type preventers have interchangeable ram blocks to accommodate different O.D. drill pipe, casing, or tubing.†

A heavy, flanged steel fitting connected to the first string of casing. It provides a housing for slips and packing assemblies, allows suspension of intermediate and production strings of casing, and supplies the means for the annulus to be sealed off. Also called a spool.†

A pit in the ground to provide additional height between the rig floor and the well head to accommodate the installation of blowout preventers, ratholes, mouseholes, and so forth. It also collects drainage water and other fluids for disposal.†

The arrangement of piping and special valves, called chokes, through which drilling mud is circulated when the blowout preventers are closed to control the pressures encountered during a kick.†

A centrifugal device for removing sand from drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the pumps. It may be operated mechanically or by a fast-moving stream of fluid inside a special cone-shaped vessel, in which case it is sometimes called a hydrocyclone.†

A centrifugal device, similar to a desander, used to remove very fine particles, or silt, from drilling fluid. This keeps the amount of solids in the fluid to the lowest possible level.†

A small enclosure on the rig floor used as an office for the driller or as a storehouse for small objects. Also, any small building used as an office or for storage.†

The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a large winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem and bit.†

The cutting or boring element used in drilling oil and gas wells. Most bits used in rotary drilling are roller-cone bits. The bit consists of the cutting elements and the circulating element. The circulating element permits the passage of drilling fluid and uses the hydraulic force of the fluid stream to improve drilling rates.†

The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe 30 feet long are coupled together with tool joints.†

A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on sheaves of the crown block and traveling block (in effect a block and tackle). Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or into a well. Also, a wire rope used to support the drilling tools.†

The heavy square or hexagonal steel member suspended from the swivel through the rotary table. It is connected to the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn the drill stem as the rotary table turns.†

A device fitted to the rotary table through which the kelly passes. It is the means by which the torque of the rotary table is transmitted to the kelly and to the drill stem. Also called the drive bushing.†

A portable derrick capable of being erected as a unit, as distinguished from a standard derrick, which cannot be raised to a working position as a unit.†

The derrickman"s working platform. Double board, tribble board, fourable board; a monkey board located at a height in the derrick or mast equal to two, three, or four lengths of pipe respectively.†

Shallow bores under the rig floor, usually lined with pipe, in which joints of drill pipe are temporarily suspended for later connection to the drill string.†

A series of open tanks, usually made of steel plates, through which the drilling mud is cycled to allow sand and sediments to settle out. Additives are mixed with the mud in the pit, and the fluid is temporarily stored there before being pumped back into the well. Mud pit compartments are also called shaker pits, settling pits, and suction pits, depending on their main purpose.†

A diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), natural gas, or gasoline engine, along with a mechanical transmission and generator for producing power for the drilling rig. Newer rigs use electric generators to power electric motors on the other parts of the rig.†

A hole in the rig floor 30 to 35 feet deep, lined with casing that projects above the floor. The kelly is placed in the rathole when hoisting operations are in progress.†

Shallow bores under the rig floor, usually lined with pipe, in which joints of drill pipe are temporarily suspended for later connection to the drill string.†

A mud pit in which a supply of drilling fluid has been stored. Also, a waste pit, usually an excavated, earthen-walled pit. It may be lined with plastic to prevent soil contamination.†

The hose on a rotary drilling rig that conducts the drilling fluid from the mud pump and standpipe to the swivel and kelly; also called the mud hose or the kelly hose.†

The principal component of a rotary, or rotary machine, used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling assembly. It has a beveled gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an opening into which bushings are fitted to drive and support the drilling assembly.

A series of trays with sieves or screens that vibrate to remove cuttings from circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations. The size of the openings in the sieve is selected to match the size of the solids in the drilling fluid and the anticipated size of cuttings. Also called a shaker.†

Wedge-shaped pieces of metal with teeth or other gripping elements that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into the hole or to hold pipe in place. Rotary slips fit around the drill pipe and wedge against the master bushing to support the pipe. Power slips are pneumatically or hydraulically actuated devices that allow the crew to dispense with the manual handling of slips when making a connection. Packers and other down hole equipment are secured in position by slips that engage the pipe by action directed at the surface.†

