receprecating mud pump in portuguese made in china

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Wenzhou Johames Technology Co.,Ltd mainly manufacture and export industrial pumps with good reputation around home and abroad. Product is exported to Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa, more than 45 countries and regions.

mission magnum, mission 2500 supreme, mcm250 centrifugal pump, mechanical seal, demco butterfly valve, kemper hammerseal union, varco tong dies, demco mud gate valve and oteco pressure gauge

Kunming Kunshui Industrial Pump Co., Ltd("Kunshui pump" for short) is a professional manufacturer of pump specialized in manufacturing slurry pumps with more than10 years experience in China.

We would suggest you to visit our website for further references. And please feel free to inform us of your interested items for quotation or the detail information you need.

GREENTECH was founded in 2000, The company is professional blower and vacuum pump manufacturer specializing in producing and supplying full range of 2BV and 2BE series liquid ring vacuum pump, vacuum compressor etc.

air operated diaphragm pump,including metal and non-metal series, widely applied in chemical, paints & coatings, food processing, pharmaceutical, construction, mining, utilities, pulp & paper, metal finishing

BLDC PUMP produces excellent small electric DC water pumps for cooling, circulation system in the various device, for fish tank aquarium, small fountains and other applications. We are a magnetic DC water pump manufacturer located in Shenzhen of China.

MINDONG ELECTRIC was established in 1958. Over the past 50 years, we adhere to the business principles of “Lived with quality, Developed with varieties, Benefited with management”

1、Specializing in the production of high-performance SSIC seal friction material/SSIC + C/SSIC + BN/B4C、High quality sintered graphite sealing ring friction materials 2、 mechanical seal OEM production

With rapid development in recent years, DF has built its own assembling plant. It has developed into integration of manufacturing and trade, now we are able to provide full range of middle to high end flow motion products to international market.

Shanghai Shenbao Industrial Pump Co., Ltd. is located in Minhang Development Zone in Shanghai, occupying an area of over 45,000sq.m .Shenbao has become a multi-industry enterprise and specialist in research and manufacture pump...

Slurry pumps, Vertical slurry pumps, slurry pumps, Gravel sand pumps, Dredging pumps, Paper pulp pumps, Molten Salt Pumps, End suction pumps, Double suction pumps, Multistage pumps, Boiler feed water pumps...

Wuhan EvenWall Machinery Co., Ltd. specialized in even wall thickness stator and hollow rotor for progressive cavity pump, even wall thickness stator for mineral oil transportation(artificial lift), multi lobe power section for downhole drilling motor(mud motor).

Shijiazhuang Jiurun Pump Co., Ltd is a pump engineering, manufacturing and distribution company for industrial, municipal and dewatering applications. With over 60 years’ expertise, we have developed great reputation by serving the mining, power, metallurgy, dredging, petroleum

we are a professional pump manufacturer in China with many years experience. We mainly produce slurry pump, spare parts and OEM wear resistance casting.

APK, A Pump that Keeps water moving, is the brand name of Zhengzhou Shenlong Pump Industry Co., Ltd. APK Submersible pumps is short as APK Pump. We are a large scale submersible pump manufacturer officially registered on Apr 25, 1996. Our factory is in Henan Province

For the successful execution of your projects, it is important to find an appropriate company with a good track record. We help you in connecting with the top mud pump manufacturers and companies and get the best quotation.

We have designed affordable annual subscription plans which would help you get leads for your business. You can have a look at our pricing chart by clicking on this link: https://www.energydais.com/pricing/ . These plans are customized according to the specific needs and requirements of your business.

The most widely used mud pumps across the industry are Triplex Reciprocating Pumps. Their application has gained immense popularity with time because they are 30% lighter than duplex reciprocating pumps with relatively less operational cost. Moreover, through these pumps the discharge of mud is smooth and they are capable of moving large volume of mud at higher pressure.

Yes. We help you find the best mud pumps irrespective of your location. We simplify your search by connecting you with top mud pump manufacturers and mud pump companies in your location, according to your budget and business requirement.

Yes. We use third-party companies to provide best quotations for your shipment and inspection of manufactured goods. We make sure that you get quality products from the manufacturer at the best price.

The most widely used mud pumps across the industry are Triplex Reciprocating Pumps. Their application has gained immense popularity with time because they are 30% lighter than duplex reciprocating pumps with relatively less operational cost. Moreover, through these pumps the discharge of mud is smooth and they are capable of moving large volume of mud at higher pressure.

The different parts of a mud pump are Housing itself, Liner with packing, Cover plus packing, Piston and piston rod, Suction valve and discharge valve with their seats, Stuffing box (only in double-acting pumps), Gland (only in double-acting pumps), and Pulsation dampener. A mud pump also includes mud pump liner, mud pump piston, modules, hydraulic seat pullers along with other parts.

