nov tubing power tong free sample

A two-speed Hydra-Shift® motor coupled with a two-speed gear train provides (4) torque levels and (4) RPM speeds. Easily shift the hydraulic motor in low speed to high speed without stopping the tong or tublar rotation, saving rig time.

A patented door locking system (US Patent 6,279,426) for Eckel tongs that allows for latchless locking of the tong door. The tong door swings easily open and closed and locks when torque

is applied to the tong. When safety is important this locking mechanism combined with our safety door interlock provides unparalleled safety while speeding up the turn around time between connections. The Radial Door Lock is patented protected in the following countries: Canada, Germany, Norway, United Kingdom, and the United States.

The field proven Tri-Grip® Backup features a three head design that encompasses the tubular that applies an evenly distributed gripping force. The Tri-Grip®Backup provides exceptional gripping capabilities with either Eckel True Grit® dies or Pyramid Fine Tooth dies. The hydraulic backup is suspended at an adjustable level below the power tong by means of three hanger legs and allowing the backup to remain stationary while the power tong moves vertically to compensate for thread travel of the connection.

Eckel offers several models of torque control systems that are used to monitor the torque turn values when making up tubular connections (Tubing, Casing, & Drill Pipe). Any flaws in the make-up process will be readily shown in a graph.

Versatility is the name of the game here as this tong works well whether powered by a workover rig or a portable casing tong power unit. Options include manual backup or cam-type hydraulic backups.

TThe Tri-Grip® Backup is the industry standard for reliable make-up and break-out of tubular connections that are optionally supplied with Eckel tongs. Utilizing two hydraulic cylinders and a three head arrangement ensures a slip-free operation. The backup is suspended at an adjustable level below the power tong employing three hanger legs and allows the backup to remain stationary while the power tong moves vertically to compensate for the connection"s thread travel. The Tri-Grip® uses two pivoting heads and one stationary. The Eckel Tri-Grip® Backup has exceptional gripping capabilities with Rig Dies when running drill pipe or optional Eckel Wrap-Around True-Grit® dies or Pyramid Fine Tooth dies for making up other types of tubular.

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Tong Line Pull Gauges and Tong Torque Gauges both tell the operator the amount of torque being applied to oilfield tongs; however, they perform this necessary task differently.  Although they both measure the force applied to the pipe in make up and break out situations, how they measure this force is what makes these two gauges different.  Knowing which tong gaugewill work best for your application and employees is all important in selecting a tong gauge.

The biggest difference between these two gauges is how and what they measure.  A tong line pull gauge measures true force (force/pounds), so what you see on the gauge is exactly what’s being applied to the pipe.  Basically, it’s the what-you-see-is-what-you-get gauge.  A tong torque gauge, on the other hand, measures the force that is being applied to the load cell and reads this force in foot/pounds. A more detailed explanation of both gauges follows.

A tong line pull gauge is universal.  As long as the tong is a manual tong, a tong line pull gauge will fit on any hydraulic tong system.  No matter what the tong’s handle length, a tong line pull gauge will measure force/pounds.  The advantage to these gauges is that because they are universal, they can be used on any manual tong system. For example, you have two tongs, one with a 48 inch handle, and one with a 36 inch handle. You can use a tong line pull gauge with each tong, either the 48 inch handle or 36 inch handle, and measure the force pounds being applied to the drill pipe.  Having this gauge on hand can be very useful when you have to move from different manual tong systems with different handle lengths. These systems, consisting of gauge, hose, and load cell, are great for the driller who wants to measure force/pounds on a variety of manual tongs.

Handle lengths are measured from the center of the tong to the end of the handle.  If this measurement is in inches, it will need to be converted to feet in order to find max torque.

Tong torque gauges can be used on manual tongs or power tongs, but the handle length must never change because these gauges are not universal.  A tong torque gauge is calibrated to a specific tong handle length and thus reads in foot/pounds instead of force/pounds.  The advantage to the gauge readings being foot/pounds is that the driller does not have to convert the gauge measurement in order to know the foot pounds being imposed on the drill string. By doing the math beforehand, the driller will avoid any miscalculations that could cause possible twistoffs.  The calculations are completed when the system is calibrated, taking the worry out of the driller’s hands and making the measurement of torque easier in the field. These systems, consisting of gauge, hose, and load cell, are great for the driller who wants to measure foot pounds without calculations in the field.

The Model 300 Sucker Rod Tongs made to make getting on and off the rods easier and to reduce weariness and mishaps. The Model 300 accelerates tripping the pipe, protects rods, and all while simply using the same power unit as a tubing tong. The Model 300 comes with a modifiable relief valve to set the torque; 95 RPM and 850ft/lbs. of torque at high range. Situated by a firm torque arm, this tong can engage automatically and release automatically by a reversing tong.

The Model 300M Sucker Rod Tongs made to make getting on and off the rods easier and to reduce weariness and mishaps.  The Model 300 accelerates tripping the pipe, protects rods, and all while simply using the same power unit as a tubing tong. The Model 300 comes with a modifiable relief valve to set the torque; 95 RPM and 850ft/lbs. of torque at high range. Situated by a firm torque arm, this tong can engage automatically and release automatically by a reversing tong. A feature unique to this model is the ability to breakout and make-up 1-1/8” rods without over torqueing.

The Model 500 Power Tubing Tong has a size range of 1-5/16” to 7”, joint make-up in 5 seconds, and joint break-out in 7 seconds. With a split glide ring, both safer and more convenient access to jaws and final drive gear components is attainable, while pressurized oil baths ensure that the Model 500 is properly lubricated. The Model 500 also features an adjustable clutch and air or hydraulic assist for the back-up tool. Also fitted with a “Power Shift” Transmission, the operator is able to adjust gears during operation while the Improved Drive Alignment minimizes wasted power.

