mud pump midnight engineering made in china

HC-DR series(180, 200, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 800 and other models of rotary full hydraulic controlled water well drilling rigs are multifunctional, it can be used with air compressor, mud pump, even we can just use the dry hydraulic drilling method. The portable drilling rigs are not only designed for water, they can also be used in all conditions based on pore-forming purpose.This series of water well drilling machine has the characteristics of standardized configuration, compact and reasonable structure, fast drilling speed, economical and durable, low failure rate, etc. It has been recognized by the market once it is launched, and has been widely used in mining engineering construction, civil drilling, geothermal drilling and other fields. They are widely used in industrial and agriculture water project, testing well and other exploration borehole. In particular, drilling hole for geothermal heating, it can also meet the engineering basis for reinforcement, loose gravel drilling rock formation connected with a variety of engineering. Our drilling rigs are more efficiency and with low failure rate, more economic and durable, and with a high comprehensive cost performance.

On December 21nd, two F1600L Mud Pumps, designed and manufactured by ZPEC for CNOOC Ltd., successfully passed the third-party BV acceptance and were shipped from the ZPEC Shanghai Headquarters. This is the second time that ZPEC cooperated with CNOOC to supply offshore platforms, marking ZPEC’s solid steps on its way to entering the high-end oil service market.

The F1600L Mud Pump serves the CNOOC Oil Canxue Offshore Platform. The site is located in the East China Sea, 400 kilometers east of Zhoushan. The Equipment Group relies on strong technical research and development capabilities according to the offshore platform operating environment and safe lifting requirements. These tailored two mud pump sets include a modular design. The single piece does not exceed 13 tons and it meets the requirements of drilling platform hoisting operations. The appearance has a blue coating and is resistant to marine salt spray corrosion. The main components of the product, such as pump body, motor and lock, have passed CCS certification.

During the production and commissioning of the CNOOC F1600L Mud Pumps, the company was in the resolute battle phase of the Sino-Tharwa Project. The time was tight and the task was heavy. The leaders of Group attached great importance to it to ensure product quality and delivery time while closely cooperating. The project team prepared operational plans, clarified responsibilities, and tracked and implemented each link and step one by one. During the equipment joint debugging test stage, the machine ran continuously for 24 hours without stopping. In order to deliver the products as scheduled, the people of ZPEC carried forward “the spirit of iron-blooded journey" and worked continuously for 24 hours throughout the night, finally ensuring the project was completed on time.

The re-delivery of the CNOOC F1600L Mud Pumps mark a historic leap made by ZPEC in the field of offshore engineering equipment manufacturing and the ability of ZPEC to manufacture offshore engineering equipment is a major breakthrough.

The drilling industry has roots dating back to the Han Dynasty in China. Improvements in rig power and equipment design have allowed for many advances in the way crude oil and natural gas are extracted from the ground. Diesel/electric oil drilling rigs can now drill wells more than 4 miles in depth. Drilling fluid, also called drilling mud, is used to help transfer the dirt or drill cuttings from the action of the drilling bit back to the surface for disposal. Drill cuttings can vary in shape and size depending on the formation or design of the drill bit used in the process.

Watch the video below to see how the EDDY Pump outperforms traditional pumps when it comes to high solids and high viscosity materials commonly found on oil rigs.

The fluid is charged into high-pressure mud pumps which pump the drilling mud down the drill string and out through the bit nozzles cleaning the hole and lubricating the drill bit so the bit can cut efficiently through the formation. The bit is cooled by the fluid and moves up the space between the pipe and the hole which is called the annulus. The fluid imparts a thin, tough layer on the inside of the hole to protect against fluid loss which can cause differential sticking.

The fluid rises through the blowout preventers and down the flowline to the shale shakers. Shale shakers are equipped with fine screens that separate drill cutting particles as fine as 50-74 microns. Table salt is around 100 microns, so these are fine cuttings that are deposited into the half-round or cuttings catch tank. The drilling fluid is further cleaned with the hydro-cyclones and centrifuges and is pumped back to the mixing area of the mud tanks where the process repeats.