The wearing parts of a mud pump should be checked frequently for repairing needs or replacement. The wearing parts include pump casing, bearings, impeller, piston, liner, etc. Advanced anti-wear measures should be taken up to enhance the service life of the wearing parts. This can effectively bring down the project costs and improve production efficiency.

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Crosshead: A system which creates linear reciprocating motion derived from the crankshaft’s rotary motion through the connecting rod. The reciprocating motion of the crosshead is applied to the piston via the extension rod.

A crosshead is a mechanism used in large reciprocating engines to eliminate sideways pressure on the piston. The crosshead of mud pump produced by our company is made of high quality wear resistant with special techniques. It features little deformation, higher precision and very little tolerance.

The crosshead is the critical part on the power end of the mud pump. It slides in the upper and lower guide plates, motivating the intermediate draw bar to deliver driving force to the hydraulic end. One of its ends fixes the intermediate draw bar. The cavity connects the small end of the connecting rod through cross head pin.

The material of the crosshead is nodular cast iron with the strength of extension of more than 600MPa, which ensures high intensity and abrasive resistance.

Crosshead has high accuracy and precious dimension and no deformation. Besides F-500 mud pump that is cylindrical structure, upper and lower guide structures are used for other mud pumps, so that the concentricity can be adjusted by adding space under the lower guide. Flange-bolts with pinhole fit are used for connecting crosshead to extension rod.

A: First we discuss order details, production details. Then we issue you an PI for your confirmation. You will be requested to do pr-e paid full payment or deposit before we go into production. After we get the deposit, we start to process the order. We usually need 15-25 days if we don"t have the items in stock. Before production has been finished, we will contact you for shipment details, and the balance payment. After payment has been settled, we start to prepare the shipment for you.

Weatherford’s Horizontal Multiplex Pump is a traditional horizontal, packed plunger pump designed to basic compliance of API 674. It features pressure ranges from 500 psi to 10,000 psi and flow ranges to 20,000 BFPD. This reciprocating pump line has over 25 input horsepower ratings from 5 to 950 HP.

With an extensive range of capabilities, this pump was designed as an “all purpose” fluid handling solution for most industrial & oilfield applications.

LISBON (Reuters) - Utility company EDP may balk at the meager 5 percent premium offered for its shares by China Three Gorges (CT) but the battle for Portugal’s biggest business has largely played out already.FILE PHOTO: The logo of Portuguese utility company EDP - Energias de Portugal is seen at the company"s offices in Oviedo, Spain, May 14, 2018. REUTERS/Eloy Alonso

To some it looks like a lowball bid, but Portugal has welcomed the offer because it considers the Chinese firm’s pledge to keep EDP-Energias de Portugal intact more important than the price and it wants closer ties with a country that has plowed billions into its economy.

That openness to investment from China, including in strategic sectors like energy, stands out amid suspicions elsewhere in Europe about Chinese acquisitions.

The Chinese state-owned hydropower giant became EDP’s biggest shareholder in 2011. So when reports of merger talks between EDP and Spanish rival Gas Natural emerged in July 2017, it beat a path to the Lisbon government’s door.

A Gas Natural takeover would have threatened CTG’s ambition to use EDP to diversify beyond China, while Portugal’s Socialist government feared a European rival could break up the business, an industry source familiar with the talks and a political source with knowledge of the government’s position said.

“Nearly a year ago, Gas Natural approached EDP and that was the time when CT started to think about this move,” said one industry source with knowledge of CTG’s takeover bid.

“If CT has been a partner for more than six years, has invested in the company, in a strategic sector for Portugal, and has good relations with the government, it is natural that they talk,” the source said.

EDP and Gas Natural denied being in talks last year. But just over a month after the reports, Portugal added a clause to its takeover laws allowing shareholders with the same ultimate owner to combine all their voting rights.

That could be crucial as CTG’s bid for EDP progresses. While it owns 23.3 percent, another Chinese state-owned company, CNIC, holds 5 percent, most recently buying 2 percent at the end of 2017.

CT first bought 21.4 percent of EDP in December 2011 for 2.7 billion euros ($3.2 billion), stepping in when Portugal privatized the company to raise funds after an international bailout to stabilize government finances.

The Chinese company has since invested some 2 billion euros in power ventures with EDP, which has a portfolio of renewable energy assets such as wind, hydro and solar power in countries such as Brazil, the United States, France, Italy and Poland.

In April this year, there were reports of interest in EDP from another European utility, this time Engie. The French company declined to comment while EDP said at the time that no contacts had been established.