The Model 600 Power Tubing Tongs feature an adjustable clutch and is available in either air or hydraulic assist for the back-up tool. Also fitted with a “Power Shift” Transmission, the operator is able to adjust gears during operation while the Improved Drive Alignment minimizes wasted power. The Model 600 permits joint make-up in 5 seconds and joint break-out in 7 seconds. With a split glide ring, both safer and more convenient access to jaws and final drive gear components is attainable, while pressurized oil baths ensure that the Model 500 is properly lubricated.

The Model RSHD Power Tubing Tongs are truly a heavy duty piece of equipment that is for the tough jobs. The Model RSHD has more steel weight and gussets added to the bottom in order to diminish chance of case spreading. This model features a customary chain-driven design, integral sprocket, and outer ring. Lastly, the Model RSHD utilizes a familiar jaw-and-bushing biting system.

The Model 700 features the highest torque of all the Power Tubing/Casing Tongs at 20,000 ft./lbs. at 2000 PSI. This model consists of a light drill pipe, tubing, and casing.

#Jflw ATTORNEYS vgh hsheneh hshsh hehsh M8- United States PatentO JAW OPERATING MEANS FOR POWER TONGS Archie W. Beeman and Clarence D. New, Odessa, Tex. Application December 9, 1957, Serial No. 701,408

7 Claims. (Cl. 81-53) This invention relates to power tongs of the type commonly used in oil fields for making and breaking threaded connections between pipes, cylindrical drilling tools, and the like.

In oil field operations it frequently is necessary to connect or disconnect the ends of long sections of large diameter pipes, and in many instances such connections are established by means of threaded joints. As an example, drill pipes customarily constitute a series of long pipe sections threadedly connected at their adjacent ends. Since these pipe sections are very heavy and since they have large outside diameters, special equipment is required in order to rotate them relative to each other inmaking or breaking the threaded connections between adjacent sections. Power tongs are well suited to this type of service. A typical power tong includes some means for firmly gripping the external surface of a pipe section and means for rotating the pipe section while so gripped.

A number of tong constructions have been proposed heretofore, but these have been complicated and expensive pieces of equipment. The pipe-gripping means employed in these prior constructions have been particularly elaborate, and the presence of large numbers of relatively movable parts has adversely affected the reliability of such equipment.

An object of this invention is to overcome the foregoing objections and to provide an inexpensive power tong construction which will efiiciently make or break threaded pipe joints without endangering the lives of the working crewmen.

These objects are realized in a power tong construction which includes an elongated frame having a pipe-gripping mechanism at one end and a power unit at the other. Power is transmitted from the power unit to the pipegripping mechanism through a series of roller chain and sprocket combinations which serve as speed-reduction means.

The pipe-grippin mechanism cooperates with a throat in the end of the frame for the reception of a pipe section to be rotated. It includes a partial ring rotatably mounted upon the frame of the tong and having an opening which may be aligned with the throat so that the pipe section may be disposed within the ring. This ring may be driven in either direction by a roller chain cooperating with a sprocket fixed to the ring and connected to the speed-reducing means.

Fig. 1 is a plan view of a power tong according to the invention, with the top plate of the frame removed and with certain parts being broken way to illustrate features I of the construction;

The main frame of the illustrated power tong construction has been designated generally by the numeral 2. It includes the top wall 4 and a bottom wall 6 held in spaced apart relation by any suitable means. The frame 2 also may include side walls to protect the internal mechanisms against the entrance of dirt and other foreign materials, but these side walls have been omitted from the drawings in the interest of clarity.

At its front end the frame 2 is provided with a throat 8 through which a pipe section P may pass into cooperative relationship with respect to a pipe-gripping mechanism to be described in greater detail below. It will be understood as the description proceeds that the term pipe section is used herein in a generic sense, to refer to bodies of various kinds having generally cylindrical exterior surface portions which may be gripped by the tong. Such bodies may be sections of drill pipe, casing, tubing, rods, tools, etc.

Referring particularly to Fig. 1, it will be seen that the partial ring 22 and the sprocket 32 include gaps or openings 33 and 34 which are comparable in extent to the throat 8 of the frame 2. These openings 33 and 34 are brought into alignment with the throat 8 during move ment of the pipe section P into or out of the tong.

The drive sprocket 36 is carried by a sleeve 42 rotatably mounted upon a bearing post 44 by suitable antifriction bearings 46. The upper end portion of the sleeve 42 carries a sprocket 48 of greater diameter than the drive sprocket 36. Since both of these sprockets 36 and 48 are secured rigidly to the sleeve 42, they must rotate as a unit and the peripheral speed of the large sprocket 48 is considerably greater than the peripheral speed of the smaller drive sprocket 36. It will be seen therefore that the sleeve 42 and the two sprockets 36 and 48 constitute a reliable and simple speed-reducing means for the drive system of the power tong of this invention.

A brief description of the mode of operation of the tong of this invention may be helpful. It will be understood that initially the openings 33 and 34 in the partial ring-22 and the sprocket 32 are aligned with the throat 8 in the frame 2 so that the pipe section P may be inserted into the interior of the partial ring 22. When so inserted, the exterior surface of the pipe section P comes into contact with the serrated edges of the fixed dies 100 on the die carrier 79, and the axis of the pipe section P is approximately coincident with the axis of rotation of the partial ring 22. After the pipe section P is in position, power is applied to the motor shaft 76 to rotate the partial ring 22 in either direction. As an example, it may be assumed that the motor shaft 76 is rotated so as to cause the partial ring 22 to move in a clockwise direction in Fig. 1.

