3 high pressure pup joint rack drawings quotation

Swivel loop Pup jointis cementing and fracturing equipment delivery High Pressure Fluid Control Products. Widely used in the acidic operating environment (excluding containing CO2, H2S sour gas operating environment) in the high-pressure discharge line, input line, a temporary flow line, well testing, and other high-voltage transmission lines on pipelines.

Pup jointmade of high strength steel, with a special toughening process. It uses Acme threaded connection, making it with the demolition convenient, fast, reliable connection, and reliable. Multiple seal design and high precision, to ensure the sealing performance of Pup joint.

4. Each technical parameters and performances of pup joints conform to standards of API Spec 6A and can be exchanged with like products internationally.

A pup joint is Casing, Pipe or Tubing shorter in length than a standard tubular string. This allows for the adjustment and installation of tools and various tubular components when placement downhole is critical for a specific project. A Spacer Pipe is another reference used to identify pup joints. Pup joint features consist of connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover pup joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube. As with all Crossover products, each piece is marked with a distinctive job number and heat number that is fully traceable. A complete range of sizes (1" to 4.5"), weights (standard or heavy wall), and grades (J-55, N-80, L-80, and P-110) are commonly available from stock in 2", 3", 4", 6", 10", and 12" lengths. Lengths up to 20" are available upon request.

Seamless pup joints with premium connections are available in API and exotic alloy grades. Premium ends are threaded by the manufacturer or authorized licensee.

Available with standard or special perforation spacings. Each joint has four rows of ⅜ inch holes drilled longitudinally along the tube. Optional patterns, hole size, and lengths furnished upon request.

Crossover, Inc. handles many types of API Couplings. As a rule, we stock enough of your common couplings which enable us to ship the same day if needed. We carry in stock J-55, L-80, N-80, and P-110. As for sizes, we carry 2 3/8”, 2 7/8” 3 ½”, 4 ½” tubing and some of the casing sizes up to 13 3/8”. Stock connections are EU 8 Rd., Nu 10 Rd., LTC, STC, and BTC. Our couplings are primarily of USA manufacture. If origin is not important, we can source other origins and sometimes beat the USA manufactured cost.

Swages are generally Box x Pin with a transition on the outside diameter and the inside diameter of the swage to assure that there are no sharp corners to set up an area of stress risers. When stress risers occur, there is a chance that the part could fail due to the fact that the part would be prone to crack in these areas.

A blast joint is shorter in length than standard tubular joint. Built with a heavy wall pipe it is incorporated in the production string to facilitate production across any perforated interval and zone. Blast Joints are manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover Blast Joints are heavy wall pin by box connectors used in tubing strings and are designed to minimize the effect of external erosive action caused by production fluids. Blast joints are located opposite the location of perforations in the production casing or just below the tubing hanger in sand frac designs. Crossover blast joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube in sizes ranging from 2 3/8” to 4 1/2” OD. Any length, grade of material, and threading is available at the customers request. Typical lengths are 10" and 20". Both API and Premium threads are available.

Crossover Flow Couplings are heavy wall box by box connectors used in tubing strings and are designed to minimize the effect of internal erosive action caused by production fluids. Flow couplings are located just above or below Landing Nipples, Safety Valves or Control Devices where turbulent flow problems are likely to occur. Crossover flow couplings are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube in sizes ranging from 2 3/8” to 4 1/2” OD. Any length, grade of material, and threading is available at the customers request. Typical lengths are 3" and 6". Both API and Premium threads are available.

Crossover Coarse Thread Tubing Safety Joint provides for emergency recovery of the major portion of the tubing string should it become necessary to abandon the equipment below. Precision left-hand threads facilitate the release of the joint by right-hand tubing rotation. Equipment requiring right-hand rotation should not be used below the Safety joint.