A relatively short length of chain attached to the tong pull chain on the manual tongs used to make up drill pipe. The spinning chain is attached to the pull chain so that a crew member can wrap the spinning chain several times around the tool joint box of a joint of drill pipe suspended in the rotary table. After crew members stab the pin of another tool joint into the box end, one of them then grasps the end of the spinning chain and with a rapid upward motion of the wrist "throws the spinning chain"-that is, causes it to unwrap from the box and coil upward onto the body of the joint stabbed into the box. The driller then actuates the makeup cathead to pull the chain off of the pipe body, which causes the pipe to spin and thus the pin threads to spin into the box.†

A vertical pipe rising along the side of the derrick or mast. It joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the rotary hose and through which mud is pumped going into the hole.†

A rotary tool that is hung from the rotary hook and traveling block to suspend and permit free rotation of the drill stem. It also provides a connection for the rotary hose and a passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into the drill stem.†

The top drive rotates the drill string end bit without the use of a kelly and rotary table. The top drive is operated from a control console on the rig floor.†

ACIDIZING A WELL-A technique for increasing the flow of oil from a well by the use of acid pumped down the hole and into the rock formation. The acid dissolves some of the rock enlarging the cracks and fissures near the well bore allowing more oil to flow.

ANTICLINE –A subsurface geological structure in the form of an elongated dome. Historically this type formation has been found favorable to the accumulation of oil or gas.

AUTHORIZATION FOR EXPENDITURE (AFE)A document used to estimate the cost of drilling a well or installing major equipment facilities in an oil field. The AFE is submitted to management and/or industry partners in the activity for their authorization and approval of the expenditure. The AFE is a budgetary device; when the project is complete, the operator collects invoices of actual work done and compares it to the AFE, should the project come in under budget, he refunds the balance. If the project has cost overruns, the operator submits additional invoices to the participants.

BASIN –A synclinal structure in the subsurface, once the bed of a prehistoric sea. Basins, composed of sedimentary rock, are regarded as good prospects for oil exploration.

BRIDGE PLUG– An expandable plug used in a well’s casing to isolate producing zones or to plug back to produce from a shallower formation; also to isolate a section of the bore hole to be filled with cement when a well is plugged.

BOTTOM SEDIMENT WATER– Water, being heavier than oil, will collect in the bottom of tanks if water is being produced with the oil. This water will contain some sediment material produced out of the well. Periodically Bottom Sediment Water is collected and disposed of in an appropriate facility.

BUY-IN COST –The cost of participation in a prospect to drill a well. These costs include lease costs, any prospect fees paid to the geologist, seismic cost and sometimes a promotional fee to cover sales and marketing expense.

CARRIED INTEREST– A term used by independent oil operators who are selling interests in a well they propose to drill. The operator offers to drill the well to casing point if the industry partners will “Carry” or pay his share of the cost. SeeONE-THIRD FOR A QUARTER.

CEMENT –To fix the casing firmly in the hole with cement, which is pumped through the drill pipe to the bottom of the casing and up into the annular space between the casing and the walls of the well bore. After the cement sets (hardens) it is drilled out of the casing. The casing is then perforated at the level of the zone of expected petroleum accumulation to allow oil and gas to enter the well bore.

CONTOUR MAP –A map showing land surface elevations by the use of contour lines. Structure contour maps are used by geoscientists to depict subsurface conditions or formations.

DECLINE CURVE– Production from oil and gas wells decline over time. Production can fluctuate for a number of reasons including reservoir pressures, depletion or down time for maintenance.

DEPLETION ALLOWANCE– A provision in the tax law that exempts a certain percent of mineral production from income tax. This provision considers that oil and gas reserves are depleted over time when produced.

DISPOSAL WELL –A well used for the disposal of salt water. The salt water is pumped into a subsurface formation sealed off from other formations by impervious strata of rock.

DIVISION ORDER –A contract of sale to the buyer of crude oil or gas directing the buyer to pay for the product in the proportions set forth in the contract. Certain amounts of payment go to the operator of the producing property, the royalty owners and others having an interest in the production.

DRILLING MUD –A special mixture of clay, water, and chemical additives pumped down hole through the drill pipe and drill bit. The mud cools the rapidly rotating drill bit; lubricates the drill pipe as it turns in the well bore; carries rock cuttings to the surface; and serves as plaster to prevent the wall of the bore hole from crumbling or collapsing. Drilling mud also provides the weight or hydrostatic head to prevent extraneous fluids to entering the well bore and to control down-hole pressures that might be encountered.

DRILL STEM TEST –A method of obtaining a sample of fluid from a formation using a “formation-tester tool” attached to the drill stem. The tool consists of a packer to isolate the section to be tested and a chamber to collect a sample of fluid. If the formation pressure is sufficient, fluid flows into the tester and up the drill pipe to the surface.

