williams space mission parts pricelist

So using this machine as an example - you buy it for $550 but are not happy with a couple damaged plastics, condition of legs and the backglass. Next thing you know you find a nice backglass for $150 "I have to grab that" and a good set of used legs for $40 "how can I pass those up" and then toss a new set of rubber rings, a few bulbs and replace a couple other minor parts and next thing you know you have $800 to $900 in a $650 machine.

Notes:The 2-Player version of this game is pop bumper caps while others have white ones. We don"t know the reason for this difference. The 2-player "Space Odyssey" seems to always have yellow pop bumper caps.

Steve Kordek told us that the backglass art was derived from a picture he obtained from NASA. The picture surely was of the painting made by noted space artist Robert McCall (1919-2010) which can be seen here.

Coin door off a Gottlieb Quick Draw. Transformer panel off a early solid state Gottlieb, like Sinbad, Buck Rogers or Genie. If you need these parts, best chance finding them here is NOW. Really into cleaning this place up. When I move on day, a lot of this stuff will become very difficult to re-locate. Also have a early solid state Gottlieb coin door.

Lock Down Bar for Williams Wide-Body games like - Laser Ball and Stellar Wars. May fit other games. In decent shape, but the beer seal foam needs to be replaced. $50 plus shipping. Pictures available.

I have a plastic score display cover nice artwork for Gottlieb Hollywood Heat. Also, have main power panels complete with transformers for early Gottlieb Solid State. Coin door for same. Operator for 30 years. Always had spare parts. Some remain. Not a nickel and dime store. No exceptions.

As a long-time flyers collector, I have a wide range of spare German/European pinball flyers and a lot of mint Gottlieb/Williams flyers from the 40-50s.

Statement for some curious people : I do not part machines to sell them in parts all parts are bought from other people, which have parted them for various reasons .

$600.00 1986 Williams High Speed populated playfield. Playfield has factory mylar on it and is in nice condition. It is missing a 3 bulb light bulb strip and a 4 bulb light strip. 1 missing plastic. Playfield is nice enough to find the missing parts and use for a complete playfield swap with a badly worn playfield. Please give me a call to discuss the playfield in more details. Pictures available for serious buyer.

I reproduce backglasses and have lots of them. Many rare glasses ready to ship within a day. If I do not have your glass on file and you don"t mind shipping me your original glass, intact or in broken condition (as long as you have most of the broken parts) I can reproduce your glass for you.

Have these parts for Gottlieb Tee"d Off: gopher in dome on backbox. Gopher wheel in playfield. Drop target unit with targets. Board that bolts to cabinet when gopher removed, because too tall for some ceilings. Have backglass. All parts are made by Gottlieb.

1989 Williams Whirlwind restoration parts. repro plastic set (Classic Playfields), plastic protector set. White post set. Pop bumper wafers and caps. Complete flipper rebuild kits. All unused, as new. Prefer local pickup. Please, no picture requests. Items are mint.

Have a spare main power transformer, pulled from a Williams Tri Zone. Also, have a spare backglass. I own a complete and working Tri Zone, so having spare parts not real bad. What"s bad is needing them, as well as disposing of the spare. Kinda makes you feel like a total fool. Also, have a spare sound board and a spare playfield.. like I said: SPARE PARTS THAT WILL WORK IN A GAME I HAVE NOT A REALLY BIG PROBLEM. The parts inside the working game are fine. Kinda fun game to play. The caps on the spare sound board DEFINITELY are bad. Need replaced. I"ve seen bad ones that looked better than these that were bad. Hey, they get old and go bad. So, you replace them, and find something else to do.

Data East pinball power supply board - good condition. $45. Untested and shows signs of previous work, sold as is for parts or repair. There is no warranty as to the condition or the function of the board and it is sold as is-no returns. Good shape, but not perfect, will have surface imperfections and scratches from use.

Dealers Choice playfield - complete and ready for re-theme or selling for parts. I had no luck finding anyone who wanted to take the Dealers Choice playfield for re-theme with all the playfield parts top and bottom included. So, sadly, it is time to let it go for parts. Pictures available. If you want anything then send me an IM with an offer and pay for shipping and I"ll box up what you need. I have the playfield board, playfield parts .... apron, posts, rollovers, screws, wood guides, top rail, top apron, coils, relays, steppers from the bottom of the playfield. Also some cabinet hardware parts lefover too. Prop bar, the top metal parts where the glass slides in, the mating part for the lockdown bar, etc. I"m not trying to get rich. I"m just making some space and trying to help out guys that need something.

