foster power tong 54 93 quotation
*(RPM based on published requirements of motor manufacturer 30 GPM to tong motor)(See through clutch and final drive covers for display only. Actual tong comes with metal cover.)
Tongs - Power - STARR 9-7/8 TONGS 40K AND 60K MODELS AVAILABLE, WITH OR WITHOUT INTEGRAL BACKUP. TOOLS ARE SOLD WITH ONE YEAR WARRANTY. ACCESSORIES ARE AVAILABLE IN STOCK ON REQUEST. C... More Info
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ATTO/PA/E y SUPPORTING AND POSITIONING MECHANISM FOR POWER TONGS Filed Jan. 28, 1965 J. L. FOSTER Nov. 29, 1966 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 (far/7a.; Zew/J Fa: fer
ATTOPMFLV United States Patent 3,288,000 SUPPORTING AND POSITIONING MECHANISM FOR POWER TONGS James Lewis Foster, P.O. Box 1351, Wichita Falls, Tex. Filed Jan. 28, 1965, Ser. No. 428,777 9 Claims. (Cl. 81-54) The invention relates to the connecting and disconnecting of sections of well pipe by means of power tongs and more particularly to mechanism for supporting and positioning power tongs for such use.
In the drilling of oil and gas wells it is customary to make use of power tongs for connecting and disconnect ing sections of drill pipe, such tongs usually being of a type having a frame formed at one end with a hollow housing provided with a central opening therethrough, and within which rotary head mechanism is rotatably mounted, to be driven by gear mechanism operated by a pressure fluid actuated motor carried on the frame. The rotary head mechanism includes means engageable with the pipe when the same is extended through the central opening to rotate the pipe with the mechanism and which is disengageable from the pipe to release the same.
In the use of tong mechanism of this kind, it has been customary heretofore to suspend the tong from above by a cable, the tong being supported by the cable in a position over the well bore with its central opening in axial alignment therewith for use in connecting and disconnecting sections of pipe, and being swung aside and lowered by the cable to a stand-by location when out of use. The use of such cable suspension means presents the disadvantage that the tong must be manually swung into and out of position for engagement with the pipe which greatly increases the labor and difiiculty in the use of the equipment. Moreover, the suspension of the tong for free swinging movement greatlyincreases the likelihood of injury to the user or damage to the mechanism.
The present invention has for an important object the provision of supporting and positioning mechanism for power tongs by which such tongs may be moved into and supported in an elevated position over the bore of a Well for use in rotating a section of well pipe in the connecting together or disconnecting of such sections of a string of pipe extending into the bore and moved aside from such position and supported in an out-of-use position laterally away from the bore when not in use.
Another object of the invention is to provide power tong supporting and positioning mechanism by which the position of the tong may be adjusted vertically while the same is supported horizontally above a well bore to allow the tong to be engaged with a section of well pipe at a desired location to permit the same to be rotated relative to another such section located below in connecting or disconnecting the sections.
3,288,000 Patented Nov. 29, 1966 lcg A further object of the invention is the provision of power tong supporting and positioning mechanism embodying means for movably supporting the tong for generally horizontal swinging movement into and out of position for engagement with a section of pipe to be connected into or disconnected from a string of pipe extending into a well bore and including means for allowing vertical rocking movement of the tong to permit angular adjustment of the tong relative to the pipe to accurately position the tong for gripping engagement therewith.
Briefly described the invention comprises power tong mechanism for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints of well pipe, including a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same and supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer upright telescopingly arranged trackways and means for movably supporting the tong on the upper one of the trackways for horizontal swinging movement bodily about an axis common to the trackways to position the tong over the bore of a well for engagement with the pipe and means positioned for coaction with the trackways to import relative longitudinal movement to the trackways and to hold the trackways in a selected position of longitudinal adjustment relative to each other. By so supporting the tong, the tong may be moved bodily into a position over a well bore and adjusted to and held at a desired elevation for engagement with the pipe to rotate the same, and also moved bodily horizontally away from the well bore to clear the area around the pipe when the tong is not in use.