EDP described the offer as too low, but left the door open to negotiations. Some analysts expect EDP to ask for a 20 to 30 percent premium but no other bidder has yet emerged and EDP shares are trading less than 5 percent above the offer price.

“It was predictable and there have already been conversations with the government for a long time,” said an industry source close to EDP who has knowledge of the talks.

“This is purely political,” the source said. “CT knew that there were many European companies looking at EDP, which is medium-sized and has interesting assets.”

In its bid announcement, CT made clear it saw EDP’s long-term future as a Portuguese company strengthened by CTG’s assets, with a large free float of shares that could potentially be used as a springboard for European expansion.

“What matters to the government is the strategic importance of EDP to the country,” said Filipe Garcia, head of Informacao de Mercados Financeiros consultancy, adding that the takeover price was a secondary consideration for the government.

Links between Portugal and China stretch back centuries to when the European nation controlled the port of Macau. In recent years, Lisbon has embraced Beijing’s belt and road initiative to invest in infrastructure linking Asia to Europe.

Chinese firms now own 25 percent of Portugal’s national grid, 27 percent of its largest listed bank, and all of its largest insurer and biggest private hospitals operator.

Prime Minister Antonio Costa also told parliament last week that the change to Portuguese takeover law last year was made with Chinese investors in mind.

The clause added on July 29, 2017, was designed to favor the “capture of foreign direct investment from, namely, foreign state entities...”, according to the text.

The combined shareholding of CT and CNIC, a Chinese state-owned investment company, now comes to 28.5 percent, close to the 33 percent needed to assure effective control of EDP. Under Portuguese law, company statutes can only be changed if two-thirds of shareholders vote in favor.

Costa denied in parliament the change was made with CT in mind: “This was approved a year ago, when there was no takeover, nor any prediction of a takeover bid.”

When CT launched its offer, it was conditional on getting 50 percent plus one share, in line with Portuguese rules. However, market regulator CMVM said on May 23 it was waiving this requirement, effectively allowing CT to raise its stake in EDP, even if it doesn’t reach a simple majority.

“The Chinese have established bonds of confidence with Portugal,” a senior political source told Reuters. “There is mutual confidence and that changes everything.”

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi paid a well-timed visit to Lisbon on May 18. He hailed Portugal’s “open attitude” to foreign investment and promised Beijing would continue to encourage investment by Chinese firms in Portugal.

Chinese citizens have also poured 2 billion euros into Portuguese housing in the past few years, boosting a property market boom which has helped propel a strong economic recovery.

As Lisbon’s ties with CT have grown closer, its relationship with EDP has come under strain. The government was annoyed last year by what it saw as EDP Chief Executive Antonio Mexia’s openness to potential European suitors, political sources with knowledge of the government’s position said.

In January this year, EDP upset the government again when it stopped paying an extraordinary tax contribution energy companies have had to pay since Portugal’s 2011-14 debt crisis.

“I won’t comment,” the prime minister told reporters at the time. “I only regret the hostile attitude that EDP has maintained and which therefore represents a change in the stance it had towards the previous government.”

“The visit may signal a new phase of strategic partnership between the two countries, with the signing of agreements,” Foreign Minister Augusto Santos Silva said after meeting his Chinese counterpart this month.

Function: Mud Pump Liner also called the cylinder liner. The cylinder liner is the core accessory of the mud pump, which has the functions of storing mud, bearing pressure and completing the suction and discharge of mud. Because the cylinder liner is in direct contact with the mud, it is easy to be worn and corroded by the tiny sand particles, acid and alkali liquid in the mud during work. As a result, the inner diameter of the cylinder liner becomes larger, leakage occurs in the seal between the cylinder liner and the piston, and the pressure is reduced. The cylinder liner is scrapped eventually. Cylinder liner is a one-time wearable part that cannot be reused, and its life span directly affects the normal operation and cost of the drilling operation.

Bimetal Liners are also known as double metal liners. Forged steel pipe 45# (ASTM1045) is used for the outer sleeve, the normalizing hardness: 160BHN (HB180-200); elongation: 17%; tensile strength is not less than 85000PSI; yield strength is not less than 60000 PSI; The inner sleeve material is high chromium wear-resistant cast iron, with chromium content of 26-28%; thickness is 0.25 to 0.35 inches (6.35-8.89 mm), and the standard thickness is 7 mm. Usually, the service life is 800 hours under normal drilling conditions.

The inner liner is made of zirconia or aluminium oxide, and the outer sleeve is made of 45# (ASTM1045) forged steel. It has the advantages of more wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high-pressure resistance, high-temperature resistance, high strength and high hardness than metal cylinder liners. The service life is more than 4000 hours under normal drilling conditions.