After the pipe section P has been rotated sufficiently, the tong may be freed from the pipe section P by rotating the ring 22 a short distance in a counterclockwise direction, to position the low points of the cam surfaces 110 and 112 opposite the cam followers 114 and 116, respectively. With the parts in such positions, the movable dies 102 and 104 may be disengaged from the pipe section P, and the tong may be moved rearwardly slightly to free the fixed dies 100 from contact with the surface of the pipe section P. Thereafter, the ring 22 may be rotated in either direction to position its opening 33 in alignment with the throat 8 of the tong so that, the pipe section P may pass out of the tong.

1. A power tong for rotating a pipe comprising a frame having a throat for the reception of a pipe, said frame including top and bottom members spaced from each other and terminating at said throat, an arcuate lower bearing member fixed to said bottom member adjacent said throat, an arcuate upper bearing member fixed to said top member adjacent said throat above and spaced from said lower bearing member, partial ring means hearing against the vertical faces of said bearing members and including a portion disposed between and contacting the adjacent faces of said bearing members, means for rotating said partial ring means relative to said bearing members, and pipe-gripping means carried by said partial ring means in position to engage the surface of a pipe disposed within said throat so as to rotate the pipe upon rotation of said partial ring means.

2. A power tong for rotating a pipe comprising a frame having a throat for the reception of a pipe, said frame including top and bottom members spaced from each other and terminating at"said throat, an m tate and-the links 106 and 108 are so mounted that the earn surfaces 110 and 112 urge these movabledies102 and- 104 In this construction lower bearing member fixed to said bottom member adjacent said throat, an arcuate upper bearing member fixed to said top member adjacent said throat above and spaced from said lower, bearing member, partial ring means bearing against the inner and outer vertical faces of said bearing members and including a portion disposed between and contacting theadjacent faces of said bearing members, sand partial ring means being provided with an opening therein which may be brought into alignment with said throat so that the pipe may be disposed within said ring means, a sprocket fixed to said partial ring means inwardly of said bearing members and having an opening therein in alignment with said opening in said ring means, a drive. chain engaging a portion of the periphery of said sprocket spaced from said throat for rotating said partial ring means relative to said bearing members, and pipe-gripping means carried by said partial ring means in"position to engage the surface of a pipe disposed within said partial ring means so as to rotate the pipe upon rotation of said partial ring means.

3. A power tong for rotating a pipe comprising a frame having a throat for the reception of a pipe, a partial ring rotatably mounted on said frame and having a side opening therein which may be brought into alignment with said throat so that a pipe may be disposed within said ring, means for rotating said ring about its central axis, i die means carried by said ring at a location opposite said opening, "said ring being provided with a cam surface movable therewith, and means movable by said cam surface upon rotation of said ring for bearing against a pipe disposed within said ring in such a direction as to cause said die meansto grip said pipe.

4. A power tong for rotating a pipe comprising a frame having a throat for the reception of a pipe, a partial ring rotatably mounted on said frame and having a side opening therein which may be brought into alignment with said throat so that a pipe may be disposed within said ring, the inner surface of said ring including a pair of cam surfaces disposed on opposite sides of the center line of said opening, the centerline of said opening and a line perpendicular thereto and passing through the axis of said ring dividing a circle about said axis into four quadrants, an arcuate die carrier rotatably mounted upon said ring and being disposed with the two quadrants of said circle opposite said opening in said ring, a first pair of dies fixed to said carrier and disposed respectively in said two quadrants, a second pair of dies mounted on said carrier for movement in generally radial directions and disposed respectively in the two quadrants of said circle adjacent said opening in said ring, and means cooperating with the dies of said second pair and with said cam surfaces to move said dies of said second pair radially inwardly upon rotation of said ring relative to said carrier.

5. A power tong for rotating a pipe comprising a frame having a throat for the reception of a pipe, a partial ring rotatably mounted on said frame and having a side opening therein which may be brought into alignment with said throat so that a pipe may be disposed within said ring, the inner surface of said ring including a pair of arcuate depressions which form cam surfaces disposed on opposite sides of the center line of said opening, means for rotating said ring about its central axis, a bearing rail fixed to the inner surfaces of said ring at a location opposite said opening and having grooves in its upper and lower surfaces, an arcuate channel-shaped die carrier mounted upon said bearing rail for rotation relative to said ring and being provided with hearing means projecting into said grooves, a pair of link means pivotally connected to the ends of said carrier and including portions projecting into said arcuate depressions in the inner surface of said ring, a first pair of pipe-gripping dies fixed .to said carrier, and a second pair ofpipe-gripping dies rotatably mounted on said frame and having a side open "ing therein which maybe brought into alignment with said throat so that a pipe may be disposed within said ring, the inner surface of said ring including a pair of arcuate depressions which form cam surfaces disposed on opposite sides of the center line of said opening, means for rotating said ring about its central axis, a bearing rail fixed to the inner surface of said ring at a location opposite said opening and having grooves in its upper and lower surfaces, an arcuate channel-shaped diecarrier mounted upon said bearing rail for rotation relative to said ring and being provided with hearing means projecting into said grooves, a pair of link means pivotally connected to the ends of said carrier, a rotatable cam follower carried by each of said link means and projecting into "said arcuate depressions in the inner surfaces of said ring so that, upon rotation of said ring relative to said carrier in either direction, said link means are pivoted to move portions thereof closer to the axis of rotation of said ring, a"first pair of pipe-gripping dies fixed to said carrier in position to engage a pipe disposed within said ring, and a second pair of pipe-gripping dies fixed to said portions of said link means in position to press against the surface of the pipe under the influence of said cam surfaces and to urge said pipe toward said first pair of dies.

7. A power tong for rotating a pipe comprising a frame having a throat for the reception of a pipe, a partial 8 ring rotatabty mounted on saidframe andhavin"g aside opening therein which may be brought into alignment with said throat so that a pipe maybe disposed within said ring, means for rotating said ring about its central axis; diemeans carried by said ring at a location opposite said opening, said ring being provided with cam surfaces disposed on opposite sides of the center line of said opening, a pair of die means each disposed approximately 90 degrees from said first-mentioned die means and on opp"osit"e sides of said center line of said opening, rotation of said ring causing said cam surfaces to engage said pair of die means to move said pair of die means inwardly to grip said pipe on opposite sides thereof for sequential turning movement of said pipe.