FIGURE 1 is a side elevational view of the invention illustrating a preferred embodiment of the same and showing the supporting and positioning mechanism with the tong supported in position for use in the rotation of a section of pipe;
FIGURE 3 is a side elevational view illustrating a different form of the supporting and positioning mechanism of the invention and showing the same with the tong supported in position for use; and
Referring now to the drawings in greater detail the invention is illustrated herein in connection with its use for the supporting and positioning of power tong mechanism of a conventional type, such as that employed in well drilling operations for the connecting and disconnecting of the sections of pipe of a well string. Tongs of this type, such as that illustrated in the drawings are commonly constructed with a main frame, generally designated 10 having at one end thereof a hollow housing 12, Within which rotary head mechanism is rotatably carried, to be driven through the intermediation of suitable gear mechanism or other means, not shown, enclosed in a casing 14 forming a part of the frame, and which is in turn driven by a motor 16, operable by pressure fluid from any convenient source of supply under the control of suitable valve means, not shown, of usual construction and arrangement. I The tong structure also commonly includes pipe holding or back-up means, such as that indicated at 18, which is constructed for engagement with a section of the pipe to hold the same against-rotation while the section above connected thereto is rotated by the tong to unscrew the section above therefrom. The holding or back-up device 18 may conveniently be connected to the frame of the tong by a supporting bar 20, as shown in FIGURE 1, which is in turn loosely connected to the frame, as by means of a bolt 22, slidably extended through a performation in the bore and which is surrounded by a coil spring 24 to allow limited movement of the back-up means relative to the housing 12 to permit the pipe gripping means of the tong and back-up means to position themselves properly on the pipe.
As illustrated in FIGURES 1 and 2, the tong supporting and positioning mechanism is of a type intended to be disposed in an opening in a supporting structure P, such as a derrick floor, drilling platform, or the like, for movement to an extended position with the tong at a desired location above the floor or platform or to a retracted position within the opening 0, as shown in FIG- URE 2. The supporting and positioning mechanism comprises an outer pair of parallel, vertically disposed side members 30, 30, having upper end flanges 32, 32 which are secured to the floor or platform as by means of bolts 34, with the members 30 extending downwardly in the opening 0 and connected together at their lower ends by a cross-piece 36.
Inwardly projecting stop lugs 54 are positioned on the side members 30, 30 in position for engagement by outwardly projecting flanges 56 on the lower ends of the outer trackways to limit upward movement of the outer trackways relative to the side members, and the inner trackways have outwardly projecting flanges 58 at their lower ends positioned for engagement with inwardly projecting, upper end flanges 60 on the outer trackways, as shown in FIGURE 2, to limit the upward movement of the inner trackways relative to the outer trackways.
The power tong is supported on the plate 46, as by means of a rotatable connection, shown at 67, between a pair of channel members 68, 68 rotatably connected to the plate at one end and connected at their other ends to the frame 10 of the tong, as by means of a U-shaped element 70 having a pivotal connection at its bottom, as
The above described preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGURE 2 in its fully lowered or retracted position, and when the tong is to be used for the connecting or disconnecting of sections of well pipe, the hydraulic cylinder 62 is actuated to lift the inner trackways 42, 42 and the tong therewith to the desired elevation, whereupon the tong may be moved 1 into position for use by rotating the tong bodily, horizontally about the connection 67 and also by rotating the tong about the connection 72. When the tong has 6 been positioned with the well pipe T extending through the hollow casing 12 and through the back-up mechanism 18, with the connected ends of the pipe sections 6 between the casing and back-up mechanism, the tong may be operated by the motor 16 to grippingly engage the pipe to unscrew the sections or to screw the same be moved upwardly and when the lower end flanges 58 engage the upper end flanges 60 of the outer trackways l the outer trackways will then be moved upwardly until the lower end flanges thereof engage the stops 54.
When the tong is not in use it may be swung aside I from its operating position above the well bore, by rotation about the connection 67, whereupon the tong may be further rotated about the connection 72 to position the tong in an out-of-the-way location until needed.
It will thus be seen that the form of the invention illustrated in FIGURES 1 and 2 provides a telescoping supporting and positioning mechanism whereby a power tong may be elevated and lowered to position the same at a desired elevation and whereby the tong may be moved horizontally and adjusted to position the same over a well bore or to move the tong aside when not needed for immediate use.