DRY-HOLE COST –The cost of drilling the well; also known asDRILLING COST. Completion costs are in addition to drilling costs but only come due if the well locates producible oil or gas.

ELEVATORS– A heavy, hinged clamp in the derrick that is attached to the hook and traveling block by bail-like arms. The elevators are used for lifting drill pipe, casing, and tubing and lowering them into the hole. In hoisting a joint of drill pipe, the elevators are latched onto the pipe just below the tool joint (coupling), which prevents the pipe from slipping through the elevators.

ENHANCED RECOVERY –Sophisticate recovery methods for crude oil which go beyond the conventional secondary recovery methods of pressure maintenance and water flooding.

FARM OUT AGREEMENT– A form of agreement between oil operators whereby the owner of a lease who is not interested in drilling at the time agrees to assign the lease or a portion of it to another operator who wishes to drill the acreage. The seller may or may not retain an interest (Royalty or production payment) in the production.

FLANGE-UP– Oil-field slang meaning to finish the job. Derived from work with pipe having flanges (rims) on the ends; this pipe is bolted together at those flanges; the pipe can carry liquids once it is “Flanged Up.”

GAS-CUT MUD– Drilling mud aerated or charged with gas from formations down hole. The gas forms bubbles in the drilling fluid. Gas-cut mud may indicate commercial quantities of gas present in the formation.

GAS KICK– Pressure from down hole in excess of that exerted by the weight of the drilling mud, causing loss of circulation. If the gas pressure is not controlled by increasing the mud weight, a kick can violently expel the column of drilling mud resulting in aBlow-out.

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE –Layers of sedimentary rocks which have been displaced from their normal horizontal position by the forces of nature into folds, fractures and faults. Geological structures are the logical places to find accumulations of oil and gas.

GEOLOGIST– A person trained in the study of the earth’s crust. A petroleum geologist, in contrast to a hard-rock geologist, is primarily concerned with sedimentary rocks where most of the world’s oil and gas has been found.

GEOPHYSICIST– A person trained in the study and application of certain physical principles – magnetic, electrical, gravity and the progression and velocity of sound waves – to the study of geology.

HYDROSTATIC HEAD– The pressure at the face of the producing formation caused by the weight in pounds of the column of fluid in the hole. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a column off fluid 5,000 feet high, for example, would be several thousand pounds. In a flowing well, the reservoir pressure must be sufficient to overcome the pressure of the hydrostatic head.

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING– A method of stimulating production from a formation of low permeability by inducing fractures and fissures in the formation by applying high fluid-pressure to the face of the formation, forcing the strata apart.

INDUSTRY PARTNER –A person or corporation that participates in the development of petroleum resources. Industry partners are knowledgeable in the industry and understand the risks involved in exploring for oil and gas. Industry Partners are sometimes referred to as investors.

INTANGIBLE DRILLING COSTS –Expenditures made by an operator for labor, fuel, repairs, hauling and supplies used in drilling and completing a well for production. Intangible drilling costs include also the construction of derricks, tanks, pipelines on the lease, buildings, and preparation of the drill site but does not include the cost of materials or equipment. A rule of thumb is: do the items for which expenditure were made have any salvage value? If not, they qualify under the tax laws as intangible drilling costs.

INTERMEDIATE STRING– SeeCasing. There may be several strings of casing in a well, one inside another. The first casing put in a well is called Surface Pipe which is cemented into place and serves to shut out and protect shallow water formations and also as a foundation or anchor for all subsequent drilling activity. Extremely deep wells will often have an “intermediate string” cemented in place to protect and preserve the well bore as the remaining hole is drilled and completed.

JACK–KNIFE RIG– A mast-type derrick whose supporting legs are hinged at the base. When the rig is to be moved, it is lowered or laid down intact and transported by truck.

JOINT– A length of pipe, casing, or tubing usually from 20 to 30 feet long. On a drilling rig, drill pipe and tubing are lowered into the hole the first time one joint at a time. When pulled from the hole and stacked in the rig, they are usually pulled two, three, or four at a time. These multiple-joint sections are calledStands.

KELLY– The first and sturdiest joint of the drill column; a thick-walled, hollow steel forging with two flat sides and two rounded sides. When fitted into the square hole in the rotary table will rotate the kelly joint and thence the drill column and drill bit. Attached to the top of the kelly is the swivel andmud hose.