This invention is directed to apparatus and methods for aligning wellbore tubulars; and to power tongs used in making and breaking joints of tubular members such as wellbore casing and tubing; to parts thereof; including, but not limited to gripping elements, and methods of their use.

During the drilling of oil and gas wells and the production of materials therefrom, various operations require the connection and disconnection of successive lengths of threaded tubulars such as pipe, casing, or tubing. Tools known as tongs are used to "make" and "break" such connections. Certain known power tongs have a body, a rotary rotatably mounted in said body and at least one active jaw which, on rotation of the rotary is cammed against a pipe in the rotary and grips it for rotation with the rotary. In known arrangements the camming action is generated by a cam member which is bolted to the rotary and is shaped so that the active jaw is cammed against the pipe on rotation of the rotary relative to the active jaw in one sense and will be released on rotation of the rotary relative to the active jaw in the opposite sense.

With known tongs high torques are applied to tubulars due to combinations of factors such as thread sealing requirements, the presence of corrosion, the existence of distortion, and pipe size and weight. Both in the "make" direction of rotation when a shoulder is suddenly encountered, and in the "break" direction at initial engagement of the tong and disengagement of the threads high shock forces may arise; e.g., with a power-driven tong, in excess of 50,000 foot-pounds of torque may be exerted, while relatively small die elements on jaws of the tong engage the pipe with extremely high force loadings. Slippage occurs and pipe surfaces become marred, marked, indented, or otherwise damaged.

Dies for gripping jaws have been provided with multiple serrations, or penetration features, to provide the interference contact at the joint surface. Grip element penetration into the joint surface is limited and controlled. The distribution and balance of grip element energizing forces are critical factors in the design, development and evaluation of such tong mechanisms. Linkages, levers, wedges, and cams are used to balance force components. Grip elements, or dies, are accurately disposed within carrier bodies, or jaws, which span a circumferential segment of the joint surface.

Uneven die loading can cause excessive indentation, marring or damage to a tubular surface. Drag or braking devices are used in certain tongs to effect proper biting of the dies relative to the pipe. The head or other member supporting the dies is frictionally restrained to insure that the dies do not simply rotate with the rotary as the rotary is driven.

Other tongs use an endless belt, chain or flexible material loop for gripping a tubular. Such tongs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,799,010; 3,906,820; 3,892,140; 4,079,640; 4,099,479; and 4,212,212. There are a variety of problems associated with certain of these tongs:

Jaw/die tongs and the belt/chain tongs are used with relatively hard and rigid metal tubulars such as casing and tubing. If these tongs are used with thick tubulars or tubulars made from relatively "softer" metals or from premium metals such as high alloy steels or low carbon steels or tubulars made from non-metal materials such as fiber glass, they often literally chew up the tubular. The use of strap wrenches is inadequate since the torque applied with such wrenches cannot be precisely controlled.

Certain tubulars are treated with a rust or corrosion resistant material or coating. If the coating is indented, gouged, or broken, its protective purpose is defeated. Producing enough force in a tong to join such tubulars while not injuring a protective coating presents a dilemma.

The present invention, in certain embodiments, discloses a power tong for joining tubulars so that marking of, indentation of, and surface injury to tubulars are reduced or eliminated. In one aspect a power tong is provided and a method of its use for handling tubulars coated with a corrosion-resistant material which should not be broken or penetrated. In one embodiment such a tong has one or more gripping jaws with gripping elements made of aluminum alloys, zinc, zinc alloys, aluminum, brass, bronze, cermet, plastic, fiberglass, metal alloys, or a combination thereof which present a smooth face (straight or curved) to a tubular without any teeth, pointed projections, or toothed dies. In one aspect the gripping elements are releasably connected directly to jaws. In another aspect the gripping elements are releasably connected to a jacket or holder which itself is releasably connected to a jaw.

In one aspect the cylinder(s) are powered by a small air-driven hydraulic pump with an hydraulic fluid reservoir mounted on a plate on the movable or fixed jaw. Air is supplied to activate a motor of the pump and the pump then provides hydraulic fluid to move a piston of the hydraulic cylinder(s). The motion of the cylinder moves the movable jaw on its roller to travel to a pre-load position on the cam. The cylinder applies pressure until the hydraulic pressure is released. A hydraulic fluid accumulator and a valve may be used to maintain hydraulic pressure at all times so that the cylinder(s) continuously maintain the desired load on the jaw until the air supply to the pump is removed.

In another aspect the cylinders are connected to a rotary of the tong or to any other member that rotates with the rotary rather than to a fixed jaw. Such a pre-load system may, according to this invention, be used with any tong including a tong that does use toothed dies.

