hydraulic power tong made in china free sample

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Find parts you need to repair or maintain your machines. At Alibaba.com, you can shop for power tong at affordable rates to tackle new obstacles and challenges. In the ever-changing industry, you can find what you need and speak to the supplier directly. Thanks to Alibaba’s collection of wholesale power tong you also get to buy these parts at lower prices, which means you can explore new levels every day more comfortably. From bulldozers to dragline excavators, wheel tractor scrapers to shotcrete machines, any part you need for a heavy-duty mining machinery; you can find it at Alibaba.com.

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Before buying a component, you’d want the equipment to suit your application and offer value. The list of power tong at Alibaba.com lets you dig into earth deposits, and the compare tool checks out other similar parts to give you the information you need to make a purchasing decision. You’ll get wholesale power tong that specializes in mining, with reinforced chassis, and run on more powerful engines. Whether you want to transport minerals or the workers to the mining site, introduce explosives or arms to help you remove materials from your mine pits, Alibaba.com has it all.

A wide variety of api 7k hydraulic power tong options are available to you, such as energy & mining, construction works  and manufacturing plant.You can also choose from 1.5 years, 6 months and 3 years api 7k hydraulic power tong,As well as from provided, {2}, and {3}. and whether api 7k hydraulic power tong is kazakhstan, russia, or egypt.

2018 marks the 60th anniversary for Eckel. We are the oldest continuous leading manufacturer of world-class hydraulic power tongs and trusted for reliability, safety and high performance.

Eckel 9-7/8 HS-55 Tubing / Casing providing high torque and high continuous rotational torque that you can trust within a compact operational footprint featuring SPACE SAVER™ technology.

Providing a maximum torque of 75,000 ft-lbs (101686 Nm) and 50,000 ft-lbs (67790.9 Nm) continuous rotational torque; well suited for today"s high torque premium casing connections.

The Eckel Model 25 Hydra-Shift® HS-85 features a two-speed motor with two-speed gear train, producing 60,000, 80,000 and 125,000 ft-lb of torque respectively in low-low, at 2,500 psi. This tong easily handles ultra-heavy casing strings from 9 5/8 inches to 25 inches.

The Eckel Model 25 Hydra-Shift® HT-200 Tri-Grip®introduced features a two-speed motor with two-speed gear train, producing 200,000 ft-lb of torque respectively in low-low, at 2,500 psi. This tong easily handles ultra-heavy casing strings from 9 5/8 inches to 25 inches - featuring a three head Tri-Grip®biting system design which like the Tri-Grip®New Revised Version Backup encompasses the tubular to apply an evenly distributed gripping force. The additional head in the tong reduces the risk of radial deformation, die penetration, marking, and wear of the tubular by 1/3 at extreme torques...

The new 7.25 HS HT-80 for Drill Pipe and High Torque Casing Tong takes on the toughest job with make-up and break-out of drill pipe, drill collars and high torque casing with a maximum torque of 80,000 ft-lbs. The 7.25 HS HT-80 is available with a two-speed Hydra-Shift® motor coupled with a two-speed gear train providing (4) torque levels and (4) RPM speeds. The variable speeds can slowly or quickly spin tubulars 2-3/8 through 7 1/4 inch as necessary. Having exceptional gripping capabilities with rig dies for drill pipe or wrap-around dies that securely encompass the tubular limit potential for damage. The 7.25 HS HT-80 is also available with either Eckel Pyramid Fine Tooth dies or True-Grit dies. The 7.25 HS HT-80 is another of our tongs models that exceeds the competition in its class.

Extremely popular among the most successful of pipe handlers, the Model 5 1/2 UHT combines high torque (up to 25,000 ft-lbs) with a wide capacity range. Ideal for handling tubing, casing and small drill pipe. Options include manual backup or Tri-Grip®backups.

The WD Tri-Grip®Backup is a high performance no compromise backup that is suitable for make-up and break-out of the most resilient connections. The WD Tri-Grip®Backup features a three head design that encompasses the tubular that applies an evenly distributed gripping force. A constant radial load is applied when a single wedge drive to actuate the front two pivot heads with a third stationary head providing a reactionary force to provide a superior gripping performance. Wedge Drive Tri-Grip®Backup has exceptional gripping capabilities with Rig Dies when running drill pipe or optional Eckel Wrap-Around True-Grit dies or Pyramid Fine Tooth dies for making up other types of tubulars.

The 4 1/2 Hydra-Shift® is packed with all the features you"ve come to expect from Eckel: patented cam biting system, quick-change sliding heads, self-aligning open throat. Options include both torque gauge and manual backup or cam-type hydraulic backup. The unit is also available with front or side controls, standard chain bridle suspension, or with its own built-in suspension arm.

When applications demand the combination of size and high torque output up to 120,000 ft-lb, the Eckel Model 20 Hydra-Shift® UHT handles pipe from 7 inches to 20 inches. By utilizing a two speed mechanical shift transmission in conjunction with the two speed Hydra-Shift® motor, the operator has a more flexible choice of torque/rpm"s to work with during make-up or break-out.

The Eckel Model 14 Hydra-Shift® handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches and incoporates the Hydra-Shift® technology which provides smoother operating environment and a wider selection of torque/RPM"s that are available to the operator. The 14 Hydra-Shift® is capable of delivering 35,000 ft-lb of torque in low-speed, low-gear. Also available with hydraulic Tri-Grip®backup.

The Eckel Model 30 Hydra-Shift® features a two-speed motor with a two-speed gear train, producing 130,000 ft-lb of torque in low-low at 2,500 psi. Weight 9,000 pounds, this tong easily handles ultra heavy casing strings from 14 inches to 30 inches.

The Eckel Model 14 Hydra-Shift® handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches and incoporates the Hydra-Shift® technology which provides smoother operating environment and a wider selection of torque/RPM"s that are available to the operator. The 14 Hydra-Shift® is capable of delivering 35,000 ft-lb of torque in low-speed, low-gear. Also available with hydraulic Tri-Grip®backup.

