overshot the mark free sample

It is possible that construction underway in 2011 and subsequently has or will alleviate the apparent shortage of research implied by the data in Figure 1 and overshoot the mark. That remains to be seen.

You"re inclined to overshoot the mark. News from a distance corroborates your ideas about the future but there is a need to lower expectations if you are to succeed.

Lowering volatility and sopping up excess liquidity can be beneficial, but there are risks here as well: regulators can easily overshoot the mark, leaving financial markets with weakened capacity for price discovery and too little liquidity.

On great occasions, he tends to overshoot the mark, calling for impossibilities like an "end to evil." He lacks a rhetorical mean, much less the rhetorical mien that served Ronald Reagan so well.

Other thesps, like the normally sensitive Mezzogiorno and Rubini, overshoot the mark in silly caricatures, while a series of famous faces--Umberto Orsini, Mariangela Melato, Michele Placido--turn up in irritating cameos.

To judge from the program of the 2001 meeting the North American Conference on British Studies, many early modern historians have run right by these would-be colleagues and have embraced the issues of "cultural studies." Whole panels (some of them tantalizing) engage "the politics of feasting," "gender, class, and consumer behavior," "sight, smell, and taste," "social and cultural space," "masculinity," "working women," and "early cultures of the object." Has the mad dash to the middle led some on each side, as it were, to overshoot the mark?

However, I venture to argue that the more adamant of Moore"s disciples--those who reject science and empirical knowledge as sources of normative ethical guidance--badly overshoot the mark. In his germinal book Consilience, Wilson argues that ought is a shorthand term for the compelling force of the store of useful social experience, a compact generalization from those behaviors that have served the evolution of our socially interdependent species.

Vatikanisches Konzil (Stuttgart, 1977), that the deliberations were not free, or that the majority bishops were manipulated like marionettes, overshoot the mark. Schatz"s critical distance and balance lend his nuanced judgments an authority that all scholars and commentators on the Council will have to reckon with.

"Chairman Pitofsky"s timely book teaches us important truths about antitrust. This book convincingly rebuts the Chicago School approach to economics and competition policy while reminding us that the antitrust laws, when effectively applied, are robust tools that enhance competition and benefit consumers. Chairman Pitofsky and the other distinguished contributors provide a badly needed counterpoint to the excesses of Chicago School economic theory that has led to an overly hands-off and lifeless approach to antitrust enforcement in recent years. This excellent volume should be studied by all those who care about competition policy."--Senator Herb Kohl

"Into the grand antitrust debate between Warren Court advocates, on the one hand, and the treatises and court opinions out of the Chicago School tradition, on the other, comes finally a voice of reasoned moderation--or rather a full-throated chorus of such voices. With a clear-eyed regard for the paramount importance of consumer welfare a the central governing principle of antitrust enforcement, this collection of essays deserves to be read carefully by practitioners, academics and politicians--but especially-- and exceedingly carefully--by federal judges all across the country, not least of all by the current justices of the U.S. Supreme Court."--John Shenefield, Former Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust

"When they asserted efficiency as the new benchmark of antitrust, the scholars of Chicago paved the way to very welcome developments. But efficiency is more and more treated as an ideology and therefore it leads to forgetting the facts and restoring presumptions. If avoiding false positives becomes the priority of antitrust, how many real negatives will receive undeserved immunity? The questions raised by this book are no less timely than those raised by those scholars forty years ago and deserve no less attention from practitioners, academics and judges all over the world. I am confident that some copies of it will also be available in the library of the U.S. Supreme Court."--Giuliano Amato, Former Prime Minister of Italy

"This collection of essays--by lawyers and economists, many of whom are former antitrust enforcement officials--will generously reward a close read by anyone who is interested in the current intellectual state of antitrust thinking. As largely a critique of recent legal decisions and of recent enforcement, these essays are likely to form the basis for new directions for antitrust in the coming decade."--Lawrence J. White, Professor of Economics, NYU Stern School of Business