I have a lot of CPR playfields and a few NOS playfields. I would be interested in a few trades for playfields too. I am looking for the following playfields. I need Centaur, Space Invaders, and Dolly

You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Colonisation de l"espace]]; see its history for attribution.

Space colonization (also called space settlement or extraterrestrial colonization) is the use of outer space or celestial bodies other than Earth for permanent habitation or as extraterrestrial territory.

The inhabitation and territorial use of extraterrestrial space has been proposed to be realized by for example building space settlements or extraterrestrial mining enterprises. To date, no permanent space settlement other than temporary space habitats have been set up, nor any extraterrestrial territory or land has been legally claimed.

Making territorial claims in space is prohibited by international space law, defining space as a common heritage. International space law has had the goal to prevent colonial claims and militarization of space,geostationary orbit

Many arguments both for and against space settlement have been made.survival of human civilization and life from Earth in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or human-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society. The most common objections to colonization include concerns that the commodification of the cosmos may be likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions; enormous opportunity cost as compared to expending the same resources here on Earth; exacerbation of pre-existing detrimental processes such as wars, economic inequality, and environmental degradation.

A space settlement would set a precedent that would raise numerous socio-political questions. The mere construction of the needed infrastructure presents a daunting set of technological and economic challenges. Space settlements are generally conceived as organizational and material structures that have to provide for nearly all (or all) the needs of larger numbers of humans, in an environment out in space that is very hostile to human life and inaccessible for maintenance and supply from Earth. It would involve technologies, such as controlled ecological life-support systems, that have yet to be developed in any meaningful way. It would also have to deal with the as-yet-unknown issue of how humans would behave and thrive in such places long-term. Because of the present cost of sending anything from the surface of the Earth into orbit (around $1400 per kg, or $640 per pound, to low Earth orbit by Falcon Heavy), a space settlement would currently be a massively expensive project. On the technological front, there is ongoing progress in making access to space cheaper (reusable launch systems could reach $20 per kg to orbit),automated manufacturing and construction techniques.

There are yet no plans for building space settlement by any large-scale organization, either government or private. However, many proposals, speculations, and designs for space settlements have been made through the years, and a considerable number of space colonization advocates and groups are active. Several famous scientists, such as Freeman Dyson, have come out in favor of space settlement.

The term has been used very broadly, being applied to any permanent human presence, even robotic,space habitat, from research stations to self-sustaining communities in space.

This broad use for any permanent human activity and development in space has been criticized, particularly as colonialist and undifferentiatedObjections).

In this sense, a colony is a settlement that claims territory and exploits it for the settlers or their metropole. Therefore a human outpost, while possibly a space habitat or even a space settlement, does not automatically constitute a space colony.entrepôts like trade

When the first space flight programs commenced they partly used and have continued to use colonial spaces on Earth, such as places of indigenous peoples at the RAAF Woomera Range Complex, Guiana Space Centre or contemporarily for astronomy at the Mauna Kea telescope.colonialism was still a strong international project, e.g. easing the United States to advance its space program and space in general as part of a "New Frontier".space age decolonization also gained again in force producing many newly independent countries. These newly independent countries confronted spacefaring countries, demanding an anti-colonial stance and regulation of space activity when space law was raised and negotiated internationally.

Fears of confrontations because of land grabs and an arms race in space between the few countries with spaceflight capabilities grew and were ultimately shared by the spacefaring countries themselves.Outer Space Treaty of 1967, calling space a "province of all mankind" and securing provisions for international regulation and sharing of outer space.

The advent of geostationary satellites raised the case of limited space in outer space. A group of equatorial countries, all of which were countries that were once colonies of colonial empires, but without spaceflight capabilities, signed in 1976 the Bogota Declaration. These countries declared that geostationary orbit is a limited natural resource and belongs to the equatorial countries directly below, seeing it not as part of outer space, humanity"s common. Through this the declaration challenged the dominance of geostationary orbit by spacefaring countries through identifying their dominance as imperialistic. Furthermore this dominance in space has foreshadowed threats to the Outer Space Treaty guaranteed accessibility to space, as in the case of space debris which is ever increasing because of a lack of access regulation.