Except for added torque (up to 24,000 ft-lb) and expanded pipe capacity (from 4 to 13 3/8 inches), the 13 3/8 Standard tong offers the same basic engineering and design as the smaller, lighter Model 10 3/4. Highly recommended where applications demand the ultimate in size range and torque output.

For casing up to 22 inches, here"s a tong that has strong torqueing ability and will handle pipe sizes down to 7 inch. The tong utilizes a two-speed motor and a two-speed gear train, allowing the operator to correctly adjust the tong for the optimum torque and RPM needed for the current application. Maximum torque for the 22 Hydra-Shift® is 80,000 ft-lb.

For casing up to 20 inches, here"s a tong that combines surprising speed with an ability to handle smaller sizes economically (as small as 7 inches). The 20 Standard reaches peak efficiency at just 38 horse power input, thus requiring no "souped-up" power unit. Available torque: 42,000 ft-lb.

An excellent choice where applications demand the combination of size range and high torque output, the Eckel Model 14 UHT handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches. Upgraded in design and performance over the Model 14 HS, this tong is capable of delivering 65,000 ft-lb of torque. Also, available with Wedge Drive Tri-Grip®backup which handles pipe from 4 inches to 15.5 inches.

When application demand a wide range of sizes, this tong handles pipe sizes 2 3/8 inches all the way to 7 5/8. Built around the 7 5/8 Standard, the 7 5/8 HS HD provides a thicker rotary gear for more added strength, an additional idler gear, a larger pinion gear, and stronger bearings for load bearing capacity and durability.

When application demand a wide range of sizes, this tong handles pipe sizes 2 3/8 inches all the way to 7 5/8. Built around the 7 5/8 Standard, the 7 5/8 Heavy Duty provides a thicker rotary gear for more added strength, an additional idler gear, a larger pinion gear, and stronger bearings for load bearing capacity and durability.

The Eckel Model 25 Hydra-Shift® features a two-speed motor with two-speed gear train, producing 60,000 ft-lb of torque in low-low, at 2,500 psi. Weighing 6,290 pounds, this tong easily handles ultra-heavy casing strings from 9 5/8 inches to 25 inches.

A maximum torque up to 25,000 ft-lb and a small foot print design this tong meets your application requirements. A two speed mechanical shift transmission in conjunction with the two speed Hydra-Shift® motor provides the operator a flexible choice of torque and rpm"s to work with during make-up or breakout. The 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® HD is capable of handling a range of pipe from 2 3/8 inches to 9 5/8 inches.

Extremely popular among the most successful of pipe handlers, the Model 5 1/2 UHT combines high torque (up to 25,000 ft-lbs) with a wide capacity range. Ideal for handling tubing, casing and small drill pipe. Options include manual backup or Tri-Grip®backups.

The Eckel 870 DPT combine power tong and Wedg Drive Tri-Grip®Backup, providing a single piece of equipment to replace several...one smooth continuous operation instead of numerous time-wasting steps at each connection...and a quick, safe means of tripping, replacing methods that endanger crew members and pipe string a like. For drill strings up to 8 inch collars, the model 870 offers over 75,000 ft-lb of torque for break-out and make-up operations, plus ample speed for spinning joints.

The Eckel Model 24 UHT features a two-speed motor with single-speed gear train, producing 95,000 ft-lb of torque in low speed, 25,000 ft-lb in high, both at 2,500 psi. Weighing 8,000 pounds, this tong easily handles ultra-heavy casing strings from 13 3/8 inches to 24 inches.

Light, fast and exceptionally rugged, Eckel"s Model 10 3/4 Standard is always in demand where rig floor space is at a minimum. For pipe sizes from 4 to 10 3/4 inches, it delivers a stout 20,000 ft-lb of available torque.

Except for added torque (up to 24,000 ft-lb) and expanded pipe capacity (from 4 to 13 3/8 inches), the 13 3/8 Standard tong offers the same basic engineering and design as the smaller, lighter Model 10 3/4. Highly recommended where applications demand the ultimate in size range and torque output.

An excellent choice where applications demand the combination of size range and high torque output, the Eckel Model 14 UHT handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches. Upgraded in design and performance over the Model 14 HS, this tong is capable of delivering 65,000 ft-lb of torque. Also, available with Wedge Drive Tri-Grip®backup which handles pipe from 4 inches to 15.5 inches.

When applications require the combination of size and torque up to 18,000 ft-lbs, the Eckel 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® (Narrow Body) meets these requirements. The narrow body design allows this tong to easily operate on smaller rig configurations. A two speed mechanical shift transmission in conjunction with the two speed Hydra-Shift® motor provides the operator a flexible choice of torque and RPM"s to work with during make-up or breakout. The 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® is capable of handling a range of pipe from 2 3/8 inches to 9 5/8 inches.

When applications require the combination of size and torque up to 18,000 ft-lbs, the Eckel 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® (Narrow Body) meets these requirements. The narrow body design allows this tong to easily operate on smaller rig configurations. A two speed mechanical shift transmission in conjunction with the two speed Hydra-Shift® motor provides the operator a flexible choice of torque and RPM"s to work with during make-up or breakout. The 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® is capable of handling a range of pipe from 2 3/8 inches to 9 5/8 inches.

The 14 HS HT Tri-Grip®Tong is used for making up and break out casing and risers. Capable of handling tubulars from 4 in. to 14 in. (101.6 - 355.6 mm) in diameter with a maximum torque of 135,000 ft-lbs (183035.4) of torque capacity. A two-speed Hydra-Shift® motor coupled with a two-speed gear train provides (4) torque levels and (4) RPM speeds. The tong features a three head - Tri-Grip®biting system design which like the Tri-Grip®Backup encompasses the tubular to apply an evenly distributed gripping force. The additional head in the tong reduces the risk of radial deformation, die penetration, marking, and wear of the tubular by 1/3 at extreme torques. The tong performs exceptional gripping capabilities with either Eckel True-Grit dies or Pyramid Fine Tooth dies.