"Taken as a whole, the book makes a forceful argument that the many positive contributions of the Chicago school have been overshadowed by an increasingly conservative laissez faire view of antitrust in the federal agencies and the courts. The results of this change have been an emphasis of theory over empirical evidence and a deliberate choice among confl icting economic theories and evidence, rather than a consensus about that theory and evidence. For me, this was the best and most provocative antitrust book of 2008." --Spencer Weber Waller, Loyola University Chicago, School of Law

How the Chicago School Overshot the Markis about the rise and recent fall of American antitrust. It is a collection of 15 essays, almost all expressing a deep concern that conservative economic analysis is leading judges and enforcement officials toward an approach that will ultimately harm consumer welfare.

For the past 40 years or so, U.S. antitrust has been dominated intellectually by an unusually conservative style of economic analysis. Its advocates, often referred to as "The Chicago School," argue that the free market (better than any unelected band of regulators) can do a better job of achieving efficiency and encouraging innovation than intrusive regulation. The cutting edge of Chicago School doctrine originated in academia and was popularized in books by brilliant and innovative law professors like Robert Bork and Richard Posner. Oddly, a response to that kind of conservative doctrine may be put together through collections of scores of articles but until now cannot be found in any one book. This collection of essays is designed in part to remedy that situation.

The chapters in this book were written by academics, former law enforcers, private sector defense lawyers, Republicans and Democrats, representatives of the left, right and center. Virtually all agree that antitrust enforcement today is better as a result of conservative analysis, but virtually all also agree that there have been examples of extreme interpretations and misinterpretations of conservative economic theory that have led American antitrust in the wrong direction. The problem is not with conservative economic analysis but with those portions of that analysis that have "overshot the mark" producing an enforcement approach that is exceptionally generous to the private sector. If the scores of practices that traditionally have been regarded as anticompetitive are ignored, or not subjected to vigorous enforcement, prices will be higher, quality of products lower, and innovation diminished. In the end consumers will pay.

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After a decade of generalized floating, it is clear that bilateral exchange rates exhibit more variability than the economic aggregates; relative prices, incomes, and money supplies, that generally comprise the fundamentals of theories of exchange rate determination. Dornbush"s over-shooting hypothesis is the best known explanation of this phenomenon. This paper shows that accommodative monetary policy (with respect to prices) has the potential to cause the economy to switch from exchange rate overshooting to undershooting. Using constrained maximum likelihood methods, the model is estimated for Germany and the United States. The results provide strong evidence in support of the overshooting hypothesis for the Deutsche Mark/Dollar exchange rate.

“Activist Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Overshooting: The Deutsche Mark/Dollar Rate” is a paper by David H. Papell David H. Papell published in the journal Research Papers in Economics in 1983.It is a paper about Phenomenon,Liberian dollar,Exchange rate,Monetary policy,Keynesian economics,Us dollar,Monetary economics,Quantum mechanics,Macroeconomics,Finance,Econometrics,Economics,and Physics.You can read and download a PDF Full Text of this paper here.

After a decade of generalized floating, it is clear that bilateral exchange rates exhibit more variability than the economic aggregates; relative prices, incomes, and money supplies, that generally comprise the fundamentals of theories of exchange rate determination. Dornbush"s over-shooting hypothesis is the best known explanation of this phenomenon. This paper shows that accommodative monetary policy (with respect to prices) has the potential to cause the economy to switch from exchange rate overshooting to undershooting. Using constrained maximum likelihood methods, the model is estimated for Germany and the United States. The results provide strong evidence in support of the overshooting hypothesis for the Deutsche Mark/Dollar exchange rate.

“Activist Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Overshooting: The Deutsche Mark/Dollar Rate” is a paper by David H. Papell David H. Papell published in the journal Research Papers in Economics in 1983.It is a paper about Phenomenon,Liberian dollar,Exchange rate,Monetary policy,Keynesian economics,Us dollar,Monetary economics,Quantum mechanics,Macroeconomics,Finance,Econometrics,Economics,and Physics.You can read and download a PDF Full Text of this paper here.