In 1977 finally the first sustained space habitat the Salyut 6 station was put into Earth"s orbit. Eventually the first space stations were succeeded by the ISS, today"s largest human outpost in space and closest to a space settlement.

The first known work on space colonization was the 1869 novella Edward Everett Hale, about an inhabited artificial satellite.Kurd Lasswitz also wrote about space colonies.

The Russian rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky foresaw elements of the space community in his book Beyond Planet Earth written about 1900. Tsiolkovsky had his space travelers building greenhouses and raising crops in space.

Another seminal book on the subject was the book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space by Gerard K. O"NeillColonies in Space by T. A. Heppenheimer.

Marianne J. Dyson wrote Home on the Moon; Living on a Space Frontier in 2003;Peter Eckart wrote Lunar Base Handbook in 2006Harrison Schmitt"s Return to the Moon written in 2007.

Location is a frequent point of contention between space colonization advocates. The location of colonization can be on a physical body planet, dwarf planet, natural satellite, or asteroid or orbiting one. Colonization of the Solar System has received the most attention.

Another near-Earth possibility are the stable Earth–Moon Lagrange points L4 and L5, at which point a space colony can float indefinitely. The L5 Society was founded to promote settlement by building space stations at these points. Gerard K. O"Neill suggested in 1974 that the L5 point, in particular, could fit several thousands of floating colonies, and would allow easy travel to and from the colonies due to the shallow effective potential at this point.

Geologist Stephen Gillett suggested in 1996 that this could make Mercury an ideal place to build and launch solar sail spacecraft, which could launch as folded-up "chunks" by mass driver from Mercury"s surface. Once in space, the solar sails would deploy. Solar energy for the mass driver should be easy to come by, and solar sails near Mercury would have 6.5 times the thrust they do near Earth. This could make Mercury an ideal place to acquire materials useful in building hardware to send to (and terraform) Venus. Vast solar collectors could also be built on or near Mercury to produce power for large-scale engineering activities such as laser-pushed light sails to nearby star systems.

However, the upper atmosphere of Venus has much more Earthlike conditions and has been suggested as a plausible colonization location since at least 1971 by Soviet scientists.Geoffrey Landis has pointed out that breathable air is a lifting gas in Venus" atmosphere: a cubic meter of air would lift half a kilogram, and an oxygen- and nitrogen-filled aerostat the size of a city on Venus would be able to lift the mass of a city. This suggests floating aerostat cities as a colonization method for Venus. The lack of pressure differences between the outside and inside means that there is ample time to repair habitat breaches. With just over three times the land area of Earth, there would be space even for a billion such cities.

The asteroid belt has significant overall material available, but it is thinly distributed as it covers a vast region of space. The largest asteroid is Ceres, which at about 940 km in diameter is big enough to be a dwarf planet. The next two largest are Pallas and Vesta, both about 520 km in diameter. Uncrewed supply craft should be practical with little technological advance, even crossing 500 million kilometers of space. The colonists would have a strong interest in assuring their asteroid did not hit Earth or any other body of significant mass, but would have extreme difficulty in moving an asteroidmomentum. Rockets or mass drivers can perhaps be installed on asteroids to direct their path into a safe course.

Human missions to the outer planets would need to arrive quickly due to the effects of space radiation and microgravity along the journey.Nuclear-thermal or nuclear-electric engines have been suggested as a way to make the journey to Jupiter in a reasonable amount of time.

In 2003, NASA performed a study called HOPE (Revolutionary Concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration) regarding the future exploration of the Solar System.Callisto due to its distance from Jupiter, and thus the planet"s harmful radiation. It could be possible to build a surface base that would produce fuel for further exploration of the Solar System. HOPE estimated a round trip time for a crewed mission of about 2–5 years, assuming significant progress in propulsion technologies.

Looking beyond the Solar System, there are up to several hundred billion potential stars with possible colonization targets. The main difficulty is the vast distances to other stars: roughly a hundred thousand times farther away than the planets in the Solar System. This means that some combination of very high speed (some more-than-fractional percentage of the speed of light), or travel times lasting centuries or millennia, would be required. These speeds are far beyond what current spacecraft propulsion systems can provide.