KELLY HOSE or MUD HOSE –This is a flexible, steel-reinforced, rubber hose connecting the mud pump with the swivel and kelly joint on the drilling rig. Mud is pumped through the mud hose to the swivel and down through the kelly joint and drill pipe to the drill bit at the bottom of the hole.

LANDOWNER ROYALTY– A share of the gross production of the oil and gas on a property by the landowner without bearing any of the cost of producing the oil or gas.

LAYING DOWNand/orLAY DOWN THE TUBING– To pull the tubing from the well, a joint at a time, and remove it from the derrick floor to a nearby horizontal pipe rack. As each joint is unscrewed from the string, the lower end of the joint is placed on a low cart and pulled out to the rack as the driller lowers the pipe, which is held up by the elevators.

LAY OFF AN INTEREST– To sell off a portion of one’s interest in a well to another person to reduce the financial loss should the well be non-commercial or dry. For example, an industry partner who has a 30 percent interest in a well to be drilled may “lay off” five or ten percent of his interest for cash he needs and/or to minimize his risk or to reduce his “exposed position.”

LEASE –(1)The legal instrument by which a leasehold is created in minerals. A contract that, for a stipulated sum, conveys to an operator the right to drill for oil or gas. (2) The location of production activity; oil installations and facilities; location of oil field office, tool house, garages.

LIFTING AND OPERATING EXPENSE (L.O.E.)– In respect to any period, all cash costs incurred in connection with the running and maintenance of production wells. Also referred to asLease Operating Expense.

LOSS OF CIRCULATION– A condition that exists when drilling mud pumped into the well through the drill pipe does not return to the surface. This serious condition results from the mud being lost in porous formations, a crevice or cavern penetrated by the drill bit.

LOST CIRCULATION MATERIAL –Material that is added to the drilling mud when circulation is lost to assist in plugging the breached area of the well bore.

MUD –A special mixture of clay, water, and chemical additives pumped down hole through the drill pipe and drill bit. The mud cools the rapidly rotating drill bit; lubricates the drill pipe as it turns in the well bore; carries rock cuttings to the surface; and serves as plaster to prevent the wall of the bore hole from crumbling or collapsing. Drilling mud also provides the weight or hydrostatic head to prevent extraneous fluids to entering the well bore and to control down-hole pressures that might be encountered. SeeDrilling Mud and Blow Out.

MUDLOG –A progressive analysis of the well-bore cuttings washed up from the bore hole by the drilling mud. Rock chips are retrieved and examined by the geologist. Modern drilling operations include an electronic evaluation of the mud itself that indicates the presence of hydrocarbons in the mud along with the analysis of the well-bore cuttings.

MUD PITS –SeeRESERVE PITS. Excavations near the rig into which drilling mud is circulated. Mud pumps withdraw the mud from one end of the pit as the circulated mud, bearing rock chips from the bore hole, flows in at the other end. As the mud moves toward the suction line, the cuttings drop out leaving “clean” mud ready for another drip down the well bore.

NET REVENUE INTEREST (N.R.I.)– An interest in an oil and gas property which entitles the owner to a specific portion of the production from such property.

ONE-THIRD FOR A QUARTER– A term used by independent oil operators who are selling interests in a well they propose to drill. An industry partner who agrees to the one-third for a quarter deal will pay one-third of the cost of the well to some point and receive one-fourth of the well’s net production. When the operator sells three of these one-third for a quarter interests, his industry partners will have paid the cost of drilling the well to casing point.

OPERATING INTEREST– An interest in an oil and gas lease that bears the costs of development and operation of the property; the mineral interest less the royalty

OPERATOR– A person or entity engaged in the business of exercising direct responsibility and supervision over drilling, completion, operation, maintenance, and production from an oil/gas well.

OVERRIDING ROYALTY– An interest in oil and gas produced at the surface free of any cost of production; royalty in addition to the usual landowner’s royalty.

PACKER– An expanding plug used in a well to seal off certain sections of the tubing or casing when cementing, acidizing, or when a production formation is to be isolated. Packers are hung on the tubing or the casing and when in position can be expanded hydraulically or mechanically against the pipe wall or the wall of the well bore.

PAYOUT– The recovery from production of the costs of drilling, completing and equipping a well. Sometimes included in in the costs is a pro-rata share of lease costs.

PERCENTAGE DEPLETION –A method of computing the allowance for depletion of an oil or gas well, or other mining of minerals, for Federal income tax purposes.

PLUGGED & ABANDONED– To fill a well’s bore hole with cement or other impervious material to prevent the flow of water, gas or oil from one strata to another when a well is abandoned.