Light, fast and exceptionally rugged, Eckel"s Model 10 3/4 Standard is always in demand where rig floor space is at a minimum. For pipe sizes from 4 to 10 3/4 inches, it delivers a stout 20,000 ft-lb of available torque.

The Eckel Top Drive Casing Tong is a tool developed for use on hydraulic top drive rigs to provide a high quality connection while reducing tubular damage and providing a safer enviroment for crews. With an operating capacity of 4 1/2 inch through 10 5/8 inch, is connected to the output stem of the power swivel. After installation the tong becomes an integral part of the swivel, raising and lowering as a unit and transfering the power swivel"s RPM and torque to the pipe/connection. A guide attached beneath the top drive tong simplifies alignment of the collar within the tong. Once the collar of the pipe is enclosed within the top drive tong, the tong will grip the collar by operating the power swivel. Torque and rotational speed are controlled through the operation of the power swivel. Reversal of the power swivel will cause the tong jaws to release. Tong jaws are spring loaded to retract away from the collar. Utilizing three gripping jaws and a patented Eckel Cam Biting System to grip the pipe collar. The same type of proven biting system found in the industry leading Eckel Power Tongs. These jaws are spaced evenly about the circumference of the collar to provide even distribution of the gripping forces

The Oil & Gas Industry has needed a specialized power tong with an integral backup. This tong is sized small enough and has the right amount of controlable torque output. It is designed so as to properly grip small tubulars such as small macaroni type strings of tubing.

This tong incorporates Eckel"s Hydra-Shift® technology for smooth tranfers of power and speed directly to the tubular. Special built in torque control valving allows the operator to pre-set the maximum desired torque for the connection. This tong also incorporates our new Radial Lock Door. If you are looking for a tong for this lighter type of word look no further.

Except for added torque (up to 24,000 ft-lb) and expanded pipe capacity (from 4 to 13 3/8 inches), the 13 3/8 Standard tong offers the same basic engineering and design as the smaller, lighter Model 10 3/4. Highly recommended where applications demand the ultimate in size range and torque output.

An excellent choice where applications demand the combination of size range and high torque output, the Eckel Model 14 UHT handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches. Upgraded in design and performance over the Model 14 HS, this tong is capable of delivering 65,000 ft-lb of torque. Also, available with Wedge Drive Tri-Grip®backup which handles pipe from 4 inches to 15.5 inches.

When applications require the combination of size and torque up to 18,000 ft-lbs, the Eckel 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® (Narrow Body) meets these requirements. The narrow body design allows this tong to easily operate on smaller rig configurations. A two speed mechanical shift transmission in conjunction with the two speed Hydra-Shift® motor provides the operator a flexible choice of torque and RPM"s to work with during make-up or breakout. The 9 5/8 Hydra-Shift® is capable of handling a range of pipe from 2 3/8 inches to 9 5/8 inches.

Extremely popular among the most successful of pipe handlers, the Model 5 1/2 UHT combines high torque (up to 25,000 ft-lbs) with a wide capacity range. Ideal for handling tubing, casing and small drill pipe. Options include manual backup or Tri-Grip®backups.

An excellent choice where applications demand the combination of size range and high torque output, the Eckel Model 14 UHT handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches. Upgraded in design and performance over the Model 14 HS, this tong is capable of delivering 65,000 ft-lb of torque. Also, available with Wedge Drive Tri-Grip®backup which handles pipe from 4 inches to 15.5 inches.

When application demand a wide range of sizes, this tong handles pipe sizes 2 3/8 inches all the way to 7 5/8. Built around the 7 5/8 Standard, the 7 5/8 Heavy Duty provides a thicker rotary gear for more added strength, an additional idler gear, a larger pinion gear, and stronger bearings for load bearing capacity and durability.

Compact Size...Big Torque...if this is what you are looking for in a power tong, look no further. Our 5-1/2 Hydra-Shift® is sized smaller in width than our 5-1/2 Standard model. Like all of our newly developed tongs, the 5-1/2 incorporates the Hydra-Shift® technology, allowing the operator to shift from high speed to low speed without having to manually shift the tong. You will see many years of trouble free operation, not to mention the smoother hydraulic shifting. With two models to choose from, Eckel has the right 5-1/2 Hydra-Shift® for your needs. The 5-1/2 Hydra-Shift® LS with a two-speed motor and a single-speed gear train is the original 5-1/2 Hydra-Shift® which has gained wide acceptance in the industry. Slide heads with rig dies are available for handling drill pipe tool joints.

Special applications and tough requirements demanded that we respond with a new tong designed and built with today"s pipe handling challenges in mind, the 8 5/8 Hydra-Shift® HT. By utilizing a two speed mechanical shift transmission in conjunction with the two speed Hydra-Shift® motor, the operator has a more flexible choice of torque/RPM"s to work with during make-up or break-out. At the beginning of the job, the operator will choose a tong gear ratio that is most appropriate for the current tubular connection and shift the variable speed motor handle into high or low as required. This tong also offers sliding heads with wrap-around dies which provides an evenly applied pressure to the pipe and a greater pipe gripping coverage which in return reduce tubular damage. This tong not only offers the operator the speed options down to the slow speed parameter now demanded by the pipe manufactures and oil companies, it also has the option of speeds of 100 RPM"s when required. Available torque: 40,000 ft-lb

When application demand a wide range of sizes, this tong handles pipe sizes 2 3/8 inches all the way to 7 5/8. Built around the 7 5/8 Standard, the 7 5/8 Heavy Duty provides a thicker rotary gear for more added strength, an additional idler gear, a larger pinion gear, and stronger bearings for load bearing capacity and durability.

When higher torque performance than 10 3/4 Standard is required, the Eckel 10 3/4 Heavy Duty provides the performance you need. Model 10 3/4 Heavy Duty is always in demand where rig floor space is at a minimum. For pipe sizes from 4 to 10 3/4 inches, it delivers a stout 25,000 ft-lb of available torque.