The drill cuttings contain a layer of drilling fluid on the surface of the cuttings. As the size of the drill cuttings gets smaller the surface area expands exponentially which can cause rheological property problems with the fluid. The fluid will dehydrate and may become too thick or viscous to pump so solids control and dilution are important to the entire drilling process.

One of the most expensive and troubling issues with drilling operations is the handling, processing, and circulation of drilling mud along with disposing of the unwanted drill cuttings. The drilling cuttings deposited in the half round tank and are typically removed with an excavator that must move the contents of the waste bin or roll-off box. The excavators are usually rented for this duty and the equipment charges can range from $200-300/day. Add in the cost for the day and night manpower and the real cost for a single excavator can be as much as $1800/day.

Offshore drilling rigs follow a similar process in which the mud is loaded into empty drums and held on the oil platform. When a certain number of filled drums is met, the drums are then loaded onto barges or vessels which take the drilling mud to the shore to unload and dispose of.

Oil field drilling operations produce a tremendous volume of drill cuttings that need both removal and management. In most cases, the site managers also need to separate the cuttings from the drilling fluids so they can reuse the fluids. Storing the cuttings provides a free source of stable fill material for finished wells, while other companies choose to send them off to specialty landfills. Regardless of the final destination or use for the cuttings, drilling and dredging operations must have the right high solids slurry pumps to move them for transport, storage, or on-site processing. Exploring the differences in the various drilling fluids, cutting complications, and processing options will reveal why the EDDY Pump is the best fit for the job.

The Eddy Pump is designed to move slurry with solid content as high as 70-80 % depending on the material. This is an ideal application for pumping drill cuttings. Drill cuttings from the primary shakers are typically 50% solids and 50% liquids. The Eddy Pump moves these fluids efficiently and because of the large volute chamber and the design of the geometric rotor, there is very little wear on the pump, ensuring long life and greatly reduced maintenance cost for the lifetime of the pump.

plumbed to sweep the bottom of the collection tank and the pump is recessed into a sump allowing for a relatively clean tank when the solids are removed. The Eddy Pump is sized to load a roll-off box in 10-12 minutes. The benefit is cuttings handling is quicker, easier, safer, and allows for pre-planning loading where the labor of the solids control technician is not monopolized by loading cuttings. Here, in the below image, we’re loading 4 waste roll-off bins which will allow the safe removal of cuttings without fear of the half-round catch tank running over.

Mud cleaning systems such as mud shaker pumps and bentonite slurry pumps move the material over screens and through dryers and centrifuges to retrieve even the finest bits of stone and silt. However, the pump operators must still get the raw slurry to the drill cuttings treatment area with a power main pump. Slurry pumps designed around the power of an Eddy current offer the best performance for transferring cuttings throughout a treatment system.

Options vary depending on whether the company plans to handle drill cuttings treatment on-site or transport the materials to a remote landfill or processing facility. If the plan is to deposit the cuttings in a landfill or a long-term storage container, it’s best to invest in a pump capable of depositing the material directly into transport vehicles. Most dredging operations rely on multiple expensive vacuum trucks, secondary pumps, and extra pieces of equipment.

Using an EDDY Pump will allow a project to eliminate the need for excavators/operators to load drill cuttings, substantially lowering both labor and heavy equipment costs. The EDDY Pump also allows a company to eliminate vacuum trucks once used for cleaning the mud system for displacing fluids. Since the pump transfers muds of all types at constant pressure and velocity throughout a system of practically any size, there’s little need for extra equipment for manual transfer or clean up on the dredge site.

The EDDY Pump can fill up a truck in only 10 minutes (compared to an hour) by using a mechanical means such as an excavator. For this reason, most companies can afford one piece of equipment that can replace half a dozen other units.

This application for the Eddy Pump has the potential to revolutionize the drilling industry. Moving the excavator out of the “back yard” (the area behind the rig from the living quarters) will make cuttings handling a breeze. Trucking can be easier scheduled during daylight hours saving on overtime and incidences of fatigued driving. Rig-site forklifts can move the roll-off boxes out of the staging area and into the pump loading area. The operator can save money on excavators rental, damages, and keep the technician operating the solids control equipment.