Abstract Lohse, Collins, and Bradley ignore or misrepresent the arguments we have made concerning “controlled” overshot flaking and the purported Ice-Age Atlantic Crossing. Here, we summarize our previous work and explain again how it directly tests the explicit claims of Stanford and Bradley (2012; Bradley and Stanford 2004, 2006). We also correct the inaccuracies and false accusations of Lohse, Collins, and Bradley, and refute their belief that arguments should be rejected or accepted on the…Expand

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The ideal primary standard meets all of the following criteria. However, the most important properties are high purity and high stability. Reagent grade chemicals should be used to prepare primary standard solutions.High purity

Chemicals react according to mole ratios. A titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution based on volume of a solution with known concentration needed to react with the solution of unknown concentration. But, the accuracy of the calculation relies on truly knowing the concentration of one solution.

So, for example, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts in a 1:1 ratio with hydrochloric acid (HCl). But, sodium hydroxide is not a primary standard because it’s typically impure. Sodium hydroxide is highly hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air, so if you weigh out a sample, some of that mass is actually water and carbon dioxide. That throws off any calculation involving the mole ratio because you really have less sodium hydroxide in the solution than you think. Meanwhile, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is a good primary standard for a reaction with hydrochloric acid because it’s available at high purity, has a higher molecular weight than sodium hydroxide, and isn’t as hygroscopic.

Using a primary standard offers a high degree of confidence in the concentration of the unknown solution. Because this solution has been standardized against the primary standard, it can be used as a secondary standard. The degree of confidence in the concentration is slightly lower because of error in the process (for example, overshooting the mark for a titration). But, for some chemicals, this type of standardization is the best way to get reliable concentration value.

Primary standards are used to make dilutions for working solutions for exactly the same reason. Because the concentration of the primary standard is known with a high degree of confidence, the concentration of solutions made from it is also known with a high degree of accuracy.

There are many primary standards. They are not one-size-fits-all. For example, sodium carbonate is good for standardizing hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, but not acetic acid. So, which primary standard you use depends on the chemical you’re reacting it with. Here is a list of some common primary standards:Sodium chloride (NaCl): for silver nitrate (AgNO3) reactions

A secondary standard is a reagent that has been standardized against a primary standard. In other words, a secondary standard’s concentration is known by titrating it against a measured volume of a primary standard instead of by weighing it out and dissolving it in a solvent. A secondary standard may be less pure and more reactive than a primary standard, but it still upholds some of the properties of a standard. It’s stable enough that its concentration remains known for a long time. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a common secondary standard.

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Instead of instantly pricing all publicly known information according to the efficient market hypothesis, investors may be influenced by emotional biases such as greed or fear, resulting in stock price overshooting phenomena such as stock price overbought (oversold). Furthermore, we argue that stock price overshooting may not be beneficial to investors. Investors buying stocks with overbought phenomena (i.e., buying stocks at rising prices due to investors" optimistic sentiment likely triggered by further rising higher prices expected) may suffer losses; similarly, investors selling stocks with oversold phenomena (i.e., selling stocks at falling prices due to investors" pessimistic sentiment likely expecting further falling share prices) may suffer losses (Al Janabi et al., 2019). Furthermore, stakeholders and even insiders may profit from such phenomena by selling at an overestimated price or buying at an underestimated price (Cao et al., 2021; Clarke, 2022; Xiao et al., 2022).

Since the number of tourists from Mainland China increased significantly between 2009 and 2015, share prices have risen (e.g., stock price overbought phenomenon), stock price volatility has increased, and the trading volume of tourism and hospitality stocks in Taiwan has increased. Following that, we observed that some of these companies may manipulate their stock prices in order to profit from the occurrence of stock price overbought phenomena, resulting in increased stock price volatility and falling share prices after selling shares at overbought prices as measured by technical indicators such as SOI and RSI (Day et al., 2022; Kamalov, 2020; Ni et al., 2022; Pramudya and Ichsani, 2020).