Space colonization technology could in principle allow human expansion at high, but sub-relativistic speeds, substantially less than the speed of light, c.  An interstellar colony ship would be similar to a space habitat, with the addition of major propulsion capabilities and independent energy generation.

Uploaded human minds or artificial intelligence may be transmitted via radio or laser at light speed to interstellar destinations where self-replicating spacecraft have traveled subluminally and set up infrastructure and possibly also brought some minds. Extraterrestrial intelligence might be another viable destination.

The above concepts appear limited to high, but still sub-relativistic speeds, due to fundamental energy and reaction mass considerations, and all would entail trip times which might be enabled by space colonization technology, permitting self-contained habitats with lifetimes of decades to centuries. Yet human interstellar expansion at average speeds of even 0.1% of c  would permit settlement of the entire Galaxy in less than one-half of the Sun"s galactic orbital period of ~240,000,000 years, which is comparable to the timescale of other galactic processes. Thus, even if interstellar travel at near relativistic speeds is never feasible (which cannot be determined at this time), the development of space colonization could allow human expansion beyond the Solar System without requiring technological advances that cannot yet be reasonably foreseen. This could greatly improve the chances for the survival of intelligent life over cosmic timescales, given the many natural and human-related hazards that have been widely noted.

Space activity is legally based on the Outer Space Treaty, the main international treaty. But space law has become a larger legal field, which includes other international agreements such as the significantly less ratified Moon Treaty and diverse national laws.

The Outer Space Treaty established the basic ramifications for space activity in article one:"The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind."

And continued in article two by stating:"Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means."

The development of international space law has revolved much around outer space being defined as common heritage of mankind. The Magna Carta of Space presented by William A. Hyman in 1966 framed outer space explicitly not as United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

The deploying of the United States flag during the first crewed Moon landing (Apollo 11) on the lunar surface does not constitute a territorial claim, unlike historically practiced on Earth, since the US reinforced the Outer Space Treaty by adhering to it and making no such territorial claim.

The primary argument calling for space colonization is the long-term survival of human civilization and terrestrial life.natural or human-made disasters on our own planet.

On two occasions, theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking argued for space colonization as a means of saving humanity. In 2001, Hawking predicted that the human race would become extinct within the next thousand years unless colonies could be established in space.extinction.

In a theoretical study from 2019, a group of researchers have pondered the long-term trajectory of human civilization.limited duration of the Solar System, mankind"s survival into the far future will very likely require extensive space colonization.: 8, 22f This "astronomical trajectory" of mankind, as it is termed, could come about in four steps: First step, plenty of space colonies could be established at various habitable locations — be it in outer space or on celestial bodies away from Earth – and allowed to remain dependent on support from Earth for a start. In the second step, these colonies could gradually become self-sufficient, enabling them to survive if or when the mother civilization on Earth fails or dies. Third step, the colonies could develop and expand their habitation by themselves on their space stations or celestial bodies, for example via terraforming. In the fourth step, the colonies could self-replicate and establish new colonies further into space, a process that could then repeat itself and continue at an exponential rate throughout the cosmos. However, this astronomical trajectory may not be a lasting one, as it will most likely be interrupted and eventually decline due to resource depletion or straining competition between various human factions, bringing about some "star wars" scenario.: 23–25

Resources in space, both in materials and energy, are enormous. The Solar System alone has, according to different estimates, enough material and energy to support anywhere from several thousand to over a billion times that of the current Earth-based human population, mostly from the Sun itself.

Asteroid mining will also be a key player in space colonization. Water and materials to make structures and shielding can be easily found in asteroids. Instead of resupplying on Earth, mining and fuel stations need to be established on asteroids to facilitate better space travel.

Although some items of the infrastructure requirements above can already be easily produced on Earth and would therefore not be very valuable as trade items (oxygen, water, base metal ores, silicates, etc.), other high-value items are more abundant, more easily produced, of higher quality, or can only be produced in space. These would provide (over the long-term) a very high return on the initial investment in space infrastructure.

Expansion of humans and technological progress has usually resulted in some form of environmental devastation, and destruction of ecosystems and their accompanying wildlife. In the past, expansion has often come at the expense of displacing many indigenous peoples, the resulting treatment of these peoples ranging anywhere from encroachment to genocide. Because space has no known life, this need not be a consequence, as some space settlement advocates have pointed out.