The EDDY Pump is ideal for drilling mud pump applications and can be connected directly onto the drilling rigs to pump the drilling mud at distances over a mile for disposal. This eliminates the need for costly vacuum trucks and also the manpower needed to mechanically move the drilling mud. The reasons why the EDDY Pump is capable of moving the drilling mud is due to the hydrodynamic principle that the pump creates, which is similar to the EDDY current of a tornado. This tornado motion allows for the higher viscosity and specific gravity pumping ability. This along with the large tolerance between the volute and the rotor allows for large objects like rock cuttings to pass through the pump without obstruction. The large tolerance of the EDDY Pump also enables the pump to last many times longer than centrifugal pumps without the need for extended downtime or replacement parts. The EDDY Pump is the lowest total life cycle pump on the market.

Shown in Fig. 1-4, the present invention includes triplex mud pump and diesel engine in shipping container, the shipping container, diesel engine 1 links together with gearbox 2, the transmission shaft 3 of gearbox 2 is contained on two axle boxes 4, and link together through the rotatingshaft of coupling 5 with triplex mud pump 6, discharge tube 7 is housed on the triplex mud pump 6, diesel engine 1, two axle boxes 4, triplex mud pump 6 are on the base 8 that is horizontally installed in shipping container 9, shipping container 9 is three ten opening structures, every of container body is the double-level-metal structure, is filled with thermal insulating material in the interlayer of double-level-metal structure.

In order to guarantee using effect, said gearbox is that richness is reined in gearbox; Said triplex mud pump is for annotating plug formula triplex mud pump, structure is, in the pump housing 19 1 ends bent axle 20 is housed, crosshead link 21 is housed on the bent axle 20, and crosshead link 21 links to each other with plunger 23, and there is oil sealing 22 plunger 23 front portions, plunger 23 and be contained between bearing in the clack box 25 plunger seal 24 is arranged, valve assembly 26 is housed in the clack box 25, overhead-valve device 27 is housed, scribble high-abrasive material on the plunger 23 in the bottom of clack box 25.

Plug 14 is arranged on the cylinder body of said triplex mud pump, on a side cylinder body pipeline of plug bottom, safety valve 13 is housed, anti-shock pressure meter 12 is housed on the pipeline of safety valve 13, the pipeline of cylinder body opposite side connects suction attachment 18 through butterfly valve 11, with the corresponding pipeline of the pipeline of butterfly valve 11 through joint 15 and high pressure stopcock 16 joint 17 that runs in, constitute suction, the exhaust structure of triplex mud pump.

Said diesel engine power is 205kw, and rotating speed is 2000r/min, oil consumption rate 200g/kw.h; Gearbox is that richness is reined in gearbox, maximal input 265kw, maximum input torque 1490Nm, the highest input speed 2500rPm; Two axle box velocity ratios are 1.37, and lubricating system is a splash lubrication; Triplex mud pump stroke 160mm, reduction speed ratio 4.5 in the plunger diameter Φ 125mm, pump, maximum pump discharge 1350L/min, the highest pressure test pressure 35MPa.

1, filled up in the water supply and sewage engineering of long-term field work at home and abroad, originally domestic big less than pressure, the blank of the skid movable type high pressure testing pump that flow is high, overcome grading voltage, cause the very big inconvenience of work pressure test, and the huge problem of input cost, cost-saved more than 30%;

2, overcome original domestic small-sized hydraulic test pump and generally all adopted motor driving, do not having under the situation of electric power, must use earlier engine power generation, and then drive motor driving, cause input cost huge, the problem of the wasting of resources has been saved cost greatly, reduced the waste of resource, can economize on resources more than 20%;