A somewhat different form of the invention is illustrated in FIGURES 3 and 4, wherein the support mechanism is mounted on the floor or platform P extending abovethe same. In this form of the invention the tong supporting and positioning mechanism includes an upright or post, generally designated 74 in FIGURE 3, comprising parallel, spaced apart channel members 76, 76 forming upright trackways, attached at their lower ends to a flat base 78, which is adapted to be secured to a drilling platform P or other supporting structure, as by means of bolts 80. The trackways 76, 76, may be connected to the base 78, by means of reinforcing angle plates, or the like, such as those shown at 82, 82, welded to the trackways and base or otherwise attached thereto.
A vertically movable carriage having parallel, spaced apart side plates 84, 84, connected by one or more crosspieces, such as that indicated at 86, is disposed between the trackways 76, 76, each of which plates is provided with upper and lower rollers, 88 and 90, respectively, rotatably connected thereto and extending between the flanges of the adjacent trackway for vertical rolling movement therealong. The carriage also has a cross-bar 92 connected at its opposite ends to the side plates 84 which serves as a slide rest upon which the tong rests between the trackways 7 6, 76, as best seen in FIGURE 3.
A hydraulic cylinder 94, similar to the cylinder 62, previously described, is centrally located between the trackways 76, 76 resting at its lower end on the base plate 78 and whose plunger is positioned to transmit an upward force to the carriage upon actuation of the cylinder to lift the carriage along the trackways, thereby elevating the tong therewith.
The supporting structure also includes opposite, parallel spaced apart channels 96, 96 connected at one end to the bottom of a U-shaped connector 100 whose arms are attached at their upper ends to the frame of the tong.
The side plates 84, 84 are also connected by a crosspiece 102 located mediate the ends of the plates, as shown in dotted lines in FIGURES 3 and 4 against which one end of a coil spring 104 is seated, whose other end bears against a downwardly extending lug 105 attached to the connector 100 and through which a rod 106 attached at one end to the connector is extended, the rod being slidably extended at its other end through the cross-piece 102. By this construction the tong may have some longitudinal sliding movement on the carriage between the trackways 7 6, 76 which movement is restrained by the spring 104 to hold the tong on the carriage and to allow some slight angular movement of the tong relative to the horizontal.
In making use of the above described form of the invention, illustrated in FIGURES 3 and 4, the tong is positioned on the carriage with the well pipe T extending through the hollow casing 12 and the back-up mechanism 18 of the tong as previously described, whereupon the tong may be elevated by supplying pressure fluid to the hydraulic cylinder 94 to position the tong for gripping engagement with the pipe at the desired location to efiect the unscrewing of sections of the pipe or the screwing together of the same.
It will be apparent that the tong may move horizontally somewhat relative to the carriage to allow the tong to adjust its position to the well pipe and that the tong may also tilt vertically somewhat to allow the tong to adjust itself to a position for gripping engagement with the pipe when the motor 16 is actuated to rotate the pipe. By this arrangement, in the event of some slight lateral movement of the pipe or angular movement of the same, the tong may adjust itself to compensate for such movements while remaining in tight gripping engagement with the pipe.
It will thus be apparent that the invention, constructed as described above, provides power tong supporting and positioning mechanism by which a power tong may be readily positioned at a desired elevation over the bore of a well or moved aside and supported in an out-of-theway position when out of use to make available a maximum space about the well bore for the carrying out of well operations.
1. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination With a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longitudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal rotational movement into and out of a position extending over the bore for engagement with the pipe, and means positioned for coaction with the trackways to impart relative longitudinal movement to and hold the trackways in a selected position of longitudinal adjustment relative to each other.
2. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longitudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal swinging movement bodily about an axis common to the trackways to position the tong over the bore for engagement with the pipe and means positioned for coaction with the trackways to impart relative longitudinal movement to and hold the trackways in a selected position of longitudinal adjustment relative to each other.
3. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longi-- tudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal swinging movement bodily about an axis common to the trackways and for rotational movement about an axis spaced horizontally from said common axis to allow the tong to be moved into and out of a position extending over the bore for engagement with the pipe and means positioned for coaction with the trackways to impart relative longitudinal movement to and hold the trackways in a selected position of longitudinal adjustment relative to each other.
4. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for sup porting the trackways in an upright position for longitudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal rotational movement into and out of a position extending over the bore for engagement with the pipe, and hydraulic means positioned for coaction with the trackways to extend the trackways to and hold the trackways in a selected position of extension relative to each other.
5. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, or supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longitudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal swinging movement bodily about an axis common to the trackways to position the tong over the bore for engagement with the pipe and hydraulic means positioned for coaction with the trackways to extend the trackways and hold the trackways in a selected position of extension relative to each other.
6. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longitudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal swinging movement bodily about an axis common to the trackways and for rotational movement about an axis spaced horizontally from said common axis to allow the tong to be moved into and out of a position extending over the bore for engagement with the pipe and hydraulic means positioned for coaction vw"th the trackways to extend the trackways and to hold the trackways in a selected position of extension relative to each other.
7. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longitudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal rotational movement into and out of a position extending over the bore for engagement with the pipe, and means for imparting relative longitudinal movement to the trackways to extend the trackways including hydraulically extensible means supported on an axis common to the trackways and yieldable means positioned for coaction with said extensible means and one of said trackways to yieldingly resist relative longitudinal movement of the trackways in a direction to retract the trackways.
8. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate the same, of supporting and positioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and in a direction to extend the trackways and including yieldable means positioned to yieldingly resist relative longitudinal movement of the trackways in a direction to retract the trackways.
9. In apparatus for connecting and disconnecting threaded joints in a well pipe string, the combination with a power tong adapted to be grippingly engaged with a well pipe to rotate thesame, of supporting and posii tioning mechanism for the tong comprising inner and outer telescopingly arranged trackways, means for supporting the trackways in an upright position for longii tudinal movement relative to each other adjacent a well bore, means for movably supporting the tong on the upper end of one of the trackways for horizontal swing ing movement bodily about an axis common to the trackways and for rotational movement about an axis spaced horizontally from said common axis to allow the tong to be moved into and out of a position extending over the bore for engagement with the pipe and extensible means positioned for coaction with the trackways to impart relative longitudinal movement to the trackways in a direction to extend the trackways and including yieldable means positioned to yieldingly resist relative longitudinal movement of the trackways in a direction to retract the trackways.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,181,641 11/1939 Hicks 8157 2,450,934 10/1948 Calhoun 2142.5 X l 2,781,185 2/1957 Robbins 2142.5 X 3,143,220 8/1964 Goepfert 2142.5
Huangdi was also referred to as "Youxiong" (Yǒuxióng). This name has been interpreted as either a place name or a clan name. According to British sinologist Herbert Allen Giles (1845–1935), that name was "taken from that of [Huangdi"s] hereditary principality".Records of the Grand Historian, states that Huangdi was originally the head of the Youxiong clan, which lived near what is now Xinzheng in Henan.Dangun legend.
Explicit accounts of the Yellow Emperor started to appear in Chinese texts during the Warring States period. "The most ancient extant reference" to Huangdi is an inscription on a bronze vessel made during the first half of the fourth century BC by the royal family (surnamed Tian 田) of the state of Qi, a powerful eastern state.
The Shiji begins its chronological account of Chinese history with the life of Huangdi, whom it presents as a sage sovereign from antiquity.ShaodianFubao(附寶).Leizu of Xiling bore him two sons.封嫘), third wife Tongyu (彤魚) and fourth wife Momu (嫫母).Shaohao or Xuan Xiao, who lived in Qingyang by the Yangtze River.Changyi, the second son, lived by the Ruo River. When the Yellow Emperor died, he was succeeded by Changyi"s son, Zhuan Xu.
Inquiring of the Dao at the Cave of Paradise, hanging scroll, color on silk, 210.5 x 83 cm by Dai Jin (1388–1462). This painting is based on the story, first recounted in the Kongtong Mountains to inquire about the Dao with the Daoist sage Guangchengzi.
The Yellow Emperor became a powerful national symbol in the last decade of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) and remained dominant in Chinese nationalist discourse throughout the Republican period (1911–49).ancestor of all Chinese people.
Starting in 1903, radical publications started using the projected date of his birth as the first year of the Chinese calendar.Liu Shipei (1884–1919) found this practice necessary in order to "preserve the [Han] race" (baozhong 保種) from both dominance by Manchu people and foreign encroachment.Anti-Manchuism such as Chen Tianhua (1875–1905), Zou Rong (1885–1905), and Zhang Binglin (1868–1936) tried to foster the racial consciousness they thought was missing from their compatriots, and thus depicted the Manchus as racially inferior barbarians who were unfit to rule over Han Chinese.Minbao 民報 ("People"s Journal"Tongmenghui, featured the Yellow Emperor on its cover and called Huangdi "the first great nationalist of the world."