In one embodiment the present invention discloses a gripping arrangement for a tong with a sheet of grit which is preferably bonded to a carrier plate. In another embodiment the gripping arrangement comprises a layer of flexible material having a smooth flat surface or a surface with ridges and valleys, for example in the fashion of the surface of a file. The flexible material, in one aspect, is metal, for example sheet aluminum, zinc, brass, bronze, zinc alloy, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, or steel having a thickness of about 1.5 mm. The layer of flexible material may be used in conjunction with a carrier plate or on its own. In a further embodiment the gripping arrangement may comprise a layer of perforate material one of both surfaces of which are preferably coated with grit to facilitate adhesion. The layer will typically be formed from metal having a thickness of about 1.5 mm. The layer may be used in conjunction with a carrier plate or used on its own. In yet another embodiment the gripping arrangement may comprise a layer of expanded mesh, e.g. metal mesh, which has been flattened. One or both surfaces of the expanded mesh may be coated with grit and the layer may be used in conjunction with a carrier plate or used on its own. The grit may comprise, for example, diamond dust, particles of silicon, zircon, tungsten carbide and mixtures thereof. The gripping arrangement may comprise end plates which are attached to the carrier plate. Preferably, the carrier plate is provided with side flanges for insertion into a jaw holder. The present invention also provides a jaw assembly fitted with a gripping arrangement in accordance with the present invention. Preferably, the jaw assembly includes a jaw holder having an arcuate recess which accommodates an arcuate pad of resilient elastomeric material which supports said gripping arrangement. Advantageously, at least one shim is provided which is disposed between said arcuate pad of resilient elastomeric material and said gripping arrangement. The shim will be flexible and generally from 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm thick and made from sheet metal. The present invention also provides a tong fitted with at least two such jaw.

In one embodiment the present invention discloses an apparatus for aligning tubulars and includes a guide on one of a power tong and a backup tong. In one embodiment the apparatus has a socket centralizer mounted on said one of said power tong and said backup tong. In one aspect, said one of said power tong and said backup tong is said power tong. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a power tong and a backup tong, and the guide is mounted on the power tong and apparatus is provided to maintain the power tong and the backup tong in a certain juxtaposition during a stabbing operation. Preferably, said apparatus includes locating rods on one of the power tong and the backup tong and blocks shaped to receive at least the ends of the locating rods on the other of the power tong and the backup tong. Advantageously, the backup tong is provided with at least two prismatic jaw assemblies to locate the backup tong in fixed juxtaposition with respect to a tubular being gripped.

The present invention, in one aspect, provides a jaw unit for use in a tong, which jaw unit comprises a jaw holder and a jaw movable with respect to said jaw holder, characterized in that said jaw is slidably mounted on said jaw holder. Preferably, said jaw is slidable with respect to said jaw holder about an arcuate path. Advantageously, said jaw has a gripping surface which is substantially arcuate for gripping the surface of a tubular and the center of curvature of such arcuate path lies between the center of curvature of said grip ping surface and said arcuate path. The gripping surface may be a continuous surface or defined by several spaced apart gripping elements. Preferably, the center of curvature of said arcuate path lies between the center of curvature of said grip ping surface and said gripping surface. Advantageously, the center of curvature of said arcuate path is substantially midway between the center of curvature of said gripping surface and said gripping surface. Preferably, one of said jaw and said jaw holder is provided with an arcuate track which defines said arcuate path, and the other of said jaw and said jaw holder is slidably mounted in said arcuate track.

The present invention also provides a jaw assembly comprising two jaw units in accordance with the present invention. Preferably, said jaw units are mounted for pivotal movement about a common pivot shaft. Advantageously, said jaw assembly includes means which bias said jaw units apart. The present invention also provides a rotary fitted with a jaw unit in accordance with the present invention, a rotary fitted with a jaw assembly in accordance with the present invention, and a tong fitted with a rotary in accordance with the present invention.

One of the features of existing tongs is that their rotaries are difficult to furnish. Thus, routine maintenance usually involves dismantling the whole rotary, checking the parts and reassembling the whole. While this is a straightforward procedure in the clean conditions of a workshop it can be problematic when carried out in a muddy field, in sand or in snow. The present invention aims to help solve this problem and provides a rotary which comprises a top section, a bottom section, and a peripheral wall therebetween, characterized in that at least one of said top section and said bottom section is provided with an elongate slot which, when said rotary is in use, accommodates a pivot shaft on which a jaw assembly can be pivotally mounted.

Jaw holders and jaws for tongs are traditionally machined from a solid piece. This is a comparatively expensive procedure. The present invention proposes to make such parts from a stack of individually cut laminations.

Such methods and devices including a power tong with at least one jaw with at least one tubular gripping element having a smooth gripping surface (flat or curved) and, in one aspect, such an element which is flexible;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a tubular connection system according to the present invention. FIGS. 2B and 2C are perspective views of a casing tong of the system of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 5A shows schematically an initial position of elements of a tong system according to the present invention. FIG. 5B shows pre-loading on a pipe of the jaws of the system of FIG. 5A. FIG. 5C shows a tubular gripped with the system of FIG. 5A.

FIGS. 1A-1C show a typical prior art power tong that uses fixed jaws and a movable jaw to grip pipe for tubular disconnecting and connecting operations. An outer case houses a powered rotary to which the jaws are mounted. A cam surface of the rotary moves a movable (ACTIVE or MASTER) jaw into (and away from) gripping contact with a tubular, e.g. pipe. Each jaw has toothed gripping inserts to facilitate engagement with the surface of the tubular (see FIG. 1B). FIG. 1C shows the tong in an "OPEN" position in which the tubular is not gripped.

The tong shown in FIG. 1A is a Weatherford Model 14.5-50 High Torque Tong. The brochure "New ! Weatherford Model 14.5-50 High Torque Tong," (1991) and the manual entitled "Model 14.5-50 Hydraulic Power Tong Installation, Operation and Maintenance" (1993) are submitted herewith and incorporated herein fully by reference for all purposes. It is to be understood that the teachings of the present invention are applicable to any tong and any tong system that has one or more gripping elements or jaws and that the Model 14.5-50 tong is shown here for illustrative purposes and not by way of limitation of the scope of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 2A a system 10 according to the present invention includes a power tong 100 according to the present invention which is like the tong of FIG. 1A but which also includes a unique jaw system 110 with inserts 150 on fixed jaws 120 and insert 152 on movable jaw 122 and at least one jaw pre-load assembly like that shown in FIG. 5A. The system 10 includes a free floating backup tong 12.

As shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, rods 112 are connected to the movable jaw 122. The inserts 150 are on fixed jaws 120 and the insert 152 is on a movable jaw 122 (corresponding to the fixed jaws and active jaw, respectively, of the tong of FIG. 1A).

FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate an alternative jaw mounting system in which holders are interposed between jaw bodies and inserts. The holders protect the jaws from damage if the inserts wear down and a variety of different types and/or sizes of inserts may be used with and interchanged on a single holder. In one aspect it is within the scope of this invention to use these holders to mount conventional toothed dies to a tong jaw and to use them for easy substitution of new and/or different dies.

FIG. 4A shows a jaw system 400 for a tong (like the tong of FIG. 2A) which has two fixed jaws 402 and a movable (movable toward and away from a tubular to be gripped 403) jaw 404. Each jaw 402 has a jaw body 405 with a holder 406 secured thereto. In one aspect dovetail keys 407 secured to the holder or releasably mounted thereto fit in corresponding slots 408 of the jaw bodies 405 to releasably mount the holder 406 to the body. In one aspect dovetail keys 409 releasably mount the holders 406 to jaw bodies 405. The dovetail keys 409 are releasably held in corresponding recesses 411 in the holders 406. One or more dovetail keys 409 may be used (two shown for each holder 406).

FIG. 5A shows a tong system 500 with a tong having a movable rotary 502, fixed jaws 504, 505, and a movable jaw 506 (remainder of tong, not shown, like the tong of FIG. 2A; like the tong of FIG. 1A, but with the added features discussed here). Pins 520 pin the fixed jaws to the rotary. Inserts 522 on the fixed jaws 504, 505 are like the inserts described herein for other fixed jaws. Insert 524 on the movable jaw 506 is like other inserts described herein for movable jaws. A pre-load cylinder 508 to assist in make-up is pivotably connected at one end to the fixed jaw 505 and at the other end to the movable jaw 506. A pre-load cylinder 510 to assist in break-out is pivotably connected at one end to the fixed jaw 504 and at the other end to the movable jaw 506. It is within the scope of this invention for the ends of cylinders connected to the fixed jaws to instead be secured to the rotary or to a support ring or other member that rotates with the rotary. It is within the scope of this invention to employ one cylinder interchangeable between the positions of the cylinders 508 and 510 (FIG. 5A) or one cylinder connectible to the fixed jaw 506 at one end for break-out and at the other end of the fixed jaw 506 for make-up with the other cylinder end secured to the rotary. Rollers 530 rotatably mounted on the movable jaw 506 co-act with cam surfaces 532 on the rotary 502 to move the jaw 506 to operative and inoperative positions.

Air in a line 640 selectively applied with a control system 650 (e.g. mounted on the rig floor, on the tong or remote controlled) selectively actuates the pump 630 to pump fluid through the valve 602 to the pre-load cylinders. The directional control valve 602 is either manually operated or operated by remote control. Correct fluid pressure is monitored with a gauge 651.

As shown in FIG. 5C the tubular 650 has been gripped due to the action of the pre-load cylinder 510 with a suitable pre-load force (e.g., but not limited to, about 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 or 50000 pounds of force). This force is sufficient that when the rotary 502 of the tong is rotated the jaws do not slip on the tubular 650; but the pre-load force is sufficiently low that the jaws do not mark or damage the tubular 650.

FIG. 8 shows schematically a top view of a power tong according to the present invention. A power tong T has an hydraulic motor M with control/monitor apparatus C on a tong case S. A movable jaw J is moved and rotated by a rotary R which is moved by interconnection, via appropriate gearing, by the motor M. Fixed jaws F and G are secured to the rotary R. A first pre-load cylinder D connects the movable jaw J to the fixed jaw G for applying a pre-load to the movable jaw for make-up operations. A second pre-load cylinder L connects the movable jaw J to the fixed jaw F for applying a pre-load to the movable jaw for break-out operations. An insert I (any insert disclosed herein) is secured to the movable jaw J and inserts K (any insert disclosed herein) are secured to the fixed jaws F and G.

FIG. 9 shows a tong jaw 450 according to the present invention with an insert 454 (any insert disclosed herein) and rods 452 secured thereto, e.g. by welding. The rods 452 provide a member to which either a cylinder body or a piston of a pre-load piston cylinder apparatus is connectible. Instead of the rods 452 as shown which extend from above the jaw 450 to a point below it, only rod sections may be used secured to one or both sides of the jaw to provide a securement member for an end of a pre-load apparatus.

According to the present invention a variety of apparatuses and devices may be employed to pre-load a tong jaw having one or more smooth faced gripping insert elements thereon. In one aspect a manually activated pre-load cylinder is used which has fluid or material manually introduced therein to apply a pre-load or manually removed therefrom to release a pre-load. In another aspect a pre-load cylinder is pivotably secured at one end to a rotary or part thereof and the other end is releasably connectible to either end of a movable jaw so that a pre-load may be applied, selectively, to either end of the movable jaw for make-up or break-out operations as desired. In one aspect such a pre-load cylinder has a rod with an end member receivable in and movable in a slot in the movable jaw or there are recesses at either end of the jaw for holding the end member of the rod so that a pre-load can be applied. A secondary small cylinder may be used to selectively move the pre-load cylinder in the jaw slot or it can be moved manually. In another embodiment the tong"s movable jaw has one or more upwardly projecting lugs engageable by a forked piston rod end of a pre-load piston/cylinder that is attached to the rotary. The rotary is rotated so that the jaw is cammed into the pipe to be rotated in a pre-load position and then the forked rod is removed for further tong operations.