3, the pump assembly shell has adopted international twenty equivalent unit structure, and firm the lifting and skid can laterally or vertically move freely as required.Container body is reequiped according to special Environmental Conditions, has the general fixedly lock pin of shipping container, has made things convenient for international and domestic long-distance transport; Outside three ten opening structures, the any direction that has satisfied pipeline connects, each face of casing adopts the double-level-metal structure, internal compartment is bumped into the heat insulating ability material, guarantee robustness and heat insulation, had good insulation and heat sinking function, be applicable to operation under rugged environment and the low temperature, ambient temperature :-22 ℃～+ 50 ℃, adapt to the rugged environment weather conditions: contain all kinds of weather of sand and dust, rain, snow, mist below 5% in the air.Be equipped with lighting set in the shipping container, guarantee the illumination of proper functioning at night;

4, pump assembly has adopted motor directly to drive the kind of drive, is widely used in open-air mobile operation, and satisfying is not having normal water supply and sewage construction under the situation of electric power;

5, pump assembly adopts the form that attaches together, engine pump and is connected the base overall package, and the driving of pump is through driving shaft input power, by (reduction speed ratio 4.5) drive main shaft assembly rotation of slowing down of herringbone tooth one-level; By connecting rod of eccentric wheel, cross head design, circular movement is become the straight line motion of crosshead and plunger, reach the function of infusion liquid.What the pump power end main shaft assembly adopted is that d-axis adds the eccentric mass structure; What fluid end adopted is that three independent pump heads add the block structure that confluxes, and removable cylinder sleeve is arranged, easily damaged partss such as valve, valve seat, plunger packing, suction, discharge spring in the pump head.Guaranteed the unit concentricity, can be owing to decentraction does not cause the damage unit, overcome the problem that the coupling transmission often needs maintaining, guaranteed the long-term good operation of pump group complete machine under maximum load;

6, triplex mud pump is a horizontal high-pressure single-action plunger piston pump (the cylinder sleeve specification is Φ 125mm, and the adapted surface is the Φ 125mm plunger of spraying wear-resistant materials, and plunger stroke is 150mm), and its purposes is to carry highly pressurised liquid by pump.Mud liquid can be pumped through the special processing spraying wear-resistant materials in the cylinder sleeve surface, has prolonged the working life of pump simultaneously;

7, transmission system is to pass through mechanical clutch by diesel powered, and transfer gear box after cardan shaft reaches the deceleration of two axle boxes, drives triplex mud pump by gear coupling again.What mechanical clutch, transfer gear box adopted is clutch and the transfer gear box that automobile uses, and according to the pressure test pressure size, regulates transfer gear box speed by clutch separation, and transfer gear box is divided 8 gears, satisfies different pressures and traffic demand;

8, engine control system is carried out master control, diesel engine starts the rear driving pump operation, engine control system has too high display alarm and protection controls such as water temperature, oil temperature, oil pressure, hypervelocity, can monitor the runnability of pumping plant at any time, when finding that every data surpass actual usage requirement display alarm, can shut down maintenance at any time, avoid having other faults that minor issue causes;

GIW Industries, the leader in the design, manufacture and application of heavy duty, centrifugal slurry pumps, announced the application of its hard-wearing double-wall pumps in Lianyungang, China. This project marks GIW’s first collaboration with the Lianyungang Harbor Bureau, which has launched a new dredging vessel to perform much-needed maintenance and new work in the Lianyungang Harbor.

Cutter suction dredges (CSDs) must deal with excessive amounts of rock and hardened soil. When the Lianyungang Harbor Bureau, which operates and oversees regular maintenance of the harbor, began the process of building a new CSD, it needed pumps that could endure the area’s extremely harsh conditions. Not only must CSDs cut through rock and hardened silt, but they must also pump the slurry to the shore, which can be as far as 6km away.

In this case, the new CSD is being used for maintenance purposes and also to cut a passage for a new bridge being built in the harbor. The vessel is equipped with a large, submerged mechanical cutter located in front of a GIW-supplied MHD 72 submersible pump. This pump delivers cut material to the first inboard pump, a DWD 84; from there, material is delivered to shore through a floating, adjustable pipeline. Depending on the length of the pipeline, a second DWD 84 pump located on the dredge may be used as a booster. These two pumps, pressure-rated at 30 bar each, can pump slurry over a distance of 6km when operated in series.