Anti-Manchu intellectuals and activists who searched for China"s "national essence" (guocui 國粹) adapted Sino-Babylonianism to their needs.battle with Chi You as a conflict opposing the newly arrived civilized Mesopotamians to backward local tribes, a battle that transformed China into one of the most civilized places in the world.History of the Yellow Race (Huangshi 黃史), which was published serially from 1905 to 1908, Huang Jie (黃節; 1873–1935) claimed that the "Han race" was the true master of China because it was descended from the Yellow Emperor.filial piety and the Chinese patrilineal clan,
Bottom image: A 100-yuan banknote displaying the Yellow Emperor, issued in 1938 by the Federal Reserve Bank of China of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), a Japanese puppet regime in North China
It is from this centre that equilibrium and harmony emanate, equilibrium of the vital organs which becomes harmony between the person and the environment. As sovereign of the centre, the Yellow Emperor is the very image of the concentration or re-centering of the self. By self-control, taking charge of his own body one becomes powerful outside. The centre is also the vital point in the microcosm by means of which the internal universe viewed as an altar is created. The body is a universe, and by going into himself and by incorporating the fundamental structures of the universe, the sage will gain access to the gates of Heaven, the unique point where communication between Heaven, Earth and Man can occur. The centre is the convergence of within and outside, the contraction of chaos on the point which is equidistant from all directions. It is the place which is no place, where all creation is born and dies.
During their Jesuit missions in China in the seventeenth century, the Jesuits tried to determine what year should be considered the epoch of the Chinese calendar. In his Sinicae historiae decas prima (first published in Munich in 1658), Martino Martini (1614–1661) dated the royal ascension of Huangdi to 2697 BC, but started the Chinese calendar with the reign of Fuxi, which he claimed started in 2952 BCE.Philippe Couplet"s (1623–1693) "Chronological table of Chinese monarchs" (Tabula chronologica monarchiae sinicae; 1686) also gave the same date for the Yellow Emperor.Biblical chronology.Shennong, who are considered "too legendary to include."
Starting in 1903, radical publications started using the projected date of birth of the Yellow Emperor as the first year of the Chinese calendar.Jiangsu, for example counted 1905 as year 4396 (making 2491 BC the first year of the Chinese calendar), whereas the Minbao (the organ of the Tongmenghui) reckoned 1905 as 4603 (first year: 2698 BC).Liu Shipei (1884–1919) created the Yellow Emperor Calendar to show the unbroken continuity of the Han race and Han culture from earliest times. There is no evidence that this calendar was used before the 20th century.2711 BC.Sun Yat-sen declared the foundation of the Republic of China on January 2, 1912, he decreed that this was the 12th day of the 11th month of year 4609 (epoch: 2698 BCE), but that the state would now be using the solar calendar and count 1912 as the first year of the Republic.辭海) dictionary followed Sun Yat-sen in using 2698 as the year of Huangdi"s accession; this chronology is now "widely reproduced, with little variation."
Major 1993, p. 18: "Thearch captures well the character of ancient Chinese thought wherein divinities might be (simultaneously and without internal contradiction) high gods, mythical/divine rulers, or deified royal ancestors: beings of enormous import, straddling the numinous and the mundane."
SCPG Publishing Corp. The Deified Human Face Petroglyphs of Prehistoric China. World Scientific, 2015. ISBN 1938368339. p. 239: in the Hetudijitong and the Chunqiuhechengtu the Yellow Emperor is identified as the Thunder God.
Hon, Tze-ki (2010), "From a Hierarchy in Time to a Hierarchy in Space: The Meanings of Sino-Babylonianism in Early Twentieth-Century China", Modern China, 36 (2): 136–69, doi:10.1177/0097700409345126, S2CID 144710078.
Huang, Dashou 黃大受 (1989), Zhongguo tongshi 中國通史 [General history of China] (in Chinese), Wunan tushu chuban gufen youxian gongsi 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, ISBN 978-957-11-0031-9
Lévi, Jean (2007), "The rite, the norm and the Dao: Philosophy of sacrifice and transcendence of power in ancient China", in Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (eds.), Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC–220 AD), Leiden: Brill, pp. 645–692, ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0
——— (2007), "The mythology of early China", in John Lagerwey; Marc Malinowski (eds.), Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC – 220 AD, Leiden and Boston: Brill, pp. 543–594, ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
Major, John S. (1993), Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of theHuainanzi, Albany, NY: SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-1585-6 (hardback), ISBN 0-7914-1586-4 (paperback).