The phenomena observed above serve as the primary motivation in this study. As a result, we investigate whether the ownership structure of tourism and hospitality companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) influences stock price overreaction manipulation, as share price overshooting frequently occurs for these firms after Chinese authorities relax restrictions on tourists visiting Taiwan.

In addition, given that ownership structure plays an important role in corporate governance (Jiang and Kim, 2020; Kyere and Ausloos, 2021), the theoretical framework for corporate governance is primarily based on agency theory (Amis et al., 2020; Kyere and Ausloos, 2021) to protect investors (Garca Sanchez and Meca, 2018). As a result, corporate governance cannot be overemphasized by any relevant parties (e.g., enterprises, authorities, and investors) today in order to protect the interests of investors.

Furthermore, stock price overshooting can be detected using a variety of technical indicators, including stochastic oscillator indicators (SOI) and the relative strength index (RSI). Thus, we investigate whether overbought (oversold) phenomena defined by SOI and RSI as our proxies, abbreviated as OB-SOI (OS-SOI) and OB-RSI (OS-RSI), all of which are defined in detail in Table 2, occur frequently or rarely in tourism and hospitality firms. Furthermore, the higher the values for these proxies, the greater the overshooting phenomenon experienced by TWSE-listed tourism and hospitality firms. As a result, we are curious about how the function of the ownership structure affects these proxies. Because stocks of tourism and hospitality firms listed on the TWSE exhibit stock price overshooting phenomena more frequently than large-cap stocks, we investigate whether stock price overshooting phenomena as measured by technical indicators, SOI and RSI, for Taiwan hospitality and tourism firms are influenced by the function of ownership structure for such firms. In other words, we attempt to link whether stock price overshooting phenomena are related to corporate governance, which is likely beneficial for selecting tourism firms focusing on the tourism business rather than stock price manipulation, which appears to be rarely explored in relevant studies.

In terms of Taiwan"s tourism and hospitality industry, we argue that it is one of the most forward-thinking industries because Taiwan, which is located on the western edge of the Pacific Ocean, has 9 national parks and 13 national scenic areas to preserve Taiwan"s best natural ecological environment and cultural sites. Taiwan had a record tourist footfall of 11.1 million in 2018, according to the Taiwan Tourism Bureau, and the industry"s growth rate of 3.1% was higher than the Taiwanese economy"s. Moreover, an increase in both overseas tourists to Taiwan (i.e., inbound tourism), particularly Chinese tourists, and Taiwanese tourists visiting other countries would benefit the tourism and hospitality enterprises (i.e., outbound tourism). The number of visitors to Taiwan reaches 10.44 million in 2015, according to Table 1 of the Taiwan Tourism Bureau report, while the number of outbound tourists from Taiwan rises to 13.18 million.

Moreover, the tourism and hospitality industry has great prospects in the Asia Pacific region (Singh, 1997), with potential economic values (Chan et al., 2012; Hassan, 2000; Helgadóttir and Sigurardóttir, 2008; Koh and Kwok, 2017; Lee et al., 2017), and its economic value may not be less than other industries in many countries (Cranmer et al., 2020; Eeckels et al., 2012; Kontogeorgopoulos, 1998; Sugden, 2007). Many countries regard it as a star industry in the twenty-first century. As a result, the TWSE-listed tourism and hospitality firms serve as our investigated targets because we find that share price overreaction occurs frequently for the stocks of such firms, which may be due to an increase in tourists visiting Taiwan from China following the resolution of political tensions after 2008. Furthermore, because share price informativeness, such as stock price overreaction, can be influenced by the function of ownership structure, we investigate whether our new overreaction proxies would be influenced by the ownership structure of such companies in this study.

This research may contribute to the body of knowledge in the following ways. To begin, different from other proxies of firm performance, such as return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and Tobin"s q that are released quarterly or annually, our proxies would be updated as soon as share prices were released. Because our new proxies for TWSE-listed tourism and hospitality firms are being updated quickly, we may be able to gauge the function of ownership structure quickly. Second, contrary to our perception, we reveal that stock price overbought phenomena may be manipulated by some tourism and hospitality firms, as revealed by directors and managers declining their shareholdings in these firms, implying that these tourism and hospitality firms may have corporate governance issues (i.e. likely focusing on stock price manipulation instead of their tourism business).