Crossover Straight-Pull/Shear-Out Safety Joint is used between packers in dual and triple completions and in selective completions using Hydrostatic Single-String Packers. It is also used when rotational releasing is not desired. When ran above the upper packer in a single-string completion, however, the shear value should be adjusted to compensate for any hydraulic conditions that exist when the string is landed, or that are created by well treating operations. They are available in keyed and non-keyed configurations.

Crossover Drop Ball Circulating Subs are manufactured from AISI 4140/4145. The standard is pin by box. They are activated by dropping a chrome steel ball, which lands on a sleeve and as pressure increases, the pins in the sleeve are sheared. This causes the sleeve to move down and expose four ports in the side of the sub diverting the fluid flow.

Crossover"s Drop-in Check Valve is a retrievable check valve. It is retrievable by means of a retrievable tool (gravel girdie) run in on wireline. When needed the check valve is pumped down the drill string to the landing sub. The dogs are locked in place with pressure from below the valve. The check valve will open to allow circulation and close when circulation is stopped.

Crossover rotary shoes are manufactured from specially tempered steel to provide the ultimate in toughness and durability. They are used to cut a clearance between the fish and the wall of the well bore. Each shoe is tailored to fit a particular downhole need and normally is run on the bottom of one or more joints of washover pipe. Shoe design is dictated by whether it cuts on the bottom, on the OD, on the ID, or any combination of these. When hole sizes permit, additional clearances can be cut using side ribs, thus providing greater circulation.

Integral → The pup joints are one-piece construction made from alloy steel and feature wing union end connections that eliminate welds and threads. The pup joints are capable of handling a variety of fluids and a working pressure of 15,000 psi. Available in lengths up to 15 feet, they are pressure rated to 10,000 psi for sour gas service.

Keeping the pump suction piping short ensures that the inlet pressure drop is as low as possible. The straight run pipe gives you a uniform velocity across the pipe diameter at the pump inlet. Both are important to achieving optimal suction.

Pipe sizing is a balancing act between cost and friction loss. Larger pipes cost more, whereas smaller pipes impose greater friction losses on the system. In terms of diameter, the discharge pipe diameter should normally match the discharge flange on the pump but can be larger to reduce friction losses and decrease system pressure. On the suction side, the diameter can be the same size, but oftentimes engineers select a size or two bigger, thus requiring an eccentric reducer. Larger suction piping on the suction side is usually preferred if the liquid viscosity is greater than water. This also helps produce an even flow to the pump and avoid cavitation.

Whether you need multiple parts or are adding to existing equipment, RDI’s pup joints are built to suit your flowback needs in standard and sour service.

A welded steel pressure vessel constructed as a horizontal cylinder with domed ends. An access cover can be seen at one end, and a drain valve at the bottom centre.

Construction methods and materials may be chosen to suit the pressure application, and will depend on the size of the vessel, the contents, working pressure, mass constraints, and the number of items required.

Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country.

Design involves parameters such as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, safety factor, corrosion allowance and minimum design temperature (for brittle fracture). Construction is tested using nondestructive testing, such as ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests. Hydrostatic pressure tests usually use water, but pneumatic tests use air or another gas. Hydrostatic testing is preferred, because it is a safer method, as much less energy is released if a fracture occurs during the test (water does not greatly increase its volume when rapid depressurization occurs, unlike gases, which expand explosively). Mass or batch production products will often have a representative sample tested to destruction in controlled conditions for quality assurance. Pressure relief devices may be fitted if the overall safety of the system is sufficiently enhanced.

In most countries, vessels over a certain size and pressure must be built to a formal code. In the United States that code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). In Europe the code is the Pressure Equipment Directive. Information on this page is mostly valid in ASME only.American Society of Mechanical Engineers"s official stamp for pressure vessels (U-stamp). The nameplate makes the vessel traceable and officially an ASME Code vessel.

The earliest documented design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in the book by Leonardo da Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy weights underwater.industrial revolution.ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).