The piston assembly is one of the main parts of the hydraulic end system of the mud pump, and it is also one of the vulnerable parts of the drilling work. The discharge pressure of the mud pump is generated by the reciprocating linear movement of the piston assembly in the piston.

The piston assembly is composed of piston hub, rubber, snap ring, plate, etc. The material of the piston hub is 42CrMo (ASTM4140), and the material of the piston rubber is NBR rubber or Polyurethane Rubber.

NBR rubber is suitable for an ordinary drilling working environment with working pressure below 20Mpa, and the working temperature is not higher than 120℃. Excellent wear resistance, chemical resistance and long service life.

Polyurethane rubber has excellent oil resistance and wear resistance. The working temperature is not higher than 120℃, which is suitable for oil-based mud with working pressure below 35Mpa and working environment with high sand content.

Lake Petro has over 10 years of experience in Liners and Pistons, we export a large amount of mud pump parts to many countries and regions in the world. If you are interested in any of our products, please contact sales@lakepetro.com.

BW-150 mud pump is a horizontal reciprocating single-acting triplex piston pump with eight kinds of pressure and discharge available for use. This mud water pump is commonly applied to deliver drilling fluids into drill hole in the drilling engineering of geology, and it is fit for diamond drilling with small aperture and a maximum depth of 1500 m. It is also perfect for middle and low pressure cement slurry perusing.

The drilling fluid used by this reciprocating piston pump shall not contain any chemical impurities that are corrosive to metals and rubber parts, and the temperature of the fluid shall not exceed 50°. When using mud for flushing, the recommended proportion of water and mud is between 1.03 and 1.12, viscosity of mud between 18 and 25S, silt content lower than 4%, diameter of sand particles not exceed 3 mm, and PH value around 7 to 8. No tiny mud balls, weeds, leaves and other impurities are allowed in the mud.

This mud water pump is extensively utilized in industries including geology, coal, building, metallurgy, chemicals, railway, water conservancy, oil and other fields.

This mud water pump is designed with multiple shifts for flexible speed and displacement adjustment. With compact structure and light weight, this reciprocating piston pump is also energy-saving, highly-effective and durable in use. In addition, it is easy to operate and convenient to maintain, keeping the maintenance cost low. This mud pump is primarily used as low and medium grouting pump in geological drilling, geological engineering construction and foundation treatment.

2.BW mud pump have four gear shifts.Output and drilling depth are adjustable,so it can be used to grout cement slurry or equipped with drilling machine.

3.BW mud pump is widely used in railway, hydraulic engineering, metallurgical engineering, building construction, geological exploration, engineering exploration.

China–Portugal relations (Portuguese: Relações entre a República Portuguesa e a República Popular da China or Relações China-Portugal, simplified Chinese: 葡萄牙共和国与中华人民共和国的关系

or 中葡关系; traditional Chinese: 葡萄牙共和國與中華人民共和國的關係 or 中葡關係; pinyin: Pútáoyá gònghéguó yǔ zhōnghuá rénmín gònghéguó de guānxì or zhōng pú guānxì), can be traced back all the way to 1514 during the Ming dynasty of China. Relations between the modern political entities of the People"s Republic of China and the Portuguese Republic officially began on 2 February 1979.

Despite Portugal"s relatively small economy and global influence compared to China, the Chinese government has expressed interest in developing relations with Portugal, granting the nation a similar treatment to other major European countries. Both nations maintain friendly relations, which is due to three main reasons- the first being the Portuguese handover of Macau in 1999, the second being the Portuguese prominence in the Lusophone, which includes nations China wishes to promote relations with, and third being the extensive history of Portuguese presence in Asia.

The first official Portuguese visit was Fernão Pires de Andrade mission to Guangzhou (1517–1518) during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). It was fairly successful, and the local Chinese authorities allowed the embassy, led by Tomé Pires and brought by de Andrade"s flotilla, to proceed to Beijing.brancos como nós], the greater part of them dressing in cotton cloth and silk".

The term ′China′ was actually employed in 1516 by the Portuguese travel writer Duarte Barbosa. Afterwards, the word ′China′ occurs in several languages: as China in Italy, as Chine in France, and in English as China.

Duarte Barbosa (1480–1521) gives a similar account of Chinese people: "great merchants, white men and well-made [huomini bianchi, grandi & ben disposti]; their women are very beautiful but both the men and women have small eyes, and the men"s beards contain only three or four hairs and no more".