The rest of this paper is organized as below. The literature review is surveyed in Section 2. Section 3 introduces the data and methodology adopted. The empirical results and analyses are shown in Section 4. Section 5 provides empirical results with robustness concerns. Concluding remarks are presented in Section 6.

3In the absence of ssDNA substrate, RPA-DBC aggregates at concentrations in excess of 2.5 mg/mL. While this critical concentration is likely to vary from system to system, a starting concentration of at least 1–2 mg/mL is preferred, as this is the minimum concentration range recommended for scattering studies. Follow-up screening at higher concentrations can be pursued once stable conditions have been established for the minimum concentration.

4The concentration of HEPES (10 mM) within the protein buffer is kept low relative to that described in the original purification procedure to ensure that the primary buffering capacity arises from the screening buffer (i.e., 50 mM test buffer versus 5 mM HEPES).

5Components of the starting buffer will vary and may be subject to optimization as well, depending upon the system of interest. For various RPA constructs, starting buffers have included 50–100 mM NaCl and 2–10 mM BME to provide ionic stabilization to the protein’s basic OB-folds and full reduction of the cysteine resides coordinating the metal center of the zinc ribbon of the 70C domain.

9Precipitation may manifest in a number of ways, whether a fine clouding of the drop or the dramatic appearance of brown/black conglomerates. The metric provided in Fig. 1 reflects the assumption that the severity of the precipitation is reflected by the density of the precipitation within the drop (a few grains versus complete occupation of the drop). For more details, refer to Howe (22).

10In our experience, the majority of precipitation occurs within the first 15–20 min after mixing; if a drop remains clear beyond this, it is likely to remain relatively clear through the remainder of the incubation period.

11The choice of the salts NaCl and KCl and the additive glycerol for the second round of screening is based on past successes with various RPA constructs. A list of ionic agents and additives that may be tested in addition to these is provided in Table 1.

12A SANS contrast variation series encompasses five to six samples of the target protein–DNA complex prepared in buffers containing different mixtures of H2O and D2O as solvent (typically 0, 10, 20, 30, 80, and 100% D2O). Differences in scattering contrast for protein and DNA under these different ratios of H2O and D2O allow their respective scattering contributions to be parsed from the global scattering of the complex (24). Because D2O has very different physical properties compared to H2O (including differential hydrogen bonding and acid/base behavior), protein solubility may be negatively affected when substituting D2O as the primary buffer solvent.

13Due to the expense of D2O, we recommend running all secondary solubility testing on hydrogenated buffers first, before proceeding with testing of deuterated buffers. Typically, SANS is contemplated for a protein–DNA complex once successful data acquisition and analysis have been achieved by SAXS; as such, deuterated buffers may not be required for some time. When this stage of the analysis is reached, we recommend embarking on a small-scale version of the secondary testing described here, employing a 100–300 mL dialysis buffer with protein volume scaled accordingly.

14Concentrators are usually spun in 10–15 min increments with careful mixing upon each addition of protein to prevent buildup and aggregation of protein at the base of the concentrator.

15In the interest of preserving protein stability prior to exposing a sample to long-term incubation at room temperature, we have historically prepared protein–DNA mixtures on ice. If protein stability is assured, incubation at room temperature is preferred in order to ensure complete equilibration of protein–DNA binding.

16In our experience, absorbance measurements by UV–Vis spectrophotometer return more accurate assessments of concentration on more dilute protein solutions compared to Nanodrop. Absorbance measurement by Nanodrop, however, requires the expenditure of less protein. In light of this, we describe measuring the initial concentration of the original stock solutions by UV–Vis spectrophotometery, then following subsequent changes in concentration for each series by Nanodrop.