Roetz, Heiner (1993), Confucian ethics of the axial age: a reconstruction under the aspect of the breakthrough toward postconventional thinking, SUNY Press, ISBN 0-7914-1649-6
Schoenhals, Michael (2008), (subscription required), "Abandoned or Merely Lost in Translation?", Inner Asia, 10 (1): 113–30, doi:10.1163/000000008793066777, JSTOR 23615059.
von Falkenhausen, Lothar (2006), Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000–250 BC): The Archaeological Evidence, Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, ISBN 1-931745-31-5.
Walters, Derek (2006), The Complete Guide to Chinese Astrology: The Most Comprehensive Study of the Subject Ever Published in the English Language, Watkins, ISBN 978-1-84293-111-0.
Yi, Hua 易华 (2010), "Yao-Shun yu Yan-Huang: Shiji "Wudi benji" yu minzu rentong" 尧舜与炎黄──《史记•五帝本记》与民族认同 [Yao-Shun and Yan-Huang: the Shiji"s "Basic Annals of the Five Emperors" and ethnic identity], China Folklore Network.
Luo, Zhitian 罗志田 (2002), "Baorong Ruxue, zhuzi yu Huangdi de Guoxue: Qingji shiren xunqiu minzu rentong xiangzheng de nuli" 包容儒學、諸子與黃帝的國學:清季士人尋求民族認同象徵的努力 [The Rise of "National Learning": Confucianism, the Ancient Philosophers, and the Yellow Emperor in Chinese Intellectuals" Search for a Symbol of National Identity in the Late Qing], Taida Lishi Xuebao 臺大歷史學報, 29: 87–105.
The Hoa people (Vietnamese: Người Hoa, Chinese: pinyin: Huárén or Chinese: 唐人; Jyutping: tong4 jan4) are citizens of Vietnam of full or partial Chinese origin. Chinese migration into Vietnam dates back millennia but most Hoa today derive their recent ancestral Chinese heritage from the 18th century, especially from southern Chinese provinces. They are an ethnic minority group in Vietnam and a part of the overseas Chinese community and can be found in the Americas. They may also be called "Chinese-Vietnamese" or "Chinese people living in/from Vietnam" by the Vietnamese, Chinese diaspora and Overseas Vietnamese.
The Vietnamese Ruler Le Thanh Tong cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangzhou and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become eunuch slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in regular trade between China and Vietnam instead of being blown off course, and that they were punished after a Vietnamese crackdown on trade with foreign countries.
A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong"s Qin subprefecture (Qinzhou), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, in the 1460s, during the Chenghua Emperor"s rule (1464–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest Chinese man, Wu Rui (吳瑞) was selected by the Vietnamese court for castration since he was the only young man in among the thirteen and he became a eunuch at the Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long for nearly one fourth of a century. After years of serving the Vietnamese as a eunuch slave in the palace, he was promoted to a position with real power after the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in Northern Vietnam as military superintendent since his service in the palace was apparently valued by the Vietnamese. However the Lạng Sơn guard soldier Dương Tam tri (Yang Sanzhi) (楊三知) told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou after walking for 9 days through the mountains. The local ethnic minority Tusi chief Wei Chen took him into custody, overruling objections from his family who wanted to send him back to Vietnam. Vietnam found out about his escape and sent an agent to buy Wu Rui back from Wei Chen with 100 Jin in payment since they were scared that Wu Rui would reveal Vietnamese state secrets to China. Wei Chen planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese but told them the amount they were offering was too little and demanded more however before they could agree on a price, Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate Li Guangning and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the Ming palace at the Directorate of Ceremonial (silijian taijian 司禮監太監).Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong.