Eckel Tri-Grip®an industry standard for reliable backup in make-up and break-out of tubular connections and optionally supplied with Eckel tongs. Eckel backups utilize hydraulic cylinders and a head arrangement that insures slip-free operation. The hydraulic backup is suspended at an adjustable level below the power tong by means of three hanger legs and allowing the backup to remain stationary while the power tong moves vertically to compensate for thread travel of the connection. The Tri-Grip®uses two pivoting heads and one stationary while the cam backup uses two head to grip tubulars using a head and cam configuration that is similar to the method the tong grips tubulars.

The Eckel Closed Mouth Tongs uses three sliding heads with each head equipped with a wide angle wrap-around die. This provides a maximum gripping area of 342 degrees; on the pipe. The CMT"s utilizes the Hydra-Shift® shifting technology which allows the operator to shift from high to low speed without stopping the tong. Reversing the pipe rotation is effortless and done simply by pulling the tong control in the opposite direction. There is no need to physically take out the jaws and turn them over as there is with other brands of closed head tongs. The CMT"s also come with an optional backup that utilizes the same heads/dies as the tong.

The Model 4 1/2 UHT-13 is rugged, light weight tong capable of providing 8,500 ft-lb of torque at 2,500 PSI. The tong will handle pipe from 1.050 inches to 4 1/2 inches. A notable feature is the Eckel patented quick-change sliding head biting system that compensates for worn or under gauge pipe. Also available with an optional rod package for sizes 5/8 inch through 1-1/8 inches and your choice of manual type or hydraulic type backups.

For casing up to 17 inches, here"s a tong that combines speed and the ability to handle smaller sizes economically. If you are running 17 inch casing, give this tong a try. The 17 Hydra-Shift® features the two-speed motor and the two-speed gear train which allows for multiple selections of torque or RPM, not to mention the smoother operation of the tong.

The Eckel Model 14 Hydra-Shift® handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches and incoporates the Hydra-Shift® technology which provides smoother operating environment and a wider selection of torque/RPM"s that are available to the operator. The 14 Hydra-Shift® is capable of delivering 35,000 ft-lb of torque in low-speed, low-gear. Also available with hydraulic Tri-Grip®backup.

The Eckel 3500 Hydra-Shift® DTT (Dual Tubing Tong) provides fast, easy running on dual strings of 3 1/2 inch or smaller tubing. It grabs from the side, or head-on. Go ahead and torque it up; this tong is Eckel tough. And speed shifts are no problem, thanks to a patented Hydra-Shift® concept that eliminates clutching. The Model 3500 DTT Hydra-Shift® is packed with all the features you"ve come to expect from Eckel: quick-change sliding heads, self-aligning open throat.

Except for added torque (up to 24,000 ft-lb) and expanded pipe capacity (from 4 to 13 3/8 inches), the 13 3/8 Standard tong offers the same basic engineering and design as the smaller, lighter Model 10 3/4. Highly recommended where applications demand the ultimate in size range and torque output.

The big, capable Model 36 UHT easily produces 100,000 ft-lb of torque for makeup or break-out operations involving casing in sizes 16 inches through 36 inches. Weighing approximately 13,000 pounds, this casing tong is 81 inches wide and 135 inches in length. A two-speed motor delivers 16 RPM in high, 3 1/2 RPM in low range, both at 70 GPM.

The Eckel 870 DPT combine power tong and Wedg Drive Tri-Grip®Backup, providing a single piece of equipment to replace several...one smooth continuous operation instead of numerous time-wasting steps at each connection...and a quick, safe means of tripping, replacing methods that endanger crew members and pipe string a like. For drill strings up to 8 inch collars, the model 870 offers over 75,000 ft-lb of torque for break-out and make-up operations, plus ample speed for spinning joints.

Eckel has been at the forefront of this developing technology with the development of larger wrap-around type dies for many of its tong models. Wrap-Around Dies are symmetrically spaced from each other at all times insuring an equally distributed load on the tubular.

The 4 1/2 Hydra-Shift® is packed with all the features you"ve come to expect from Eckel: patented cam biting system, quick-change sliding heads, self-aligning open throat. Options include both torque gauge and manual backup or cam-type hydraulic backup. The unit is also available with front or side controls, standard chain bridle suspension, or with its own built-in suspension arm.

An excellent choice where applications demand the combination of size range and high torque output, the Eckel Model 14 UHT handles pipe from 4 inches to 14 inches. Upgraded in design and performance over the Model 14 HS, this tong is capable of delivering 65,000 ft-lb of torque. Also, available with Wedge Drive Tri-Grip®backup which handles pipe from 4 inches to 15.5 inches.

The Model 5 1/2 Standard is the first open-throat design in its size range to generate 12,000 ft-lb of available torque. Versatility is the name of the game here as this tong works well whether powered by a workover rig or a portable casing tong power unit. Options include manual backup or cam-type hydraulic backups.

Extremely popular among the most successful of pipe handlers, the Model 5 1/2 UHT combines high torque (up to 25,000 ft-lbs) with a wide capacity range. Ideal for handling tubing, casing and small drill pipe. Options include manual backup or Tri-Grip®backups.

Light, fast and exceptionally rugged, Eckel"s Model 10 3/4 Standard is always in demand where rig floor space is at a minimum. For pipe sizes from 4 to 10 3/4 inches, it delivers a stout 20,000 ft-lb of available torque.

When applications demand a wide range of sizes, the 7-5/8 Standard tong handles pipe sizes 2-1/16 inches all the way to 7-5/8. Its rugged design is based upon knowledge gained from the 5-1/2 model...combining an extremely compact, high torque concept with added versatility. Options include either manual backup or Tri-Grip®backup. Available torque: 15,000 ft-lb

For casing up to 20 inches, here"s a tong that combines surprising speed with an ability to handle smaller sizes economically (as small as 7 inches). The 20 Standard reaches peak efficiency at just 38 horse power input, thus requiring no "souped-up" power unit. Available torque: 42,000 ft-lb.

The Eckel Model 24 UHT features a two-speed motor with single-speed gear train, producing 95,000 ft-lb of torque in low speed, 25,000 ft-lb in high, both at 2,500 psi. Weighing 8,000 pounds, this tong easily handles ultra-heavy casing strings from 13 3/8 inches to 24 inches.