The Lianyungang Harbor Bureau chose GIW’s DWD 84 pumps for their excellent wear life, lower fuel costs due to their high hydraulic efficiency, and robust mechanical construction. The main wear parts of these pumps are made of proprietary GIW materials that provide a high degree of wear resistance. The impellers are made of GIW’s Gasite WD29G toughness, enabling the pumps to handle large rocks and hard soil.

The pumps’ double-wall design meets Chinese dredge industry safety requirements. The design also provides an extra measure of protection against flooding hazards in case of catastrophic failure and extends the shell wear life. The 29G can withstand abrasion and impact by the large rocks dislodged by the cutter.

Each 70t (154,000lb) pump has a 30-bar (435psi) maximum allowable working pressure rating, a 45-bar (653psi) hydro test pressure, and a flow rate of 13,000m3/h (57,200gpm).

Samuel explained, "The LSA pump parts were designed and engineered in Grovetown, GA, US. All the high chrome wear parts (the inner shells, the liners, the impellers) and the mechanical end bearing assembly and pedestal were manufactured at our US factory and exported to China.

"We also sent GIW engineers to China to make sure the outer casings were built correctly and to supervise the assembly and testing of the pumps," he says. "The cooling system and sand/water separators were also built in China."

After being assembled and tested, the pumps were then disassembled, sent to the shipyard, rebuilt, and installed into the vessel. The new ship’s deck was closed after all the equipment was mounted in place.

"The project required quite a bit of engineering, supply chain, and logistics work," says Samuel. "In everything from quality to engineering to language to standards to design criteria, our dedicated project managers, engineers, and the team in China were vital to the project’s success."

Commissioned in December 2012, the vessel has been up and running for six months. After more than 1,000 hours of running the pumps, the client is satisfied with the performance of the dredge and the pumps. A successful project of this size and scope is a testament to the expertise and value that GIW provides, crossing international barriers to ensure a customer’s success.

RM2CX1M51–Roughneck Brian Waldner is covered in mud and oil on a True Company oil drilling rig outside Watford, North Dakota, October 20, 2012. Thousands of people have flooded into North Dakota to work in state"s oil drilling boom. Picture taken October 20, 2012. REUTERS/Jim Urquhart (UNITED STATES - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

RM2EJ89CC–People riding motorbikes on levee surrounding mud lake environmental disaster which developed after drilling incident, Porong Sidoarjo, near Surabaya,

RM2AAJKHB–(191122) -- YICHENG COUNTY, Nov. 22, 2019 (Xinhua) -- Two village officials visit the drilling site of a deep-water well in Nanling Village of Yicheng County, north China"s Shanxi Province, July 4, 2019. As the switch was pulled, water spurted out from 403 meters down under. Nanling Village"s very first deep-water well went into service on an early winter morning. In the past, the village, spreading across the ravines of the Zhongtiao Mountains in northern China, had relied solely on mud pits to store its valuable drinking water for centuries. Haunted by the fear of drought, generations had

RF2KECG8E–Shallow depth of field (selective focus) details with a man using a hand held earth hole drilling machine during a November tree planting on muddy soi

RM2CXFW4C–Roughneck Brian Waldner is covered in mud and oil while wrestling pipe on a True Company oil drilling rig outside Watford, North Dakota, October 20, 2012. Thousands of people have flooded into North Dakota to work in state"s oil drilling boom. Picture taken October 20, 2012. REUTERS/Jim Urquhart (UNITED STATES - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT)

RF2D2WWYN–SIRING, SURABAYA, JAVA, INDONESIA - FEB 22, 2007: Man fishing in the mud in the devastated village of Siring near Surabaya, Java, Indonesia .