17As mentioned before for the secondary solubility screening assay, testing of deuterated buffers should be considered only after hydrogenated buffers have been thoroughly optimized and at least one round of study by SAXS has been successfully completed. A 36-h SEC-MALS run using a 2.4 mL Superdex 200 PC 3.2/30 column would be expected to consume ~120 mL of buffer.

18Our SEC-MALS system includes in-line detectors for ultraviolet absorbance at 280 nm (Agilent 1100 series, Agilent Technologies), static light scattering (DAWN HELEOS 8+, Wyatt Technology), and differential refractive index (Agilent 1200 series, Agilent Technologies). The system is equipped with an automated injection system (Agilent 1100 series, Agilent Technologies). Operation of the FPLC system is managed by Agilent ChemStation software, while data recording and analysis are carried out by Astra V (version 5.3.4.18).

19It is critical that all solutions introduced to the FPLC system are freshly filtered and supplemented with 0.05% sodium azide to prevent any particulate matter from potentially clogging the light scattering flow cell and to inhibit microbial growth and contamination of the system.

20Allow approximately 15 and 30 min, respectively, for the light scattering laser and UV lamp to warm up prior to final preparation of the first sample.

21Since all modifications to ChemStation methods are implemented in real time, we recommend preparing and uploading the ChemStation method prior to connecting the column to the instrument for equilibration to prevent unexpected changes in flow rate or maximum pressure allowances.

23If there is a discrepancy in the measured and predicted molecular weights, confirm that the definitions of the peak boundaries exclude any trace aggregation that may elute as a shoulder to the main BSA peak. (We observe slight dimer formation, even with the monomeric standard). If the discrepancy still remains, Astra’s default value for the buffer refractive index may not be accurate for the test buffer (the default parameters are based upon phosphate buffered saline). This value can be measured with a refractometer and adjusted under the solvent settings of the experiment.

24In the case of protein–DNA complexes, signs of aggregation by SEC-MALS may in fact highlight the presence of non-stoichiometric binding (two or more DNA molecules per protein molecule or vice versa). The addition of 1.1-fold molar excess oligonucleotide for RPA is intended to ensure full saturation of all binding sites without providing opportunity for multiple DNA molecules to associate with a single RPA molecule. For example, we find that the addition of threefold molar excess of DNA produces an early eluting shoulder in addition to the primary peak of the complex. If a non-stoichiometric interaction is suspected, we recommend varying the molar ratio of DNA to protein when forming the complex or adjusting the salt concentration of the buffer.

26A five-point SANS contrast variation series will require five 325-µL samples (~1.6 mL) at a minimum of 1–2 mg/mL. Sample volume assumes the use of 1 mm quartz banjo cells.

27Collecting SAXS data on a concentration series of the sample allows for assessment of inter-particle interference while maximizing signal sensitivity (17). In our case, a concentration series is preferred to a dilution series, as irreversible aggregation that could be induced at higher concentrations is not propagated to more dilute samples.

28All gel filtration columns will shed a certain amount of their matrix upon first application of liquid flow pressure and then will stabilize. In order to minimize introduction of this matrix material into the eluting sample, it is recommended that flow be maintained after column equilibration and between individual runs. If the column must be left for an extended period of time, simply reduce the flow rate to 0.05 mL/min and ensure that there is sufficient buffer in the pump reservoir.

29The concentration of the sample will be diluted after passage through the gel filtration column. If the dilution factor of the column is known for a particular sample volume (a series of calibration runs can establish this), then the loading concentration can be adjusted to guarantee a final concentration of 1–2 mg/mL at the maximum point of the eluting peak.

30We have also found that confirming concentration by Bradford assay is particularly helpful for protein–DNA complexes, as defining an accurate extinction coefficient for the mixed species can be difficult. If sample material is limited prior to data acquisition, the assay can be performed once the experiment is completed.

32The speed of concentration will depend upon the protein. We recommend spinning in 5 min increments with mixing in between to reduce the risk of overshooting the target concentrations and potentially inducing aggregation.

33As a cold aqueous sample comes to room temperature, excess dissolved gas will come out of solution and form bubbles on the face of the quartz cells that can interfere with sample scattering.