The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāng Cháo), also known as the Yin dynasty (Chinese: 殷代; pinyin: Yīn Dài), was a Chinese royal dynasty founded by Tang of Shang (Cheng Tang) that ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the "current text" of Bamboo Annals, they ruled from 1556 to 1046 BC. Comparing the same text with dates of five-planet conjunctions, David Pankenier, supported by David Nivison, proposed dates of the establishment of the dynasty to 1554 BC.Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated the establishment to c. 1600 BC based on the carbon-14 dates of the Erligang site. The fall of the dynasty is dated 1046 BC by PankenierShaughnessy support 1045 BC.

The Shang dynasty is the earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history firmly supported by archaeological evidence. Excavation at the Ruins of Yin (near modern-day Anyang), which has been identified as the last Shang capital, uncovered eleven major royal tombs and the foundations of palaces and ritual sites, containing weapons of war and remains from both animal and human sacrifices. Tens of thousands of bronze, jade, stone, bone, and ceramic artifacts have been found.

The Anyang site has yielded the earliest known body of Chinese writing, mostly divinations inscribed on oracle bones – turtle shells, ox scapulae, or other bones. More than 20,000 were discovered in the initial scientific excavations during the 1920s and 1930s, and over four times as many have been found since. The inscriptions provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization.

Many events concerning the Shang dynasty are mentioned in various Chinese classics, including the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian assembled a sequential account of the Shang dynasty as part of his Annals were interred in 296 BC, but the text has a complex history, and the authenticity of the surviving versions is controversial.

The name Yīn (殷) is used by Sima Qian for the dynasty, and in the "current text" version of the Bamboo Annals for both the dynasty and its final capital. It has been a popular name for the Shang throughout history. Since the Records of Emperors and Kings by Huangfu Mi (3rd century AD), it has often been used specifically to describe the later half of the Shang dynasty. In Japan and Korea, the Shang are still referred to almost exclusively as the Yin (In and eun, respectively for Japan and Korea) dynasty. However, it seems to have been a Zhou name for the earlier dynasty. The word does not appear in the oracle bones, which refer to the state as Shāng (商), and the capital as Dàyì Shāng (大邑商 "Great Settlement Shang").Western Zhou bronze inscriptions.

The founding myth of the Shang dynasty is described by Sima Qian in the Annals of the Yin. In the text, a woman named Jiandi (簡狄), who was the second wife of Emperor Ku, swallowed an egg dropped by a black bird (玄鳥) and subsequently gave birth miraculously to Xie (偰) – also appearing as Qi (契). Xie is said to have helped Yu the Great to control the Great Flood and for his service to have been granted a place called Shang as a fief.

In the Annals of the Yin, Sima Qian writes that the dynasty was founded 13 generations after Xie, when Xie"s descendant Tang overthrew the impious and cruel final Xia ruler in the Battle of Mingtiao. The Records of the Grand Historian recount events from the reigns of Tang, Tai Jia, Tai Wu, Pan Geng, Wu Ding, Wu Yi and the depraved final king Di Xin, but the rest of the Shang rulers are merely mentioned by name. In the last century, Wang Guowei demonstrated that the succession to the Shang throne matched the list of kings in Sima Qian"s Records of the Grand Historian. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the Shang moved their capital five times, with the final move to Yin in the reign of Pan Geng inaugurating the golden age of the dynasty.

Di Xin, the last Shang king, is said to have committed suicide after his army was defeated by Wu of Zhou. Legends say that his army and his equipped slaves betrayed him by joining the Zhou rebels in the decisive Battle of Muye. According to the Mencius the battle was very bloody. The classic, Ming-era novel

After the Shang were defeated, King Wu allowed Di Xin"s son Wu Geng to rule the Shang as a vassal kingdom. However, Zhou Wu sent three of his brothers and an army to ensure that Wu Geng would not rebel.Rebellion of the Three Guards against the Duke of Zhou, but the rebellion collapsed after three years, leaving Zhou in control of Shang territory.

After the collapse of the Shang dynasty, Zhou"s rulers forcibly relocated "Yin diehards" (殷頑) and scattered them throughout Zhou territory.Zi (子) to the name of their fallen dynasty, Yin (i.e. Shang). The family retained an aristocratic standing and often provided needed administrative services to the succeeding Zhou dynasty. King Wu of Zhou ennobled Lin Jian (林堅), the son of Prince Bigan, as the Duke of Bo"ling. The King Cheng of Zhou, with the support of his regent and uncle, the Duke of Zhou, enfeoffed Weiziqi (微子啟), a brother of Di Xin, as the Duke of Song, with its capital at Shangqiu. This practice was known as 二王三恪 ("enfeoffment of three generations for two kings"). The Dukes of Song would maintain rites honoring the Shang kings until Qi conquered Song in 286 BC. Confucius was possibly a descendant of the Shang Kings through the Dukes of Song.

The Eastern Han dynasty bestowed the title of Duke of Song and "Duke Who Continues and Honours the Yin" (殷紹嘉公) upon Kong An (孔安 (東漢)) because he was part of the Shang dynasty"s legacy.

Another remnant of the Shang established the vassal state of Guzhu (located in present-day Tangshan), which Duke Huan of Qi destroyed.Yan culture during the Western Zhou period. These clans maintained an élite status and continued practicing the sacrificial and burial traditions of the Shang.

Both Korean and Chinese legends, including reports in the Book of Documents and the Bamboo Annals, state that a disgruntled Shang prince named Jizi, who had refused to cede power to the Zhou, left China with a small army. According to these legends, he founded a state known as Gija Joseon in northwest Korea during the Gojoseon period of ancient Korean history. However, scholars debate the historical accuracy of these legends.

Before the 20th century, the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) was the earliest Chinese dynasty that could be verified from its own records. However, during the Song dynasty (960–1279 AD), antiquarians collected bronze ritual vessels attributed to the Shang era, some of which bore inscriptions.