There have been many advancements in the field of pressure vessel engineering such as advanced non-destructive examination, phased array ultrasonic testing and radiography, new material grades with increased corrosion resistance and stronger materials, and new ways to join materials such as explosion welding, friction stir welding, advanced theories and means of more accurately assessing the stresses encountered in vessels such as with the use of Finite Element Analysis, allowing the vessels to be built safer and more efficiently. Today, vessels in the USA require BPVC stamping but the BPVC is not just a domestic code, many other countries have adopted the BPVC as their official code. There are, however, other official codes in some countries, such as Japan, Australia, Canada, Britain, and Europe. Regardless of the country, nearly all recognize the inherent potential hazards of pressure vessels and the need for standards and codes regulating their design and construction.

Pressure vessels can theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders, and cones are usually employed. A common design is a cylinder with end caps called heads. Head shapes are frequently either hemispherical or dished (torispherical). More complicated shapes have historically been much harder to analyze for safe operation and are usually far more difficult to construct.

Theoretically, a spherical pressure vessel has approximately twice the strength of a cylindrical pressure vessel with the same wall thickness,bars (3,600 psi) pressure vessel might be a diameter of 91.44 centimetres (36 in) and a length of 1.7018 metres (67 in) including the 2:1 semi-elliptical domed end caps.

Many pressure vessels are made of steel. To manufacture a cylindrical or spherical pressure vessel, rolled and possibly forged parts would have to be welded together. Some mechanical properties of steel, achieved by rolling or forging, could be adversely affected by welding, unless special precautions are taken. In addition to adequate mechanical strength, current standards dictate the use of steel with a high impact resistance, especially for vessels used in low temperatures. In applications where carbon steel would suffer corrosion, special corrosion resistant material should also be used.

Some pressure vessels are made of composite materials, such as filament wound composite using carbon fibre held in place with a polymer. Due to the very high tensile strength of carbon fibre these vessels can be very light, but are much more difficult to manufacture. The composite material may be wound around a metal liner, forming a composite overwrapped pressure vessel.

Pressure vessels may be lined with various metals, ceramics, or polymers to prevent leaking and protect the structure of the vessel from the contained medium. This liner may also carry a significant portion of the pressure load.

Pressure Vessels may also be constructed from concrete (PCV) or other materials which are weak in tension. Cabling, wrapped around the vessel or within the wall or the vessel itself, provides the necessary tension to resist the internal pressure. A "leakproof steel thin membrane" lines the internal wall of the vessel. Such vessels can be assembled from modular pieces and so have "no inherent size limitations".

The very small vessels used to make liquid butane fueled cigarette lighters are subjected to about 2 bar pressure, depending on ambient temperature. These vessels are often oval (1 x 2 cm ... 1.3 x 2.5 cm) in cross section but sometimes circular. The oval versions generally include one or two internal tension struts which appear to be baffles but which also provide additional cylinder strength.

The typical circular-cylindrical high pressure gas cylinders for permanent gases (that do not liquify at storing pressure, like air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, helium) have been manufactured by hot forging by pressing and rolling to get a seamless steel vessel.

Working pressure of cylinders for use in industry, skilled craft, diving and medicine had a standardized working pressure (WP) of only 150 bars (2,200 psi) in Europe until about 1950. From about 1975 until now, the standard pressure is 200 bars (2,900 psi). Firemen need slim, lightweight cylinders to move in confined spaces; since about 1995 cylinders for 300 bars (4,400 psi) WP were used (first in pure steel).

A demand for reduced weight led to different generations of composite (fiber and matrix, over a liner) cylinders that are more easily damageable by a hit from outside. Therefore, composite cylinders are usually built for 300 bars (4,400 psi).

Until 1990, high pressure cylinders were produced with conical (tapered) threads. Two types of threads have dominated the full metal cylinders in industrial use from 0.2 to 50 litres (0.0071 to 1.7657 cu ft) in volume.