In use, two or more jaw assemblies are placed in a tong and are disposed around a length of casing. The jaw assemblies 1001, 1001" are then advanced radially inwardly in the direction of arrows "A" (FIG. 12) until they engage and firmly grip the casing. Because of the flexible construction of the gripping arrangement 1007, the shims 1006 and the arcuate pad 1004, the friction layer 1009 substantially conforms to the circumference of the casing and grips the casing with a substantially uniform gripping action. Once the casing has been firmly gripped the jaws are rotated by the tong in the usual manner. It will be noted that circumferential forces applied to the friction layer are transmitted through the carrier plate 1008 so that any local loads caused, for example by an irregularity in the surface of the casing are redistributed by the carrier plate 1008 and transmitted to the jaw holder 1002 via the side flange 1011 and the arcuate pad 1004 (see FIG. 18).

The present invention is useful for gripping casing for rotation. Gripping arrangements in accordance with the present invention may also be used for gripping and rotating other tubulars, for example tubing or drill strings, or for use in slips, for example for supporting a casing string or drill string while lengths are being added thereto or subtracted therefrom.

Referring to FIGS. 19A and 19B of the drawings there is shown a conventional tong assembly which is generally identified by the reference numeral 2001.

The power tong 2002 comprises a pair of gates 2004, 2005 which are held together in the position shown by latch 2006. When the latch 2006 is released the gates 2004, 2005 can be swung open by admitting hydraulic fluid to piston and cylinder assemblies 2007 and 2008. The power tong 2002 also contains a rotary 2009 which is provided with four jaw assemblies 2010. The rotary 2009 can be rotated by a hydraulic motor 2011.

The backup tong 2003 is provided with two gates 2012, 2013 which are held together by latch 2014 but which, when latch 2014 is released can be swung to an open position.

Once the pin is correctly located the stabbing guide is removed. The gates 2004, 2005 of the power tong 2002 and the gates 2012, 2013 of the backup tong 3 are then opened and the tong assembly 2001 moved towards the casing until the lower length of casing lies within the backup tong 2003 and the upper length of casing lies within the power tong 2002. The gates 2004, 2005, 2012, 2013 are then closed and latched. Jaw assemblies in the backup tong are then advanced to engage the lower length of casing while jaw assemblies in the power tong 2002 are advanced to grip the upper length of casing. The hydraulic motor 2011 is then actuated to turn the rotary 2009 and rotate the upper length of casing relative to the lower length of casing. The tong assembly 2001 is supported by a pneumatic lifting cylinder 2015 which enables the power tong 2002 to move towards the backup tong 2003 as the pin enters the socket. Reaction forces are transmitted by columns 2016 disposed to either side of the tong assembly 2001 and by a series of levers in a known manner. It should be noted that the power tong 2002 is free to move in a plane parallel to the backup tong 2003 within certain limits.

The apparatus 2100 comprises a tong assembly 2101 which is generally similar to the tong assembly 2001 shown in FIGS. 19A and 19B and parts of the tong assembly 2101 similar to the tong assembly 2001 have been identified by similar reference numerals in the "2100" series.

Turning first to the guide 2117 it will be seen from FIG. 21B that this comprises four identical components 2118 which are bolted to the top of the power tong 2102. As best shown in FIG. 21C each component is tapered so as to guide the pin of an upper casing to the center of the opening of the power tong 2102.

Referring now to FIG. 22, the backup tong 2103 is provided with three prismatic jaw assemblies 2119a, 2119b, and 2119c which, when actuated, hold a lower length of casing 2120 in a fixed position relative to the backup tong 2103.

As shown in FIG. 23 the backup tong 2103 is provided with three upwardly extending locating rods 2121 which are each provided with a conical tip 2122. Similar, the underside of the power tong 2102 is provided with three blocks 2123 each of which is provided with a recess 2124 shaped to receive the conical tip 2122 of a respective locating rod 2121.

In use, the lower length of casing 2120 is first secured by slips on the rig floor in the usual manner. The gates 2112 and 2113 of the backup tong 2103 are then opened and the tong assembly 2101 moved into position with the backup tong 2103 circumjacent the lower length of casing 2120 and immediately below the socket 2125 thereof.

The gates 2112 and 2113 are then closed by hydraulic piston and cylinder assemblies 2126 and 2127 and the latch 2114 closed. The prismatic jaw assembly 2119a is fixed while prismatic jaw assemblies 2119b and 2119c are automatically advanced by a predetermined distance when the latch 2114 is closed. This grips the lower length of casing firmly and also ensures that the backup tong 2003 is in a fixed position relative to the lower length of casing 2120. The position thus far attained is shown in FIG. 23.

At this time pneumatic lifting cylinder 2115 is extended which lowers the backup tong 2003. The conical tips 2122 of the locating rods 2121 enter the recesses 2124 of the blocks 2123 and thus locate the power tong 2002 with respect to the backup tong 2003. This in turn locates the guide 2117 with respect to the lower length of casing 2120 so that the center of the guide 2117 is coaxial with the axis of the lower length of casing 2120. This position is shown in FIG. 24.

The power tong 2102 is then raised so that the blocks 2123 are well clear of the locating rods 2121. At this point the jaw assemblies in the power tong 2102 are applied to the upper length of casing 2128 and the hydraulic motor 2111 actuated to rotate the rotary and screw the pin 2129 into the socket 2125. During the procedure the power tong 2102 moves towards the backup tong 2103. However, even when the joint is tightened to the required torque the blocks 2123 still lie a short distance above the conical tips 2122 of the locating rods 2121.

At this stage the jaw assemblies of both the power tong 2102 and the backup tong 2103 are relaxed, the gates 2104, 2105, 2112 and 2113 opened and the tong assembly 2101 retracted in preparation for the casing being lowered. It will be noted that one component 2118 of the guide 2117 is mounted on each of the gates 2104, 2105 and accordingly the guide 2117 opens and closes with the gates 2104, 2105.

For certain applications a backup tong is not required, for example where the power tong can conveniently be restrained by a chain attached to the drilling tower.