In 1899, several scholars noticed that Chinese pharmacists were selling "dragon bones" marked with curious and archaic characters.Yinxu) near Anyang, north of the Yellow River in modern Henan province, where the Academia Sinica undertook archeological excavation until the Japanese invasion in 1937.

Archaeologists focused on the Yellow River valley in Henan as the most likely site of the states described in the traditional histories. After 1950, the remnants of the earlier walled settlement of Shang City were discovered near Zhengzhou.Neolithic sites of the Longshan culture (c. 3000–2000 BC).

In 1959, the site of the Erlitou culture was found in Yanshi, south of the Yellow River near Luoyang.Radiocarbon dating suggests that the Erlitou culture flourished c. 2100 BC to 1800 BC. They built large palaces, suggesting the existence of an organized state.Yanshi Shang City was discovered 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north-east of the Erlitou site in Yanshi"s Shixianggou Township. This was a large walled city dating from 1600 BC. It had an area of nearly 200 hectares (490 acres) and featured pottery characteristic of the Erligang culture.

The remains of a walled city of about 470 hectares (1,200 acres) were discovered in 1999 across the Huan River from the well explored Yinxu site. The city, now known as Huanbei, was apparently occupied for less than a century and destroyed shortly before the construction of the Yinxu complex.Xiaoshuangqiao, about 20 km northwest of Zhengzhou. Covering an intermediary period between the Zhengzhou Site and the late capitals on the Huan River, it features most prominently sacrificial pits with articulated skeletons of cattle, a quintessential part of the late Shang ritual complex.

Chinese historians were accustomed to the notion of one dynasty succeeding another, and readily identified the Erligang and Erlitou sites with the early Shang and Xia dynasty of traditional histories. The actual political situation in early China may have been more complicated, with the Xia and Shang being political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou, who established the successor state of the Shang, are known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.

The Erligang culture centred on the Zhengzhou site is found across a wide area of China, even as far northeast as the area of modern Beijing, where at least one burial in this region during this period contained both Erligang-style bronze utensils and local-style gold jewelry.Chenggu-style ge dagger-axe at Xiaohenan demonstrates that even at this early stage of Chinese history, there were some ties between the distant areas of north China.Panlongcheng site in the middle Yangtze valley was an important regional center of the Erligang culture.

Accidental finds elsewhere in China have revealed advanced civilizations contemporaneous with but culturally unlike the settlement at Anyang, such as the walled city of Sanxingdui in Sichuan. Western scholars are hesitant to designate such settlements as belonging to the Shang dynasty.

In contrast, the earliest layers of the Wucheng site, pre-dating Anyang, have yielded pottery fragments containing short sequences of symbols, suggesting that they may be a form of writing quite different in form from oracle bone characters, but the sample is too small for decipherment.

In 2022, a 3,000-year-old gold burial mask was found in a royal tomb belonging to a high-level noble from the Shang dynasty. The mask predates a similar gold mask discovered at the Sanxingdui archaeological site in 2021, making it the oldest example of this burial practice in China and also illustrating a link between Sanxingdui and the Zhongyuan civilization. The mask fully covers the face, to ensure that the wearer’s spirits would remain whole. 200 other artifacts were discovered in the Shangcheng tombs, including gold leaves and plaques inlaid with turquoise, coins made from shell, and bronze and jade weapons.

A study of mitochondrial DNA (inherited in the maternal line) from Yinxu graves showed similarity with modern northern Han Chinese, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese.

The earliest securely dated event in Chinese history is the start of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC, early in the Zhou dynasty, a date first established by the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian. Attempts to establish earlier dates have been plagued by doubts about the origin and transmission of traditional texts and the difficulties in their interpretation. More recent attempts have compared the traditional histories with archaeological and astronomical data.

David Pankenier, by attempting to identify astronomical events mentioned in Zhou texts, dated the beginning of the dynasty at 1554 BC and its overthrow at 1046 BC.

The Shang had a fully developed system of writing, preserved on bronze inscriptions and a small number of other writings on pottery, jade and other stones, horn, etc., but most prolifically on oracle bones.Mars and various comets by Shang astronomers.

Their civilization was based on agriculture and augmented by hunting and animal husbandry.human sacrifice.Hainan and Taiwan).Cowry shells were also excavated at Anyang, suggesting trade with coast-dwellers, but there was very limited sea trade since China was isolated from other large civilizations during the Shang period.Silk Road and Chinese voyages to the Indian Ocean did not exist until the reign of Emperor Wu during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 221 AD).

At the excavated royal palace of Yinxu, large stone pillar bases were found along with rammed earth foundations and platforms, which according to Fairbank, were "as hard as cement".post-and-beam construction.

Many Shang royal tombs had been tunneled into and ravaged by grave robbers in ancient times,discovery of Tomb 5 at Yinxu revealed a tomb that was not only undisturbed, but one of the most richly furnished Shang tombs that archaeologists had yet come across.Lady Fu Hao"s name, Zheng Zhenxiang and other archaeologists realized they had stumbled across the tomb of King Wu Ding"s most famous consort, Fu Hao, who is mentioned in 170 to 180 Shang oracle bone inscriptions, and who was also renowned as a military general.stoneware and pottery vessels, bronze weapons, jade figures and hair combs, and bone hairpins were found.

The capital was the center of court life. Over time, court rituals to appease spirits developed, and in addition to his secular duties, the king would serve as the head of the ancestor worship cult. Often, the king would even perform oracle bone divinations himself, especially near the end of the dynasty. Evidence from excavations of the royal tombs indicates that royalty were buried with articles of value, presumably for use in the afterlife. Perhaps for the same reason, hundreds of commoners, who may have been slaves, were buried alive with the royal corpse.

A line of hereditary Shang kings ruled over much of northern China, and Shang troops fought frequent wars with neighboring settlements and nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian steppes. The Shang king, in his oracular divinations, repeatedly showed concern about the fang, barbarians living outside of the civilized tu regions, which made up the center of Shang territory.tufang group of the Yanshan region were regularly mentioned as hostile to the Shang.

Apart from their role as the head military commanders, Shang kings also asserted their social supremacy by acting as the high priests of society and leading the divination ceremonies.Di, who in their beliefs was responsible for the rain, wind, and thunder.