Taper thread (17E),standard Whitworth 55° form with a pitch of 14 threads per inch (5.5 threads per cm) and pitch diameter at the top thread of the cylinder of 18.036 millimetres (0.71 in). These connections are sealed using thread tape and torqued to between 120 and 150 newton-metres (89 and 111 lbf⋅ft) on steel cylinders, and between 75 and 140 N⋅m (55 and 103 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders.PTFE-tape has been used to avoid using lead.

A tapered thread provides simple assembly, but requires high torque for connecting and leads to high radial forces in the vessel neck. All cylinders built for 300 bar (4,400 psi) working pressure, all diving cylinders, and all composite cylinders use parallel threads.

M25x2 ISO parallel thread, which is sealed by an O-ring and torqued to 100 to 130 N⋅m (74 to 96 lbf⋅ft) on steel, and 95 to 130 N⋅m (70 to 96 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders;

M18x1.5 parallel thread, which is sealed by an O-ring, and torqued to 100 to 130 N⋅m (74 to 96 lbf⋅ft) on steel cylinders, and 85 to 100 N⋅m (63 to 74 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders;

The 3/4"NGS and 3/4"BSP are very similar, having the same pitch and a pitch diameter that only differs by about 0.2 mm (0.008 in), but they are not compatible, as the thread forms are different.

Type 3 – Fully wrapped, over metal liner: Diagonally wrapped fibres form the load bearing shell on the cylindrical section and at the bottom and shoulder around the metal neck. The metal liner is thin and provides the gas tight barrier.

Leak before burst describes a pressure vessel designed such that a crack in the vessel will grow through the wall, allowing the contained fluid to escape and reducing the pressure, prior to growing so large as to cause fracture at the operating pressure.

As the pressure vessel is designed to a pressure, there is typically a safety valve or relief valve to ensure that this pressure is not exceeded in operation.

Pressure vessel closures are pressure retaining structures designed to provide quick access to pipelines, pressure vessels, pig traps, filters and filtration systems. Typically pressure vessel closures allow access by maintenance personnel.

A commonly used access hole shape is elliptical, which allows the closure to be passed through the opening, and rotated into the working position, and is held in place by a bar on the outside, secured by a central bolt. The internal pressure prevents it from being inadvertently opened under load.

Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers, boilers and domestic hot water storage tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers, distillation towers, pressure reactors, autoclaves, and many other vessels in mining operations, oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessels, submarine and space ship habitats, atmospheric diving suits, pneumatic reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle airbrake reservoirs, and storage vessels for high pressure permanent gases and liquified gases such as ammonia, chlorine, and LPG (propane, butane).

A unique application of a pressure vessel is the passenger cabin of an airliner: the outer skin carries both the aircraft maneuvering loads and the cabin pressurization loads.

Depending on the application and local circumstances, alternatives to pressure vessels exist. Examples can be seen in domestic water collection systems, where the following may be used:

Gravity-controlled systemswater tank at an elevation higher than the point of use. Pressure at the point of use is the result of the hydrostatic pressure caused by the elevation difference. Gravity systems produce 0.43 pounds per square inch (3.0 kPa) per foot of water head (elevation difference). A municipal water supply or pumped water is typically around 90 pounds per square inch (620 kPa).

In nuclear reactors, pressure vessels are primarily used to keep the coolant (water) liquid at high temperatures to increase Carnot efficiency. Other coolants can be kept at high temperatures with much less pressure, explaining the interest in molten salt reactors, lead cooled fast reactors and gas cooled reactors. However, the benefits of not needing a pressure vessel or one of less pressure are in part compensated by drawbacks unique to each alternative approach.

No matter what shape it takes, the minimum mass of a pressure vessel scales with the pressure and volume it contains and is inversely proportional to the strength to weight ratio of the construction material (minimum mass decreases as strength increases

Pressure vessels are held together against the gas pressure due to tensile forces within the walls of the container. The normal (tensile) stress in the walls of the container is proportional to the pressure and radius of the vessel and inversely proportional to the thickness of the walls.