An argument for space colonization is to mitigate proposed impacts of overpopulation of Earth, such as resource depletion.Stephen HawkingGerard K. O"Neill.

Advocates for space colonization cite a presumed innate human drive to explore and discover, and call it a quality at the core of progress and thriving civilizations.

Nick Bostrom has argued that from a utilitarian perspective, space colonization should be a chief goal as it would enable a very large population to live for a very long period of time (possibly billions of years), which would produce an enormous amount of utility (or happiness).suffering.

Biotic ethics is a branch of ethics that values life itself. For biotic ethics, and their extension to space as panbiotic ethics, it is a human purpose to secure and propagate life and to use space to maximize life.

Critics also argue that the costs of commercial activity in space are too high to be profitable against Earth-based industries, and hence that it is unlikely to see significant exploitation of space resources in the foreseeable future.

Other objections include concerns that the forthcoming colonization and commodification of the cosmos is likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions e.g. the large financial institutions, the major aerospace companies and the military–industrial complex, to lead to new wars, and to exacerbate pre-existing exploitation of workers and resources, economic inequality, poverty, social division and marginalization, environmental degradation, and other detrimental processes or institutions.

Additional concerns include creating a culture in which humans are no longer seen as human, but rather as material assets. The issues of human dignity, morality, philosophy, culture, bioethics, and the threat of megalomaniac leaders in these new "societies" would all have to be addressed in order for space colonization to meet the psychological and social needs of people living in isolated colonies.

As an alternative or addendum for the future of the human race, many science fiction writers have focused on the realm of the "inner-space", that is the computer-aided exploration of the human mind and human consciousness—possibly en route developmentally to a Matrioshka Brain.

Robotic spacecraft are proposed as an alternative to gain many of the same scientific advantages without the limited mission duration and high cost of life support and return transportation involved in human missions.

Space colonization has been discussed as postcolonialimperialism and colonialism,decolonization instead of colonization.space law, such as the Outer Space Treaty, guarantees access to space, but does not enforce social inclusiveness or regulate non-state actors.

Particularly the narrative of the "New Frontier", has been criticized as unreflected continuation of settler colonialism and manifest destiny, continuing the narrative of exploration as fundamental to the assumed human nature.space colonization as a solution to human survival and global problems like pollution to be imperialist,sacrifice zone of colonialism.

More specifically the advocacy for territorial colonization of Mars opposed to habitation in the atmospheric space of Venus has been called surfacism,Thomas Golds

More generally space infrastructure such as the Mauna Kea Observatories have also been criticized and protested against as being colonialist.Guiana Space Centre has also been the site of anti-colonial protests, connecting colonization as an issue on Earth and in space.

Furthermore spaceflight as a whole and space law more particularly has been criticized as a postcolonial project by being built on a colonial legacy and by not facilitating the sharing of access to space and its benefits, too often allowing spaceflight to be used to sustain colonialism and imperialism, most of all on Earth instead.

Robotic spacecraft to Mars are required to be sterilized, to have at most 300,000 spores on the exterior of the craft—and more thoroughly sterilized if they contact "special regions" containing water, or it could contaminate life-detection experiments or the planet itself.

It is impossible to sterilize human missions to this level, as humans are host to typically a hundred trillion microorganisms of thousands of species of the human microbiome, and these cannot be removed while preserving the life of the human. Containment seems the only option, but it is a major challenge in the event of a hard landing (i.e. crash).

The health of the humans who may participate in a colonization venture would be subject to increased physical, mental and emotional risks. NASA learned that – without gravity – bones lose minerals, causing osteoporosis.Bone density may decrease by 1% per month,International Space Station led to depression, sleep disorders, and diminished personal interactions, likely due to confined spaces and the monotony and boredom of long space flight.Circadian rhythm may also be susceptible to the effects of space life due to the effects on sleep of disrupted timing of sunset and sunrise.insomnia, which can reduce their productivity and lead to mental health disorders.

Building colonies in space would require access to water, food, space, people, construction materials, energy, transportation, communications, life support, simulated gravity, radiation protection and capital investment. It is likely the colonies would be located near the necessary physical resources. The practice of space architecture seeks to transform spaceflight from a heroic test of human endurance to a normality within the bounds of comfortable experience. As is true of other frontier-opening endeavors, the capital investment necessary for space colonization would probably come from governments,Neil deGrasse Tyson.