PLUGGING A WELL– To fill a well’s bore hole with cement or other impervious material to prevent the flow of water, gas or oil from one strata to another when a well is abandoned.

POROSITY– The state or quality of being porous; the volume of the pore space expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the rock mass. An important property of oil-bearing formations. Good porosity indicates an ability to hold large amounts of oil in the rock. Porosity must be coupled with goodpermeabilityto allow the oil to flow to the well bore.

RAT HOLE –A slanted hole drilled near the well’s bore hole to hold theKellyjoint when not in use. The kelly is unscrewed from the drill string and lowered into the rat hole as a pistol into a scabbard.

RE-COMPLETION.The process of completing a zone or zones that were bypassed during the original completion. Many reasons exist for originally bypassing a zone; one example would be that the original zone opened up was a high-pressure, high volume zone that would overpower other zones in the well. Once the high-pressure zone is depleted, the operator can then RE-COMPLETE the well in the lower pressure zones that are typically up the hole, shallower in the well.

RE-ENTRY –Also known as aWASH-DOWN.The process of re-entering a plugged and abandoned well to attempt to complete zones that were bypassed by the original operator. Many reasons exist for the original operator bypassing a zone; one example would be that when the original well was drilled gas pipelines were not present in the vicinity of the well where now they are, so the original operator did not open up known gas producing zones.

RESERVE PIT –SeeMud Pits. An excavation connected to the working mud pits of a drilling well to hold excess or reserve drilling mud; a standby pit containing already-mixed drilling mud for use in an emergency when extra mud is needed.

RESERVOIR PRESSURE – a.k.a. DOWNHOLE PRESSURE– The pressure at the face of the producing formation when the well is shut in. It is equal to the shut-in pressure (at the wellhead) plus the weight in pounds of the column of oil in the hole. The hydrostatic pressure exerted by a column of oil 5,000 feet high, for example, would be several thousand pounds. In a flowing well, the reservoir pressure would be sufficient to overcome the pressure of thehydrostatic head.

ROYALTY a.k.a. ROYALTY INTEREST (R.I.)A share of the minerals (oil and gas) produced from a property by the owner of the property. Originally, the right of the king to receive a percentage of the minerals taken from the mines of his realm. (Silver, gold, salt, copper, etc) Entitles the owner to a share of gross proceeds which is free of expense of drilling, completion and production, but having no control over field activities.

SCOUT TICKET– a standard form of information about activities on a drilling location or well. The information includes dates, well’s depth, formations encountered, well logs and tests run. Completion information is briefly described as is the fate of the well, whether put in production or plugged.

SEDIMENTARY BASIN– An extensive area where substantial amounts of sediments occur. Most sedimentary basins are geologically depressed areas. The sediments are usually thickest in the middle, thinning toward the edges.

SEDIMENTARY ROCK –Rock formed by the laying down of matter by seas, streams, or lakes; sediment deposited in bodies of water through geologic ages. Limestone, sandstone and shale are sedimentary rocks.

SPUD– To start the actual drilling of a well. The first section of the hole is drilled with a large-diameter spudding bit down several hundred feet to accommodate the surface pipe which may be 8 to 20 inches in diameter, depending upon the depth to which the well will ultimately be drilled. The surface pipe is cemented into this hole to protect the surface formations which might contain potable water.

SQUEEZE A WELL– A technique to seal off with cement a section of the well bore where a leak or incursion of water or gas occurs; forcing cement to the bottom of the casing and up the annular space between the casing and the wall of the bore hole to seal off a formation or plug a leak in the casing;a squeeze job.

STAND– When tubing is pulled from a well it will often be pulled in multiple joint lengths, often in three-joint lengths of up to ninety-feet. These multiple joints of tubing are called “Stands” and are stacked in the rig during the “trip”

STEP-OUT WELL – a.k.a. Offset Well– A well drilled adjacent to a proven well but located in an unproven area; a well located a “step out” from proven territory in an effort to determine the boundaries of a producing formation. SeeDevelopment Drilling.

STIMULATION– The technique of getting more production from a down hole formation. Stimulation may involve acidizing, hydraulic fracturing, shooting or simply cleaning out to get rid of and control sand.

STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP– A type of reservoir capable of holding oil or gas, formed by a change in the characteristics of the formation – loss of porosity and permeability, or a break in its continuity, the seal – which forms the, trap or reservoir.

STRUCTURAL TRAP– A type of reservoir containing oil and/or gas formed by movements of the earths crust which seal off the oil and gas accumulation in the reservoir forming a trap.