The apparatus 2200 comprises a power tong 2202 which is generally similar to the power tong 2002. The basic construction of the power tong 2202 is similar to the power tong 2002 and parts having similar functions have been identified by the same reference numeral in the "2200" series.

The main differences are that the apparatus 2200 does not include a backup tong and that it is provided with a guide 2217 and a socket centralizer 2230.

In use, the lower length of casing 2220 is first secured by slips (not shown) with the socket 2225 facing upwardly close to the slips. The power tong 2202 is then lowered onto the socket 2225 so that the socket 2225 enters the socket centralizer 2230 and aligns the socket centralizer 2230, the socket 2225 and the guide 2217. The upper length of casing 2228 is then lowered so that its pin 2229 enters the guide 2217, is center there by and enters the socket 2225. At this point power tong 2202 is raised. Its jaw assemblies are then advanced to grip the upper length of casing 2228 which is then rotated to screw the pin 2229 into the socket 2225. Once the joint is tightened to the required torque the gates 2204, 2205 are opened and the power tong 2202 withdrawn.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 29 is generally similar to that shown in FIG. 28 except that the apparatus 2300 also includes a backup tong 2303. Since the upper length of casing 2328 and the lower length of casing 2320 are being aligned by the guide 2317 and the socket centralizer 2330 no special arrangements need be made for aligning the power tong 2302 and the backup tong 2303.

The procedure for connecting the upper length of casing 2328 to the lower length of casing 2320 is as follows. First, the lower length of casing 2320 is secured in slip (not shown). The gates 2312, 2313 of the backup tong are then opened and the apparatus 2300 maneuvered so that the lower length of casing 2320 is disposed within the backup tong 2303. The power tong 2302 is then lowered until the socket 2325 on the lower length of casing 2320 is received within the socket centralizer 2330. The upper length of casing 2328 is then lowered until the pin 2329 passes through guide 2317 and enters the socket 2328. Only at this stage are gates 2312, 2313 closed and the jaw assemblies of the backup tong 2303 activated to grip the lower length of casing 2320. The power tong 2302 is then raised and its jaw assemblies activated to grip the upper length of casing 2328 which is then rotated to cause the pin 2329 to enter the socket 2325 and the joint to be tightened to the desired torque. The jaw assemblies are then relaxed and the gates 2304, 2305, 2312, 2313 of the power tong 2302 and the backup tong 2303 opened prior to retracting the apparatus 2300.

Various modifications to the embodiments described are envisaged, for example, if desired, the guide and the socket centralizer could be mounted on the backup tong 2303 rather than the power tong 2302. Alternatively, the guide could be mounted on the backup tong without a socket centralizer. Such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 30.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 30 is generally similar to that shown in FIG. 19a and 19b and parts of the tong assembly 2401 similar to the tong assembly 2001 have been identified by similar reference numerals in the "2400" series. One difference is that the top of the backup tong 2403 is provided with a guide 2417.

In use, the lower length of casing 2420 is first secured by stops 2431 on the rig floor in the usual manner. The gates 2412 and 2413 of the backup tong 2403 are then opened. Since two of the four components 2418 of the guide 2417 are mounted on the gates 2412 and 2413 the guide 2417 opens with the gates 2412 and 2413 so that the lower length of casing 2420 can enter the backup tong 2403 when the carriage 2432 which supports the apparatus 2400 is advanced towards the casing 2420 on rails 2433. When the lower length of casing 2420 is fully within the backup tong 2403 the gates 2412 and 2413 are closed. The components 2418 of the guide 2417 have a stepped interior (not visible in FIG. 30) so that the lower part of each component 2418 touches the socket on the top of the lower length of casing 2420 whilst the upper part of the interior of each component 2418 tapers inwardly to form a funnel. Once the lower length of casing 2420 has been gripped the upper length of casing 2428 is lowered through the power tong 2402 towards the lower length of casing 2420. The guide 2417 guides the pin on the bottom of the upper length of casing 2428 into the socket. The power tong 2402 is disposed a small distance above the guide 2417. Once the pin of the upper length of casing 2428 has entered the socket on the lower length of casing the jaws of the power tong 2402 are applied to the upper length of casing 2428 which is rotated until the joint reaches the desired torque.

Referring now to FIG. 38, the rotary 3100 is shown fitted in a tong 3116. As shown in FIG. 39 and 40, the rotary 3100 is formed as a one piece casting which comprises a top section 3117, a bottom section 3118, and a peripheral wall 3119 on which is formed a toothed track 3120. Both the top section 3117 and the bottom section 3118 are provided with an elongate slot 3121, 3122 respectively. Each elongate slot 3121, 3122 has its center of curvature on the center of rotation of the rotary 3100.

As can be seen in FIG. 38 and FIGS. 31 to 37, the sides of the rotary 3100 are provided with cams 3128, 3129, 3130 and 3131 which are screwed to the rotary 3100. The rotary 3100 is located in the tong 3116 by nine guide rolls 3132, five of which are visible in FIG. 38. The guide rolls 3132 each have an upper and a lower roller which bears against the peripheral wall 3119 of the rotary 3100 above and below the toothed track 3120 respectively.

In conclusion, therefore, it is seen that the present invention and the embodiments disclosed herein and those covered by the appended claims are well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends set forth. Certain changes can be made in the subject matter without departing from the spirit and the scope of this invention. It is realized that changes are possible within the scope of this invention and it is further intended that each element or step recited in any of the following claims is to be understood as referring to all equivalent elements or steps. The following claims are intended to cover the invention as broadly as legally possible in whatever form it may be utilized. The invention claimed herein is new and novel in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 102 and satisfies the conditions for patentability in § 102. The invention claimed herein is not obvious in accordance with 35 U.S.C. § 103 and satisfies the conditions for patentability in § 103. This specification and the claims that follow are in accordance with all of the requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 112.