Relations between the Portuguese and Chinese soured when Fernão"s brother Simão de Andrade arrived with a fleet at Guangzhou in 1519. He disregarded the country"s laws and customs and built a fort on Tamão Island under the pretext of a threat of piracy. He built a gallows there and executed one of his own sailors there for some offense, which greatly offended the local Chinese authorities. He attacked a Chinese official who protested against the Portuguese captain"s demands that his vessels should take precedence in trade with China before those from other countries.

After the Sultan of Bintan detained several Portuguese, The Chinese then executed 23 members of Tomé Pires" ill-fated embassy, and threw the rest into prison where they resided in squalid, sometimes fatal conditions.

After the Portuguese bribed their way into obtaining a trade mission in Ningbo and Quanzhou, they inflicted savage behaviour against the Chinese, and raided the Chinese ports. In retaliation, in 1545 the entire Portuguese community of Ningbo were exterminated by Chinese forces.

However, with gradual improvement of relations and aid given against the Wokou pirates along China"s shores, by 1557 Ming China finally agreed to allow the Portuguese to settle at Macau in a new Portuguese trade colony.Sultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese and fought alongside them against the Aceh Sultanate.

The Malay Malacca Sultanate was a tributary state and ally to Ming Dynasty China. In 1511, Portugal conquered Malacca, a Chinese tributary state, and the Chinese responded with force against Portugal.

The Chinese government imprisoned and executed multiple Portuguese envoys after it had tortured them in Guangzhou. The Malaccans had informed the Chinese of the Portuguese seizure of Malacca, and the Chinese responded with hostility toward the Portuguese. The Malaccans told the Chinese of the deception that the Portuguese had used by disguising plans for conquering territory as mere trading activities and told of all the atrocities committed by the Portuguese.

The Malaccan Sultan"s lodging of a complaint against the Portuguese invasion to the Chinese Emperor made the Portuguese greeted with hostility from the Chinese when they arrived in China.Ningbo and Quanzhou

The Chinese defeated a Portuguese fleet at the First Battle of Tamão (1521), killing and capturing so many Portuguese that they had to abandon their junks and retreat with only three ships and escaped back to Malacca only because a wind scattered the Chinese ships as the Chinese launched a final attack.

The Chinese effectively held the Portuguese embassy hostage and used it as a bargaining chip to demand the Portuguese to restore the deposed Malaccan Sultan (King) to his throne.

The Chinese proceeded to execute several Portuguese by beating and strangling them and by torturing the rest. The other Portuguese prisoners were put into iron chains and kept in prison.

In 1522, Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho was appointed commander of another Portuguese fleet sent to establish diplomatic relations.Second Battle of Tamão (1522). Many Portuguese were captured and ships destroyed during the battle. The Portuguese were forced to retreat to Malacca.

The Chinese forced Pires to write letters for them that demanded the Portuguese to restore the deposed Malaccan Sultahn back to his throne. The Malay ambassador to China was to deliver the letter.

The Chinese had sent a message to the deposed sultan (king) of Malacca on the fate of the Portuguese embassy, which the Chinese held prisoner. When they received his reply, the Chinese officials proceeded to executed the Portuguese embassy by slicing their bodies into multiple pieces. Their genitalia were inserted into the oral cavity. The Portuguese were executed in public in multiple areas in Guangzhou deliberately by the Chinese to show that the Portuguese were insignificant in their eyes.

In response to Portuguese and their establishment of bases in Fujian at Wuyu island and Yue Harbour at Zhangzhou, Shuangyu Island in Wenzhou and Nan"ao Island in Guangdong, the Imperial Chinese Right Deputy Commander Zhu Wan exterminated Traders and settlers and forcibly razed the Shuangyu Portuguese base to prohibit trading with foreigners by sea.

Chinese traders boycotted Malacca after it fell under Portuguese control, and some Chinese in Java assisted in Muslim attempts to reconquer the city from Portugal by using ships. The Java Chinese participation in failed attempted to conquer the Portuguese Malacca was recorded in "The Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon"

Hostility from the Chinese because of trafficking in Chinese slaves caused a 1595 law to be passed by Portugal that banned selling and buying of Chinese slaves.

Finally, in the early 1550s, the Canton authorities recognized the strategic importance of the “frangues” - these strange barbarians, from far away, skilled in trade, effective in war, but few in number. Gradually, they proved to be useful and less threatening. Disorganized people, acting privately, the adventurers of the China Sea gained negotiating power when the Crown intervened in the Sino-Japanese business and monopolized the China - Japan route. The nobleman Leonel de Sousa arrived in the region in 1553 and managed to negotiate with the mandarins on behalf of all the Portuguese. In 1554, authorization was finally obtained for the establishment at the mouth of the Pearl River, ten years after they began to deal with silver and silk.