The King appointed officials to manage certain activities, usually in a specified area. These included field (agricultural) officials 田, pastors 牧, dog officers 犬 (hunting), and guards 衛. These officers led their own retinues in the conduct of their duties, and some grew more independent and emerged as rulers of their own. There was a basic system of bureaucracy in place, with references to positions such as the "Many Dog officers", "Many horse officers", the "Many Artisans", the "Many Archers" or court titles like "Junior Servitor for Cultivation" or "Junior Servitor for labourers". More distant rulers were known as marquess 侯 or count 伯, who sometimes provided tribute and support to the Shang King in exchange for military aid and augury services. However these alliances were unstable, as indicated by the frequent royal divinations about the sustainability of such relations.

Shang religious rituals featured divination and sacrifice. The degree to which shamanism was a central aspect of Shang religion is a subject of debate.

There were six main recipients of sacrifice: (1) Di (the High God), (2) nature powers like the sun and mountain powers, (3) former lords, deceased humans who had been added to the dynastic pantheon, (4) pre-dynastic ancestors, (5) dynastic ancestors, and (6) royal wives who were ancestors of the present king.

The Shang also seem to have believed in an afterlife, as evidenced by the elaborate burial tombs built for deceased rulers. Often "carriages, utensils, sacrificial vessels, [and] weapons" would be included in the tomb.

The Shang religion was highly bureaucratic and meticulously ordered. Oracle bones contained descriptions of the date, ritual, person, ancestor, and questions associated with the divination.

Chinese bronze casting and pottery advanced during the Shang dynasty, with bronze typically being used for ritually significant, rather than primarily utilitarian, items. As early as c. 1500 BC, the early Shang dynasty engaged in large-scale production of bronze-ware vessels and weapons.copper, tin, and lead ores. This in turn created a need for official managers that could oversee both hard-laborers and skilled artisans and craftsmen.divination.spoke-wheeled chariots, which appeared in China around 1200 BC.

Bronze weapons were an integral part of Shang society.máo (矛) spears, yuè (鉞) pole-axes, gē (戈) pole-based dagger-axes, composite bows, and bronze or leather helmets.

The chariot first appeared in China around 1200 BC, during the reign of Wu Ding. There is little doubt that the chariot entered China through Central Asia and the Northern Steppe, possibly indicating some form of contact with the Indo-Europeans.horse burials that are similar to the steppe peoples to the west.

Although the Shang depended upon the military skills of their nobility, Shang rulers could mobilize the masses of town-dwelling and rural commoners as conscript laborers and soldiers for both campaigns of defense and conquest.

The last character of each name is one of the 10 celestial stems, which also denoted the day of the 10-day Shang week on which sacrifices would be offered to that ancestor within the ritual schedule.

There were more kings than stems, so the names have distinguishing prefixes such as da (greater, 大), 中 zhong (middle, 中), 小 xiao (lesser, 小), bu (outer, 卜), zu (ancestor, 祖) and a few more obscure names.

The kings, in the order of succession derived from the oracle bones, are here grouped by generation. Later reigns were assigned to oracle bone diviner groups by Dong Zuobin.

The oracle bones have been radiocarbon dated and results are given below. The dates given are uncertainty ranges, not regnal years. That is to say, there is a 80 to 90 percent chance that the divinations recorded were performed within the given date range.

The first king is known as Tang in the Historical Records. The oracle bones also identify six pre-dynastic ancestors: 上甲 Shang Jia, 報乙 Bao Yi, 報丙 Bao Bing, 報丁 Bao Ding, 示壬 Shi Ren and 示癸 Shi Gui.

According to the Historical Records, Bu Bing (there called Wai Bing) and 仲壬 Zhong Ren (not mentioned in the oracle bones) were younger brothers of Dai Ting and preceded Da Jia (also known as Dai Jia). However the Mencius, the Book of History state that he reigned after Da Jia, as also implied by the oracle bones.

The Historical Records have Xiao Jia as the son of Da Geng (known as Tai Geng) in the "Annals of Yin", but as a younger brother (as implied by the oracle bones) in the "Genealogical Table of the Three Ages".

The kings from Zhong Ding to Nan Geng are placed in the same order by the Historical Records and the oracle bones, but there are some differences in genealogy, as described in the articles on individual kings.

The status of Qiang Jia varies over the history of the oracle bones. During the reigns of Wu Ding, Di Yi and Di Xin, he was not included in the main line of descent, a position also held by the Historical Records, but in the intervening reigns he was included as a direct ancestor.

There are no ancestral sacrifices to the last two kings on the oracles bones, due to the fall of Shang. Their names, including the character 帝 Dì "emperor", come from the much later Historical Records.

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This present work underlines the effect of pH-shifting at pH 2 and pH 12 individually or combined with ultrasound treatment to modify the molecular structure of β-conglycinin (7S) on its emulsifying properties and stability. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy showed that pH-shifting improves the molecular structure of 7S, while ultrasound further promotes structural changes. In particular, the pH-shifting at pH 12 combined with ultrasound treatment (U-7S-12) resulted in more significant changes than the pH-shifting at pH 2 combined with ultrasound (U-7S-2). U-7S-12 showed a significant reduction in protein particle size from 152 to 34.77 nm and a relatively smooth protein surface compared to 7S. The protein had the highest surface hydrophobicity and flexibility at 81,560.0 and 0.45, respectively, and the free sulfhydryl content from 1.57 to 2.02 μmol/g. In addition, we characterized the emulsions prepared after 7S treatment. The single or combined treatment increased the interfacial protein adsorption of the samples, which showed lower viscosity and shear stress compared to 7S. The U-7S-12 emulsion exhibited the highest emulsifying properties and was more stable than other emulsions under creaming, heating, and freeze–thaw conditions. In summary, the concerted action of pH-shifting and ultrasound can modify the structure, and combined alkaline pH-shifting and ultrasound treatment can further improve the emulsifying properties and stability of 7S.