In space settlements, a life support system must recycle or import all the nutrients without "crashing." The closest terrestrial analogue to space life support is possibly that of a nuclear submarine. Nuclear submarines use mechanical life support systems to support humans for months without surfacing, and this same basic technology could presumably be employed for space use. However, nuclear submarines run "open loop"—extracting oxygen from seawater, and typically dumping carbon dioxide overboard, although they recycle existing oxygen.closed ecological system such as Biosphere 2.

Cosmic rays and solar flares create a lethal radiation environment in space. In Earth orbit, the Van Allen belts make living above the Earth"s atmosphere difficult. To protect life, settlements must be surrounded by sufficient mass to absorb most incoming radiation, unless magnetic or plasma radiation shields were developed.

The monotony and loneliness that comes from a prolonged space mission can leave astronauts susceptible to cabin fever or having a psychotic break. Moreover, lack of sleep, fatigue, and work overload can affect an astronaut"s ability to perform well in an environment such as space where every action is critical.

Space colonization can roughly be said to be possible when the necessary methods of space colonization become cheap enough (such as space access by cheaper launch systems) to meet the cumulative funds that have been gathered for the purpose, in addition to estimated profits from commercial use of space.

Although there are no immediate prospects for the large amounts of money required for space colonization to be available given traditional launch costs,US$56.5 million per launch of up to 13,150 kg (28,990 lb) payloadlow Earth orbit, SpaceX Falcon 9 rockets are already the "cheapest in the industry".SpaceX reusable launch system development program to enable reusable Falcon 9s "could drop the price by an order of magnitude, sparking more space-based enterprise, which in turn would drop the cost of access to space still further through economies of scale."competitive market in space launch services.

The President"s Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy suggested that an inducement prize should be established, perhaps by government, for the achievement of space colonization, for example by offering the prize to the first organization to place humans on the Moon and sustain them for a fixed period before they return to Earth.

Experts have debated on the possible usage of money and currencies in societies that will be established in space. The Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination, or QUID, is a physical currency made from a space-qualified polymer PTFE for inter-planetary travelers. QUID was designed for the foreign exchange company Travelex by scientists from Britain"s National Space Centre and the University of Leicester.

Colonies on the Moon, Mars, asteroids, or the metal-rich planet Mercury, could extract local materials. The Moon is deficient in volatiles such as argon, helium and compounds of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The LCROSS impacter was targeted at the Cabeus crater which was chosen as having a high concentration of water for the Moon. A plume of material erupted in which some water was detected. Mission chief scientist Anthony Colaprete estimated that the Cabeus crater contains material with 1% water or possibly more.ice should also be in other permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles. Although helium is present only in low concentrations on the Moon, where it is deposited into regolith by the solar wind, an estimated million tons of He-3 exists over all.oxygen, silicon, and metals such as iron, aluminum, and titanium.

Solar energy in orbit is abundant, reliable, and is commonly used to power satellites today. There is no night in free space, and no clouds or atmosphere to block sunlight. Light intensity obeys an inverse-square law. So the solar energy available at distance d from the Sun is E = 1367/d2 W/m2, where d is measured in astronomical units (AU) and 1367 watts/m2 is the energy available at the distance of Earth"s orbit from the Sun, 1 AU.

In the weightlessness and vacuum of space, high temperatures for industrial processes can easily be achieved in solar ovens with huge parabolic reflectors made of metallic foil with very lightweight support structures. Flat mirrors to reflect sunlight around radiation shields into living areas (to avoid line-of-sight access for cosmic rays, or to make the Sun"s image appear to move across their "sky") or onto crops are even lighter and easier to build.

Large solar power photovoltaic cell arrays or thermal power plants would be needed to meet the electrical power needs of the settlers" use. In developed parts of Earth, electrical consumption can average 1 kilowatt/person (or roughly 10 megawatt-hours per person per year.)wireless power transmission.