Because (for a given pressure) the thickness of the walls scales with the radius of the tank, the mass of a tank (which scales as the length times radius times thickness of the wall for a cylindrical tank) scales with the volume of the gas held (which scales as length times radius squared). The exact formula varies with the tank shape but depends on the density, ρ, and maximum allowable stress σ of the material in addition to the pressure P and volume V of the vessel. (See below for the exact equations for the stress in the walls.)

Other shapes besides a sphere have constants larger than 3/2 (infinite cylinders take 2), although some tanks, such as non-spherical wound composite tanks can approach this.

The other factors are constant for a given vessel shape and material. So we can see that there is no theoretical "efficiency of scale", in terms of the ratio of pressure vessel mass to pressurization energy, or of pressure vessel mass to stored gas mass. For storing gases, "tankage efficiency" is independent of pressure, at least for the same temperature.

Almost all pressure vessel design standards contain variations of these two formulas with additional empirical terms to account for variation of stresses across thickness, quality control of welds and in-service corrosion allowances.

All formulae mentioned above assume uniform distribution of membrane stresses across thickness of shell but in reality, that is not the case. Deeper analysis is given by Lamé"s theorem, which gives the distribution of stress in the walls of a thick-walled cylinder of a homogeneous and isotropic material. The formulae of pressure vessel design standards are extension of Lamé"s theorem by putting some limit on ratio of inner radius and thickness.

The factor of safety is often included in these formulas as well, in the case of the ASME BPVC this term is included in the material stress value when solving for pressure or thickness.

The standard method of construction for boilers, compressed air receivers and other pressure vessels of iron or steel before gas and electrical welding of reliable quality became widespread was riveted sheets which had been rolled and forged into shape, then riveted together, often using butt straps along the joints, and caulked along the riveted seams by deforming the edges of the overlap with a blunt chisel. Hot riveting caused the rivets to contract on cooling, forming a tighter joint.

Manufacturing methods for seamless metal pressure vessels are commonly used for relatively small diameter cylinders where large numbers will be produced, as the machinery and tooling require large capital outlay. The methods are well suited to high pressure gas transport and storage applications, and provide consistently high quality products.

Large and low pressure vessels are commonly manufactured from formed plates welded together. Weld quality is critical to safety in pressure vessels for human occupancy.

Composite pressure vessels are generally filament wound rovings in a thermosetting polymer matrix. The mandrel may be removable after cure, or may remain a part of the finished product, often providing a more reliable gas or liquid-tight liner, or better chemical resistance to the intended contents than the resin matrix. Metallic inserts may be provided for attaching threaded accessories, such as valves and pipes.

Pressure vessels are designed to operate safely at a specific pressure and temperature, technically referred to as the "Design Pressure" and "Design Temperature". A vessel that is inadequately designed to handle a high pressure constitutes a very significant safety hazard. Because of that, the design and certification of pressure vessels is governed by design codes such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in North America, the Pressure Equipment Directive of the EU (PED), Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), CSA B51 in Canada, Australian Standards in Australia and other international standards like Lloyd"s, Germanischer Lloyd, Det Norske Veritas, Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS S.A.), Lloyd’s Register Energy Nederland (formerly known as Stoomwezen) etc.

Note that where the pressure-volume product is part of a safety standard, any incompressible liquid in the vessel can be excluded as it does not contribute to the potential energy stored in the vessel, so only the volume of the compressible part such as gas is used.

EN 13445: The current European Standard, harmonized with the Pressure Equipment Directive (Originally "97/23/EC", since 2014 "2014/68/EU"). Extensively used in Europe.

BS 5500: Former British Standard, replaced in the UK by BS EN 13445 but retained under the name PD 5500 for the design and construction of export equipment.

Stoomwezen: Former pressure vessels code in the Netherlands, also known as RToD: Regels voor Toestellen onder Druk (Dutch Rules for Pressure Vessels).

SANS 10019:2021 South African National Standard: Transportable pressure receptacles for compressed, dissolved and liquefied gases - Basic design, manufacture, use and maintenance.