β-Conglycinin (7S), a glycoprotein, is one of the major components of soy protein isolate (SPI). 7S is a trimer that consists of three main subunits, α (68 kDa), α" (72 kDa), and β (52 kDa) [1]. The functional properties of 7S are closely related to its molecular structure, and its emulsifying properties change in response to structural changes [2]. However, the molecular structure of 7S is affected by the processing conditions or external environment, such as acidity, ionic strength, and temperature [3], affecting its emulsifying properties. This limits the further application of 7S as a natural emulsifier in foods such as ice cream and mayonnaise.

Nowadays, several techniques, such as hydrolysis, ultrasound, extreme pH treatment, and heating, are used to alter the conformation of 7S to enhance its emulsifying properties and expand its application [4], [5], [6], [7]. pH-shifting is a relatively simple method of chemically modifying proteins. Under extremely acidic or alkaline conditions, the structure of proteins partially unfolds. When the pH returns to neutral (7.0), the structure refolds but does not fully return to its natural conformation. This modified structure, somewhere between denatured and nondenatured, is called a “molten globule” [8]. Jiang et al. [9] found that the structure of SPI unfolds at acidic or alkaline pH and then refolds at neutral pH, thus improving the emulsification activity and emulsion stability of SPI. Chen et al. [10] demonstrated that secondary and tertiary conformations in whey isolate changed after pH-shifting, with improved protein emulsifying properties.

However, the improvement in protein emulsifying properties through pH-shifting is limited [11], therefore, there is a need to use other approaches to further modify proteins. Being a green, simple, and promising modification modality, ultrasound is widely used to change the functional properties of proteins [12]. Ultrasound cavitation–induced activity can undermine intramolecular protein bonds, altering the protein conformation [13]. Research has shown that the combined pH-shifting and ultrasound treatment can maximize the nutritional values of proteins, as unfolded proteins are more susceptible to ultrasound treatment under extreme pH conditions. Alavi et al. [14] showed that ultrasound combined with alkali treatment can alter the structure of faba bean protein, enhancing its foaming capacity and stability. Huang et al. [15] revealed that combined acidic pH-shifting and ultrasound treatment remarkably improves the emulsifying properties of SPI. Samaneh Pezeshk et al. [16] found that the combination of pH shifting and ultrasound treatment (400 W, 10 min) significantly improved the emulsification and foaming properties of proteins recovered from rainbow trout by-products compared with pH shifting alone. Yan et al. [17] found that the best functional properties were obtained for SPI treated with 400 W of ultrasound power. However, the effect of combined pH-shifting and ultrasound treatment on the structure and functional characteristics of 7S has been less studied.

Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the effect of pH-shifting alone or combined with ultrasound on the structure and emulsifying properties as well as 7S stability. The findings could provide solutions for altering and modifying the structure of 7S, developing as a promising emulsifier to enhance its application in the food industry.

Defatted soybean powder was purchased from Yihai Kerry Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Co., ltd. (Harbin, China), corn oil from a store in Harbin (China), Nile red and Nile blue from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and trypsin (porcine pancreas, 2,500 u/mg) were supplied by Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., ltd. (Shanghai, China). All chemicals were purchased from supply shops.

7S was prepared, as described previously by Ren et al. [18]. Briefly, defatted soybean flour was dissolved in deionized (DI) water (1:10, w/v) and stirred with 2 mol/L NaOH to pH 7.5 for 1 h, then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 min. Dry sodium bisulfite (0.98 g/L) was added to the supernatant and the pH was adjusted to 6.4. The suspension was kept overnight at 4 °C and then centrifuged at 6500 g for 20 min. The NaCl (14.61 g/L) was added to the supernatant and adjusted to pH 5.0. The mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 30 min, and the supernatant was diluted with DI (1:1, v/v), then adjusted to pH 4.8 and centrifuged at 6500 g for 20 min. The precipitates were washed three times with DI and redispersed, pH adjusted to 7.0. The solution was dialyzed at 4 °C for 48 h and then lyophilized for further use. The protein content of 7S measured by the Dumas combustion method was 93.32 ± 0.28 %.

The structure of 7S was altered, as described previously by Jiang et al. [19] with slight modifications. A 7S solution (10 mg/mL) was stirred at 21 °C for complete hydration and used as a control solution (labeled 7S). For pH-shifting alone, the pH of 7S solutions was adjusted to 2.0 or 12.0 using 2 mol/L HCl or NaOH, respectively, stirring for 1 h and then adjusting the pH to neutral. These samples were labeled 7S-2 and 7S-12, respectively. For ultrasound treatment alone, the ultrasound power and time were determined with slight modifications according to the method of et al [16] and Yan et.al [17]. The 7S solution was processed using a JY 92-IID ultrasound device (Xinzhi Biotechnology Co., ltd., Ningbo, China) at 400 W for 10 min and labeled U-7S. For combined pH-shifting and ultrasound treatment, the pH of 7S solutions was set to 2.0 or 12.0 and the solutions were stirred for 1 h and ultrasound at 400 W for 10 min; the samples were labeled U-7S-2 and U-7S-12.

The fluorescence spectra of the 7S samples were measured, as described previously by Tong et al. [20]. The protein content of all samples was diluted to a final protein concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. The excitation wavelength was 280 nm, the emission wavelength was 300–400 nm, the slit width was 5 nm, and a data interval of 0.5 nm.

The 7S samples were freeze-dried after different treatments and characterized using a Nicolet IS50 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, Madison, USA). Pure potassium bromide (KBr) was mixed with the samples and pressed into tablets. The scanning waveband range was set to 4000–400 cm−1, and the resolution was set to 4 cm−1 with 32 scans [21].

Before measurement, the sample concentration was adjusted to 1 mg/mL. The ζ-potential and particle size of different samples were analyzed using Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern, England), as described previously by Li et al. [22].

The free sulfhydryl (SH) content of 7S was measured, as described previously by Zhu et al. [23]. All samples were diluted to a concentration of 1 mg/mL using Tris-glycine solution (0.09 mol/L glycine, 0.086 mol/L Tris, 4 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 8 mol/L urea). Ne