SWAB –To clean out the bore hole of a well with a special tool attached to a wire line. Swabbing a well is often done to start it flowing. By evacuating the fluid contents of the hole the hydrostatic head is reduced sufficiently to permit the oil in the formation to flow into the bore hole.

TRIPPING THE BIT– Removing the bit from the hole and running it in again. This requires that all of the drill pipe in the hole be pulled up. This pipe is stacked vertically in the derrick, seeSTANDabove. Usually the bit is replaced with a new one once it is out of the hole.

TURNKEY CONTRACT– A contract to drill, complete and equip an oil or gas well for a set, predetermined price. The turnkey format is designed to limit the liability of an industry partner to the amount of their capital contribution for drilling and completion.

WASH-DOWN –Also known as aRE-ENTRY.The process of re-entering a plugged and abandoned well to attempt to complete zones that were bypassed by the original operator. Many reasons exist for the original operator bypassing a zone; one example would be that when the original well was drilled gas pipelines were not present in the vicinity of the well where now they are, so the original operator did not open up known gas producing zones.

WATER-DRIVE RESERVOIR– An oil reservoir or field in which the primary natural energy for the production of oil is from edge, or bottom-water in the reservoir.

WATER-FLOOD –One method of secondary recovery in which water is injected into an oil reservoir to force additional oil out of the reservoir rock and into the well bores of producing wells.

WORKOVER– Operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. Tubing is pulled and the casing at the bottom of the well is pumped or washed free of sand that may have accumulated. In addition to washing out sand and silt that has clogged the face of the formation, a workover may also include an acid treatment, hydrofracing, or plugging off a depleted zone and opening a new zone for production.

WORKOVER RIG– A truck-mounted mast with winches, cables and sheaves capable of pulling tubing, as well as performing the other functions of aWORKOVER.

13 Causes Of Hose Failure 1) Mis-application -Perhaps the greatest cause of failure is using a hose, fitting, or clamp in an application that it is not designed for.

2) Kinking at or near the fittings -Once the barb of the fitting cuts into the tube of the hose, the product being conveyed can escape into the reinforcement and eventually lead to bubbling or blistering of the cover within several feet of the end.

3) Temperature Exposure- As temperature increases pressure ratings decrease. Excessive hot or cold temperatures will lead to discoloration, cracking, or hardness - as well the build up of static electricity if hose wire has not been ground properly.

5) External damage to hose carcass -Kinks, crushed sections, and cover damage which exposes reinforcement will eventually break down the reinforcement and lead to a hose failure.

6) Exceeding the minimum bend radius -Kinking, crushing, or forcing a hose to bend beyond its minimum bend radius (measured from the inside edge of the hose, not the centerline). This is commonly seen on high pressure hoses or vacuum hoses.

7) Defective hose or improperly installed or selected clamp -Failure from a defective hose will typically occur in the first few hours of service, such as pin holes, blow-outs, or tube and cover separation. Improperly installed or selected clamps can result in the coupling ejecting from the end of the hose. Always confirm the manufacturer recommendations based on STAMPED information.

8) Tube or cover not compatible with fluids or environment -Usually results in discoloration, swelling, sponginess, or the breakdown of the hose carcass. For material handling hoses, always rotate to ensure even wear of the hose tube.

9) Old age -Hose is not ‘pipe’, it is a flexible component that will degrade over time. Shelf or service life will range from 1 to 20+ years, depending on its composition, application, and environment. Older hoses become discoloured, stiff, or burst at low pressures.

10) Incorrect hose length -Too short of a length does not allow the hose to expand/contract due to changes in pressure or temperature and causes excessive stress on the fittings or hose reinforcement.

11) Twisting hose during installation or service -Twisting a hose rather than naturally bending the hose will reduce life. It is estimated a 7% twist when installing a hose in a permanent application can reduce hose life by 90%.

12) Poor workmanship -Hose and fittings are made of a unique blend of different materials with complex manufacturing methods - human error, inconsistent machinery, or poor product quality or raw materials can result in defects or variances greater than allowable tolerances. As for failure at the end fitting, ends blowing off assemblies can be a result of sub-standard coupling procedures or due to the “mixing-and-matching” of incompatible hose, couplings, or clamps.

13) Contaminated media being transferred -Foreign particles or residue in the fluid or air can flow through the tube and break it down or wear it out prematurely. Always clean hoses prior to installing in field to ensure there is no cross-contamination.