Chinese trade and immigration began to increase towards the earlier half of the 18th century as population and economic pressures encouraged more Chinese men to seek trade opportunities in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. It was around this time that the descendants of the Ming Chinese refugees–often referred to as Ming Huong Chinese–begin to foster a separate ethnocultural identity for the newer Chinese immigrants, whom they refer to as "Thanh Nhan (清人)", or Qing people. The Thanh Nhan form independent Chinese associations along the same dialect group or clans in cities and towns where large populations prevail, including Cholon, Hội An and some towns in the Mekong Delta. The Minh Huong Chinese also formed similar associations, and notable examples include the Đình Minh Hương Gia Thạnh in Cholon, and the Dinh Tien Hien Lang Minh Huong in Hội An.Gia Long"s reign. Many Thanh Nhan Chinese also participated as ragtag militia during the Tây Sơn rebellion, although their loyalties were divided based on their location of residence. The Thanh Nhan Chinese in Gia Định and Biên Hòa sided with Gia Long, whereas some Chinese in the Mekong Delta regions sided with the Khmers until the late 1790s.
A shipwrecked Chinese blown to Vietnam by the wind, Pan Dinggui in his book "Annan ji you" said that the Trinh restored the Le dynasty to power after Vietnam was struck by disease, thunder and winds when the Le was dethroned when they initially could not find Le and Tran dynasty royals to restore to the throne when he was in Vietnam in 1688. Pan also said that only the Le king was met by official diplomats from the Qing, not the Trinh lord.
At a party plenum in 1930, the Indochinese Communist Party made a statement that the Chinese were to be treated on an equal footing with the Vietnamese, specifically defining them as "The workers and laborers among the Chinese nationals are allies of the Vietnamese revolution". One year after the state of North Vietnam was established, a mutual agreement was made between the Chinese Communist Party and Communist Party of Vietnam to give ethnic Chinese living in North Vietnam Vietnamese citizenship. This process was completed by the end of the 1950s.
After Nguyễn Văn Linh initiated the Vietnamese economic reforms in 1986, the Hoa in Vietnam has witnessed a massive commercial resurgence and despite many years of persecution began to regain much of their power in the Vietnamese economy.
By the 1950s, the Hoa had held enormous sway on Vietnam"s economic and political life as the concomitant brunt that came with the societal implications of wielding such vast amounts of economic power and political influence, the Chinese community was stereotypically viewed as "a state within a state", forming a more distinct cosmopolitan and wealthier population than the host Kinh majority.Han "superiority", "clannishness", and affirmed a distinctive sense of their own Han "ethnic identity, nationalism, and cultural exclusivity" against the Kinh majority.
As Hoa entrepreneurs in South Vietnam became more financially prosperous, they often pooled large amounts of seed capital and started joint business ventures with expatriate Mainland and Overseas Chinese businessmen and investors from all over the world. Like other Southeast Asian businesses owned by those of Chinese ancestry, Chinese-owned businesses in Vietnam often foster corporate partnerships with Greater Chinese and other Overseas Chinese businesses across the globe to focus on new business opportunities to collaborate and concentrate on. Besides sharing a common ancestral background in addition to similar cultural, linguistic, and familial ties, many Hoa entrepreneurs and investors are particular strong adherents of the Confucian paradigm of interpersonal relationships when doing business with each other, as the Chinese believed that the underlying source for entrepreneurial and investment success relied on the cultivation of personal relationships. Moreover, Vietnamese businesses that are Chinese-owned form a part of the larger bamboo network, a business network of Overseas Chinese companies operating in the markets of Greater China and Southeast Asia that share common family, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties.guanxi or personal relationships cooperate with extended family members to marshal capital, make use of technology, and establish distribution networks.family-oriented, trust-based networks, latitude towards ethnic Han internationalization, and patronage towards the Chinese community.Đổi Mới center on family management where the company"s senior management teams work in unison with the founder"s relatives to maintain the organization"s day-to-day corporate activities.
Prior to 1975, the influx of Chinese capital, entrepreneurship, and skilled manpower in South Vietnam played an important role in developing Vietnam"s domestic markets and international trade.
The official census from 2019 accounted the Hoa population at 749,466 individuals and ranked 9th in terms of its population size. 70% of the Hoa live in cities and towns in which they make up the largest minority group, mostly in Ho Chi Minh city while the remainder live in the countryside in the southern provinces. The Hoa had constituted the largest ethnic minority group in the mid 20th century and its population had previously peaked at 1.2 million, or about 2.6% of Vietnam"s population in 1976 a year following the end of the Vietnam War. Just 3 years later, the Hoa population dropped to 935,000 as large swathes of Hoa left Vietnam. The 1989 census indicated the Hoa population had appreciated to 960,000 individuals, but their proportion had dropped to 1.5% by then.
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