RM2EJ8CBT–Mud and dike through mud lake environmental disaster which developed after drilling incident, Porong Sidoarjo, near Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

RM2AAJME8–(191122) -- YICHENG COUNTY, Nov. 22, 2019 (Xinhua) -- A worker participates in drilling a deep-water well in Nanling Village of Yicheng County, north China"s Shanxi Province, July 4, 2019. As the switch was pulled, water spurted out from 403 meters down under. Nanling Village"s very first deep-water well went into service on an early winter morning. In the past, the village, spreading across the ravines of the Zhongtiao Mountains in northern China, had relied solely on mud pits to store its valuable drinking water for centuries. Haunted by the fear of drought, generations had dreamt of dire

RMHG0FXB–Members of a Task Force Anchor water well team, composed of Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133 personnel, clear mud from around drill during drilling operations aboard a forward operating base. Task Force Anchor, through NMCB 133, is assisting coalition forces with engineering support throughout Afghanistan. Water well drilling for coalition forces 121013-N-ZZ999-010

RM2E66MDB–A mixture of oil, diesel fuel, water and mud sprays as roughnecks wrestle pipe on a True Company oil drilling rig outside Watford, North Dakota, October 20, 2012. Thousands of people have flooded into North Dakota to work in state"s oil drilling boom. Picture taken October 20, 2012. REUTERS/Jim Urquhart (UNITED STATES - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

RM2EJ8CW5–Channels in mud lake from environmental disaster which developed after drilling incident, Porong Sidoarjo, near Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

RM2AAJKE8–(191122) -- YICHENG COUNTY, Nov. 22, 2019 (Xinhua) -- A villager helps move a water pipe on the drilling site of a deep-water well in Nanling Village of Yicheng County, north China"s Shanxi Province, July 4, 2019. As the switch was pulled, water spurted out from 403 meters down under. Nanling Village"s very first deep-water well went into service on an early winter morning. In the past, the village, spreading across the ravines of the Zhongtiao Mountains in northern China, had relied solely on mud pits to store its valuable drinking water for centuries. Haunted by the fear of drought, gener

RMHG00D1–110814-N-LL945-118 AFGHANISTAN (Aug. 14, 2011) Construction Mechanic Constructionman Tomas Gonzalez and Construction Mechanic 1st Class Travis Allison, both assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 4, disassemble a malfunctioning mud pump on the drilling rig at a water well site at Patrol Base Alcatraz in southwestern Afghanistan. NMCB-4 is a component of Naval Expeditionary Combat Command, providing contingency engineering and construction across Afghanistan supporting the overall mission of International Security Assistance Forces and regional combat commander requirements. (U

RM2E7A30K–Villagers collect wood from their flooded homes in Sidoarjo, East Java province March 17, 2007. Some 15,000 people have been displaced and entire villages flooded by mud that has flowed since a drilling accident in May. REUTERS/Sigit Pamungkas (INDONESIA)

RM2EJ8B2G–Mud lake environmental disaster and mud flow geyser which developed after drilling incident, Porong Sidoarjo, near Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

RMHFCHAP–Construction Mechanic Constructionman Jedidiah Fox, of the Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Two Five (NMCB 25) Water Well Team, washes down the Mud Puppy filtration system at the New Kabul Compound water well site April 30. The Water Well Team is conducting water well drilling for the New Kabul Compound in Kubul, Afghanistan. Members of NMCB 25 are in Afghanistan performing train and assist (TAA) and partnering operations to develop and sustain the specialty and general engineering capabilities of the Afghan National Engineer Brigade (NEB) in order to provide critical engineer skill sets to

RF2D2WWA7–SIRING, SURABAYA, JAVA, INDONESIA - FEB 22, 2007: Security at the mudflow that destroyed the village of Siring near Surabaya, Java, Indonesia .

RM2D151H2–A villager collect tiles from his flooded home in Sidoarjo, East Java province March 17, 2007. Some 15,000 people have been displaced and entire villages flooded by mud that has flowed since a drilling accident in May. REUTERS/Sigit Pamungkas (INDONESIA)

RM2EJ8BAG–Mud lake environmental disaster which developed after drilling incident with volcano in background, Porong Sidoarjo, near Surabaya, East Java, Indones

RMHFEB4A–050319-N-9594C-009 Gonaives, Haiti (Mar. 19, 2005) - Builder 2nd Class Thomas Hurlburt, a Seabee assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion One (NMCB-1), carries a sheet of plywood during construction of a three-room schoolhouse in Gonaives, Haiti. Petty Officer Hurlburt is the project supervisor for the construction of the new school building, which is near the Ecole N.D. de la Nativite, an elementary school, that was severely damaged by mud and floods caused by Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004. NMCB-1 is building three schools and drilling three potable water wells as part of the New

RF2D2WRGY–SIRING, SURABAYA, JAVA, INDONESIA - FEB 22, 2007: Security at the mudflow that destroyed the village of Siring near Surabaya, Java, Indonesia .