During the Qing dynasty, the Ningbo authorities contracted Cantonese pirates to exterminate and massacre Portuguese who raided Cantonese shipping around Ningbo in the 1800s. The massacre was "successful", with 40 Portuguese dead and only 2 Chinese dead. It was dubbed the "Ningpo massacre" by an English correspondent, who noted that the Portuguese pirates had behaved savagely towards the Chinese and that the Portuguese authorities at Macau should have hindered the pirates.

The decline of authority of the Qing dynasty allowed the rise of numerous pirate groups, active around the commercially important Pearl River Delta, that captured trade vessels, assaulted seaside populations or forced them to pay tribute, but did not interfere with European shipping initially. The most important of these pirate groups became the Red Flag Fleet which, under the leadership of Cheung Po Tsai, had clashed with Portuguese vessels in 1805, but in May 1807 suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of Portuguese lieutenant Pereira Barreto, commanding a two-ship squadron.

After being defeated several times by the Portuguese Navy, on April 20, Quan Apon Chay formally delivered his fleet and weapons, which now numbered about 280 ships, 2,000 guns and over 25,000 men. The Portuguese claimed naught, which greatly impressed the Chinese. Cheung Po Tsai would in the future make formal visits to the Leal Senado of Macau to meet several of the Portuguese officers present at the fighting, among them Gonçalves Carocha.

As China underwent turbulent times in the 19th and the 20th centuries, Portugal maintained its colony in Macau by stationing its troops, refusing to pay rent and opposing the ruling Qing Empire. In 1939, Mao Zedong described Portugal as a "miserable little country" in his book "The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party".Carnation Revolution in Portugal had begun decolonization.

Relations between Portugal and China began to improve as talks in relation to Macau"s future were conducted and final agreement reach to return Macau to Chinese sovereignty in 1999.

Trade between the two countries have increased since the resolution of the longstanding issue of Macau"s future and the economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s. In 2002, trade between the two countries was valued at $380 million.

During the celebration of the Year of the Rooster, the Chinese Lunar New Year that fell on 28 January 2017, a huge rooster, the symbol of Portugal, created by famous Portuguese artist Joana Vasconcelos, was ferried to China from Lisbon to congratulate the Chinese with New Year greetings.

Bernardo Futscher Pereira (2006). "Relações entre Portugal e a República Popular da China" (PDF). Educ. Steam Press, Byculla. pp. 66–67. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2015.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xxxix. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. more charges, some of them quite fantastic, were being brought against the Portuguese. After telling us that one of the charges was that "we bought kidnapped children of important people and ate them roasted"... Some early Chinese historians even go so far as to give vivid details of the price paid for the children and how they were roasted.

Carlos Augusto Montalto Jesus (1902). Historic Macao. HONGKONG: Kelly & Walsh, limited. p. 5. Retrieved 14 December 2011. Simão de Andrade kidnapping.

Richard Stephen Whiteway (1899). The rise of Portuguese power in India, 1497–1550. WHITEHALL GARDENS: A. Constable. p. 339. Retrieved 14 December 2011. Simão de Andrade kidnapping.

Ernest S. Dodge (1976). Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia. Vol. 7 of Europe and the World in Age of Expansion. University of Minnesota Press. p. 226. ISBN 0-8166-0853-9.)

Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 235. (the University of Michigan)

A.J. Johnson Company (1895). Charles Kendall Adams (ed.). Johnson"s universal cyclopedia: a new edition. Vol. 6 of Johnson"s Universal Cyclopædia. NEW YORK: D. Appleton, A.J. Johnson. p. 202. (Original from the University of California)

Charles Kendall Adams; Rossiter Johnson (1902). Universal cyclopaedia and atlas, Volume 8. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 490. (Original from the New York Public Library)

Nigel Cameron; Brian Brake (1965). Peking: a tale of three cities. Harper & Row. p. 105. Meanwhile, as things went from bad to worse with Ming government, the first Portuguese traders arrived in South China in 1514, forerunners of many others from European countries whose activities in China were eventually to contribute in large part to the fall of the Ch"ing, last of all the Chinese dynasties, and to the tardy conversion of Chinese life to a modern, in place of a medieval, outlook. The behavior of the Portuguese, who were at first well received by the Chinese, was so reprehensible that it set the pattern of later Chinese antagonism toward foreigners in general.

Kung, James Kai-Sing; Ma, Chicheng (2014), "Autarky and the Rise and Fall of Piracy in Ming China", The Journal of Economic History, 74 (2): 509–534, doi:10.1017/S0022050714000345, S2CID 155018244

Wills, John E., Jr. (1998). "Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662," in The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, 333–375. Edited by Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank, and Albert Feuerwerker. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24333-5, 343–344.