A major export of the initial space settlement designs was anticipated to be large solar power satellites (SPS) that would use wireless power transmission (phase-locked microwave beams or lasers emitting wavelengths that special solar cells convert with high efficiency) to send power to locations on Earth, or to colonies on the Moon or other locations in space. For locations on Earth, this method of getting power is extremely benign, with zero emissions and far less ground area required per watt than for conventional solar panels. Once these satellites are primarily built from lunar or asteroid-derived materials, the price of SPS electricity could be lower than energy from fossil fuel or nuclear energy; replacing these would have significant benefits such as the elimination of greenhouse gases and nuclear waste from electricity generation.

Transmitting solar energy wirelessly from the Earth to the Moon and back is also an idea proposed for the benefit of space colonization and energy resources. Physicist Dr. David Criswell, who worked for NASA during the Apollo missions, came up with the idea of using power beams to transfer energy from space. These beams, microwaves with a wavelength of about 12 cm, will be almost untouched as they travel through the atmosphere. They can also be aimed at more industrial areas to keep away from humans or animal activities.

However, the value of SPS power delivered wirelessly to other locations in space will typically be far higher than to Earth. Otherwise, the means of generating the power would need to be included with these projects and pay the heavy penalty of Earth launch costs. Therefore, other than proposed demonstration projects for power delivered to Earth,low Earth orbit (LEO) and other orbits such as geosynchronous orbit (GEO), lunar orbit or highly-eccentric Earth orbit (HEEO).: 132 The system will also rely on satellites and receiving stations on Earth to convert the energy into electricity. Because of this energy can be transmitted easily from dayside to nightside meaning power is reliable 24/7.

For both solar thermal and nuclear power generation in airless environments, such as the Moon and space, and to a lesser extent the very thin Martian atmosphere, one of the main difficulties is dispersing the inevitable heat generated. This requires fairly large radiator areas.

Space manufacturing could enable self-replication. Some think it"s the ultimate goal because it allows an exponential increase in colonies, while eliminating costs to and dependence on Earth.self-replication.integrated circuits, medicines, genetic material and tools.

Assuming a journey of 6,300 years, the astrophysicist Frédéric Marin and the particle physicist Camille Beluffi calculated that the minimum viable population for a generation ship to reach Proxima Centauri would be 98 settlers at the beginning of the mission (then the crew will breed until reaching a stable population of several hundred settlers within the ship) .

Several private companies have announced plans toward the colonization of Mars. Among entrepreneurs leading the call for space colonization are Elon Musk, Dennis Tito and Bas Lansdorp.

The National Space Society is an organization with the vision of people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth. The NSS also maintains an extensive library of full-text articles and books on space settlement.

The British Interplanetary Society promotes ideas for the exploration and utilization of space, including a Mars colony, future propulsion systems (see Project Daedalus), terraforming, and locating other habitable worlds.In June 2013 the BIS began the SPACE project to re-examine Gerard O"Neill"s 1970s space colony studies in light of the advances made since then. The progress of this effort were detailed in a special edition of the journal in September 2019.

Many space agencies build testbeds for advanced life support systems, but these are designed for long duration human spaceflight, not permanent colonization.

Although established space habitats are a stock element in science fiction stories, fictional works that explore the themes, social or practical, of the settlement and occupation of a habitable world are much rarer.

Collis, Christy (2009). "The Geostationary Orbit: A Critical Legal Geography of Space"s Most Valuable Real Estate". The Sociological Review. SAGE Publications. 57 (1_suppl): 47–65. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2009.01816.x. ISSN 0038-0261. S2CID 127857448.

For example, The Space Show Archived 2020-05-23 at the Wayback Machine, an online radio program, has had on average 16 shows per month going back to 2001, many of which discuss space settlement.

Deudney, Daniel (2020). Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics, and the Ends of Humanity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-009024-1. OCLC 1145940182.

Torres, Phil (June 2018). "Space colonization and suffering risks: Reassessing the "maxipok rule"". Futures. 100: 74–85. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2018.04.008. S2CID 149794325.

Britt, Robert Roy (8 October 2001). "Stephen Hawking: Humanity Must Colonize Space to Survive". space.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 2006-07-28..

Bartels, Meghan (May 25, 2018). "People are calling for a movement to decolonize space-here"s why". Newsweek. Retrieved Oct 31, 2021. Robert Zubrin, said that the one word he shies away from is colony, preferring settlement because the first "confuses the issue with imperialism."

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