RM2D1T4AF–An aerial view of houses flooded with mud in Sidoarjo in Indonesia"s East Java province March 17, 2007. Some 15,000 people have been displaced and entire villages flooded by mud that has flowed since a drilling accident in May. REUTERS/Sigit Pamungkas (INDONESIA)

RM2EJ8CME–Channels in mud lake from environmental disaster which developed after drilling incident, Porong Sidoarjo, near Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia

Rural families that sold a large agricultural surplus to the market not only could afford to buy more charcoal, tea, oil, and wine, but they could also amass enough funds to establish secondary means of production for generating more wealth.Suzhou often specialized in raising silk wares, while in Fujian, Sichuan, and Guangdong farmers often grew sugarcane.wheelwrights mass-producing standardized waterwheels and square-pallet chain pumps that could lift water from lower planes to higher irrigation planes.

According to government regulations concerning seagoing ships, the larger ones can carry several hundred men, and the smaller ones may have more than a hundred men on board. One of the most important merchants is chosen to be Leader (Gang Shou), another is Deputy Leader (Fu Gang Shou), and a third is Business Manager (Za Shi). The Superintendent of Merchant Shipping gives them an unofficially sealed red certificate permitting them to use the light bamboo for punishing their company when necessary. Should anyone die at sea, his property becomes forfeit to the government...The ship"s pilots are acquainted with the configuration of the coasts; at night they steer by the stars, and in the day-time by the sun. In dark weather they look at the south-pointing needle (i.e. the magnetic compass). They also use a line a hundred feet long with a hook at the end which they let down to take samples of mud from the sea-bottom; by its (appearance and) smell they can determine their whereabouts.

Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press.

Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge University Press

The Aero India 2015 Trade Show has emerged as one of the most prestigious gatherings in all of Asia. Over 750 companies from India and abroad have made the trip to this prodigious show – making this event its most successful. In ten years, more than a million business visitors have participated. It is no wonder that defense engineering agencies and leaders in aerospace infrastructure and industry have made the commitment to participate year in and year out. And now, this year, the youth innovative pavilion is open for all youngsters and enthusiasts who want to absorb as much information as possible in the domain of aerospace engineering. And what better way to do so? With so many experts from around the globe, with so much aggregate experience all in one place, where else could an eager youngster satiate his or her indefatigable thirst for knowledge? Anyone’s curiosity, anyone’s desire to learn about the aerospace industry can be met with open arms at this event. The folks that make it happen are curious, philosophical minds who meet questions with respect and gratitude, and who take the necessary time to provide as much value to others as possible.

At the start, "no one really had any idea what to do", one volunteer said. Officials brought whatever equipment they could think of - small water pumps, long pipes, knives and shovels - but much of it was apparently unsuitable.

Miserable conditions at the entrance to #Thamluangcave. Thai navy divers have stopped searching - water levels have risen to fill most caves. Pumping has stopped - too much rain. Authorities say they will rethink strategy for finding missing boys. pic.twitter.com/gWFeFgj7xD— Jonathan Head (@pakhead) June 28, 2018

The country park toilets were dirty and stretched beyond capacity - so people began cleaning them. Workers needed to get up and down the mountain - so drivers offered free lifts. Rescuers were covered in mud - so a local laundromat cleaned their clothes every night.

Rescuers had to winch the boys up a steep slope using a pulley system. In some rocky areas they formed a human chain, passing the boys hand to hand, while at others they slid them on top of pipes pumping out water.

They emerged shortly after the last boy was taken out. It was not a moment too soon, as a pump suddenly stopped working - some said it failed while others said it was switched off.