Mohd Fawzi bin Mohd Basri; Mohd Fo"ad bin Sakdan; Azami bin Man (2002). Kurikulum Bersepadu Sekolah Menengah Sejarah Tingkatan 1. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. p. 95. ISBN 983-62-7410-3.

Ahmad Ibrahim; Sharon Siddique; Yasmin Hussain, eds. (1985). Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 11. ISBN 9971-988-08-9.

Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands) (1968). Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde, Part 124. M. Nijhoff. p. 446.

Alijah Gordon (2001). The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. Malaysian Sociological Research Institute. p. 136. ISBN 983-99866-2-7.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xl. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. In the meantime, after the departure of Simão de Andrade, the ship Madalena, which belonged to D. Nuno Manuel, coming from Lisbon under the command of Diogo Calvo, arrived at Tamão with some other vessels from Malacca, among them the junk of Jorge Álvares, which the year before could not sail with Simão de Andrade"s fleet, because she had sprung a leak..., the Chinese seized Vasco Calvo, a brother of Diogo Calvo, and other Portuguese who were in Canton trading ashore. On 27 June 1521 Duarte Coelho arrived with two junks at Tamão. Besides capturing some of the Portuguese vessels, the Chinese blockaded Diogo Calvo"s ship and four other Portuguese vessels in Tamão with a large fleet of armed junks. A few weeks later Ambrósio do Rego arrived with two other ships. As many of the Portuguese crews had been killed in the fighting, slaughtered afterwards or taken prisoners, by this time there was not enough Portuguese for all the vessels, and thus Calvo, Coelho, and Rego resolved to abandon the junks in order the batteter to man the three ships. They set sail on 7 September and were attacked by the Chinese fleet, managing however to escape, thanks to a providential gale which scattered the enemy junks, and arrived at Malacca in October 1521. Vieira mentions other junks which arrived in China with Portuguese aboard; all were attacked, and the entire crews were killed fighting or were taken prisoners and slaughtered later.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xl. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. Finally Pires and his companions left Peking on 22 May and arrived in Canton on 22 Sept. 1521. Francisco de Budoia died during the journey. From Peking instructions were sent to Canton that the ambassador and his suite should be kept in custody, and that only after the Portuguese had evacuated Malacca and returned it to its king, a vassal of the Emperor of China, would the members of the embassy be liberated.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues: Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xli. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. But many others died in prison, some of hunger, many strangled, "after carrying boards stating that they should die as sea-robbers", one struck on the head with a mallet, and others beaten to death. Pires and his companions arrived at Canton a fortnight after the three Portuguese ships had escaped from Tamão, and they found themselves in a most difficult position... "Tomé Pires replied that he had not come for that purpose, nor was it meet for him to discuss such a matter; that it would be evident from the letter he had brought that he had no knowledge of anything else.... With these questions he kept us on our knees for four hours; and when he had tired himself out, he sent each one back to the prison in which he was kept. On 14 August 1522 the Pochanci put fetters on the hands of Tomé Pires, and on those of the company he put fetters, and irons on their feet,

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlii. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. clerks who were present wrote down ten and stole three hundred.... The goods that they took from us were twenty quintals of rhubarb, one thousand five hundred or six hundred rich pieces of silk, a matter of four thousand silk handkerchiefs which the Chinese call sheu-pa (xopas) of Nanking, and many fans, and also three arrobas of musk in powerder, one thousand three hundred pods of musk, four thousand odd taels of silver and seventy or eighty taels of gold and other pieces of silver, and all the cloths,

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlii. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. Meanwhile from India, where the news of this state of affairs had not yet arrived, another fleet of four ships under the command of Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho sailed for China in April 1522. Coutinho had left Lisbon just one year before, commissioned by Dom Manuel with a message of good-will to the Emperor of China, for which purpose he carried another ambassador with him.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliii. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. Coutinho"s fleet of six sail left Malacca on 10 July and arrived at Tamão in August 1522. They were soon attacked by the Chinese fleet. The Portuguese had many men killed and taken prisoners, two ships and the junk were lost, and after vain efforts to re-establish relations with the Cantonese authorities, Coutinho returned with the other ships to Malacca, where he arrived in the middle of October 1522. Though some chroniclers put the blame on the Chinese, Chang quotes Chinese sources which assert that the Portuguese should be held responsible for the outbreak of hostilities.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlvi. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. On fol. 108v. it is stated that Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho went from Malacca to China in 1521, but in fol. 121 it is correctly said that he arrived in 1522.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliii. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. According to Vieira the mandarins again ordered that Pires should write a letter to the King of Portugal, which the ambassador of the ex-king of Malacca should take to Malacca, in order that his country and people might be returned to their former master; if a satisfactory reply did not come, the Portuguese ambassador would not return. A draft letter in Chinese was sent to the imprisoned Portuguese, from which they wrote three letters, for King Manuel, the Governor of India and the Captain of Malacca. These letters were delivered to the Cantonese authorities on 1 October 1522. The Malay ambassador was not anxious to be the courier, nor was it easy to find another. At last a junk with fifteen Malays and fifteen Chinese sailed from Canton on 31 May 1523 and reached Pattani.