SANS 1825:2010 Edition 3: South African National Standard: Gas cylinder test stations ― General requirements for periodic inspection and testing of transportable refillable gas pressure receptacles. ISBN 978-0-626-23561-1

Ingenious Coal-Gas Motor Tank, Popular Science monthly, January 1919, page 27, Scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=HykDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13

Hearn, E.J. (1997). "Chapter 9". Mechanics of Materials 1. An Introduction to the Mechanics of Elastic and Plastic Deformation of Solids and Structural Materials (Third ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 199–203. ISBN 0-7506-3265-8.

Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders. (15 October 1997). ISO 13341:1997 Transportable gas cylinders – Fitting of valves to gas cylinders (1st ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organisation.

ISO 11363-1:2010 Gas cylinders — 17E and 25E taper threads for connection of valves to gas cylinders — Part 1: Specifications. Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organisation. May 2010.

Committee MCE/18 (1986). Specification for pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads (metric dimensions). British Standard 2779. London: British Standards Institution. ISBN 0-580-15212-X.link)

Metal Cutting Tool Institute (1989). "Tap and Die section: American Standard Gas Cylinder Valve Threads". Metal Cutting Tool Handbook (illustrated ed.). Industrial Press Inc. p. 447. ISBN 9780831111779. Retrieved 7 December 2016.

Sashi Kanta Panigrahi, Niranjan Sarangi (2017). Aero Engine Combustor Casing: Experimental Design and Fatigue Studies. CRC Press. pp. 4–45. ISBN 9781351642835.

Puskarich, Paul (2009-05-01). "Strengthened Glass for Pipeline Systems" (PDF). MIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2009-04-17. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

For a sphere the thickness d = rP/2σ, where r is the radius of the tank. The volume of the spherical surface then is 4πr2d = 4πr3P/2σ. The mass is determined by multiplying by the density of the material that makes up the walls of the spherical vessel. Further the volume of the gas is (4πr3)/3. Combining these equations give the above results. The equations for the other geometries are derived in a similar manner

Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D. (1973). Horton, Holbrook L. (ed.). Machinery"s Handbook (19th ed.). Brighton, England: Machinery Publishing Co. Inc. pp. 1239–1254.

Megyesy, Eugene F. (2008, 14th ed.) Pressure Vessel Handbook. PV Publishing, Inc.: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. www.pressurevesselhandbook.com Design handbook for pressure vessels based on the ASME code.

occupations have higher aerobic capacity than their inactive peers (220). Morris" 1953 report (353) is a milestone as the initial publication documenting daily physical

signaling within skeletal muscle in response to exercise (333), and/or different responses of microRNA (miRNA) to RT(120). Successful RT-induced hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle was

reduced the LV relaxation dysfunction that was not reduced by the drug alone (104). Martin et al. (328) speculate that drugs with good efficacy in sedentary overfed (overweight)

Femoral neck and lumbar BMDE = 1%&G = 73% of lumbar variance105MQuestionnaire for endurance and balls sportsFinnish men (35–69yr/old)Calcium supplements

OutcomesH-effectPA EffectMZ (n)DZ(n)SexPA MeasurementCommentsRefWeight gain↓ correlation in inactive15713029BQuestionnaire of Physical activity levels at

Discordant Prevalence of non-Alzheimer dementias↑Risk Correlated with Physical inactivity106Questionnaire administered 30 years beforeSwedish twin registry average age of first

whole body insulin sensitivity in 22- and 58-yr-old men and women (244), 66-yr-old men and women (BMI = 33) (486); 60- to 80-yr old men and women (112), and T2D patients (274,

conducting more than 3 hours of vigorous activity a week (30); similar results were found in inactive young Germans (493). In summary of all random controls trials the Committee Report

predisposing to low bone strength. Adapted from Rizzoli et al. (438) who modified original figure of Hernandez et al. (235). [Reproduced with permission from (438)].