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xliv. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. A message came to the king of Bintang from his ambassador [in Canton], and the man who brought it soon returned. The report which the king of Bintang was spreading in the country is that the Chinese intended to come against Malacca. This is not very certain, though there are things that may happen The man who brought a message to the king of Bintang "soon returned", says Jorge de Albuquerque. Vieira tells us that the junk "returned with a message from the king of Malacca, and reached Canton on 5 September" (fol.110V.). . . "On the day of St. Nicholas [6 Dec.] in the year 1522 they put boards on them [the Portuguese prisoners] with the sentence that they should die and be exposed in pillories as robbers. The sentences said: "Petty sea robbers sent by the great robber falsely; they come to spy out our country; let them die in pillories as robbers." a report was sent to the king according to the information of the mandarins, and the king confirmed the sentence. On 23 Sept. 1523 these twenty-three persons were each one cut in pieces, to wit, heads, legs, arms, and their private members placed in their mouths, the trunk of the body being divided into two pices around the belly. In the streets of Canton,

Tomé Pires; Armando Cortesão; Francisco Rodrigues (1990). Armando Cortesão (ed.). The Suma oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the East, from the Red Sea to China, written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515 ; and, The book of Francisco Rodrigues : Pilot-Major of the armada that discovered Banda and the Moluccas : rutter of a voyage in the red sea, nautical rules, almanack ... Vol. 1 of The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512–1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. xlv. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. both those of Canton and those of the environs, in order to give them to understand that they thought nothing of the Portuguese, so that the people might not talk about Portuguese. Thus our ships were captured through two captains not agreeing, and so all in the ships were taken, they were all killed, and their heads and private members were carried on the backs of the Portuguese in front of the Mandarin of Canton with the playing of musical instruments and rejoicing, were exhibited suspended in the streets, and were then thrown into the dunghills.

Qingxin Li (2006). Maritime silk road. 五洲传播出版社. p. 117. ISBN 7-5085-0932-3. From there they retreated to other islands off the coast of China including Nan"ao Island to the east of Guangdong, Shuangyu Island of Wenzhou in Zhejiang, Wuyu Island and Yue Harbor in Zhangzhou of Fujian, where they colluded with powerful and wealthy families, scoundrels of the sea and Japanese pirates, dealing in contraband and plundering. In 1547, the Ming court appointed Right Deputy Commander and imperial agent Zhu Wang as provincial commander in charge of Zhejiang and Fujian"s naval defenses, strictly enforcing the ban on maritime trade and intercourse with foreign countries. Zhu Wan also destroyed the Portuguese fortress on Shuangyu Island and eradicated all Chinese and Foreign buccaneers.

C. Guillot; Denys Lombard; Roderich Ptak, eds. (1998). From the Mediterranean to the China Sea: miscellaneous notes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 179. ISBN 3-447-04098-X. Chinese authors have argued, the Malacca-Chinese were not treated too favorably by the Portuguese... it is generally true that Chinese ships tended to avoid Malacca after 1511, sailing to other ports instead. Presumably these ports were mainly on the east coast of the Malayan peninsula and on Sumatra. Johore, in the deep south of the peninsula, was another place where many Chinese went.... After 1511, many Chinese who were Muslims sided with other Islamic traders against the Portuguese; according to The Malay Annals of Semarang and Cerbon, Chinese settlers living on northern Java even became involved in counter-attacks on Malacca. Javanese vessels were indeed sent out but suffered a disastrous defeat. Demak and Japara alone lost more than seventy sail.

Peter Borschberg (2004). Peter Borschberg (ed.). Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka area and adjacent regions (16th to 18th century). Vol. 14 of South China and maritime Asia. National University of Singapore. Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Fundação Oriente (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 12. ISBN 3-447-05107-8. still others withdrew to continue business with the Javanese, Malays and Gujaratis...When the Islamic world considered counter-attacks against Portuguese Melaka, some Chinese residents may have provided ships and capital. These Chinese had their roots either in Fujian, or else may have been of Muslim descent. This group may have consisted of small factions that fled Champa after the crisis of 1471.

Keevak, Michael (18 April 2011). Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3860-8.