amount of training (229, 408), and higher in faster finishers (487) others show no difference after an event (159) and lower UTRI with 6–7 METs/day of any activity (331). A decreased prevalence of UTI existed in two

phagocytosis, impaired neutrophilic function with prolonged exercise (401), neutrophil degranulation (400), reduced monocyte function (302), reduced oxidative burst activity, and potentially lower mucosal

follow-up as compared with those having the lowest physical activity levels (424). Thus, Rizzoli et al. (438) assert that childhood and adolescence is a key determinant of

3. Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Fisher AG, Ridges JD, Nelson AG, Hagan AD, Williams RR, Hunt SC. Heritability of cardiac size: an echocardiographic and electrocardiographic

6. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, Fruchart JC, James WP, Loria CM, Smith SC., Jr. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the

13. Anderson EJ, Lustig ME, Boyle KE, Woodlief TL, Kane DA, Lin CT, Price JW, 3rd, Kang L, Rabinovitch PS, Szeto HH, Houmard JA, Cortright RN, Wasserman DH, Neufer PD. Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake

14. Andreasen CH, Stender-Petersen KL, Mogensen MS, Torekov SS, Wegner L, Andersen G, Nielsen AL, Albrechtsen A, Borch-Johnsen K, Rasmussen SS, Clausen JO, Sandbaek A, Lauritzen T, Hansen L, Jorgensen T, Pedersen O, Hansen T. Low physical activity accentuates the effect of the FTO rs9939609

43. Blair SN, Davey Smith G, Lee IM, Fox K, Hillsdon M, McKeown RE, Haskell WL, Marmot M. A tribute to professor Jeremiah Morris: the man who invented the field of

44. Blair SN, Kohl HW, 3rd, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS, Jr., Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of

45. Blair SN, Kohl HW, 3rd, Paffenbarger RS, Jr., Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy

60. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Nadeau A, Despres JP, Theriault G, Boulay MR, Lortie G, Leblanc C, Fournier G. Genetic effect in resting and exercise metabolic rates. Metabolism.1989;38:364–370. [PubMed]

63. Bravata DM, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R, Stave CD, Olkin I, Sirard JR. Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a

99. Chironi GN, Boulanger CM, Simon A, Dignat-George F, Freyssinet JM, Tedgui A. Endothelial microparticles in diseases. Cell Tissue Res.2009;335:143–151. [PubMed]

103. Claypoole K, Mahurin R, Fischer ME, Goldberg J, Schmaling KB, Schoene RB, Ashton S, Buchwald D. Cognitive compromise following exercise in monozygotic twins discordant for

106. Colbert LH, Mai V, Perkins SN, Berrigan D, Lavigne JA, Wimbrow HH, Alvord WG, Haines DC, Srinivas P, Hursting SD. Exercise and intestinal polyp development in APCMin mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2003;35:1662–1669. [PubMed]

110. Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, Scalf P, McAuley E, Cohen NJ, Webb A, Jerome GJ, Marquez DX, Elavsky S. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2004;101:3316–3321. PubMed]

116. Crandall JP, Knowler WC, Kahn SE, Marrero D, Florez JC, Bray GA, Haffner SM, Hoskin M, Nathan DM. The prevention of type 2 diabetes. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab.2008;4:382–393. PubMed]

117. Creer DJ, Romberg C, Saksida LM, van Praag H, Bussey TJ. Running enhances spatial pattern separation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2010;107:2367–2372. PubMed]

120. Davidsen PK, Gallagher IJ, Hartman JW, Tarnopolsky MA, Dela F, Helge JW, Timmons JA, Phillips SM. High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential

130. Derbre F, Vincent S, Maitel B, Jacob C, Delamarche P, Delamarche A, Zouhal H. Androgen responses to sprint exercise in young men. Int J Sports Med.31:291–297. [PubMed]

132. DeSouza CA, Shapiro LF, Clevenger CM, Dinenno FA, Monahan KD, Tanaka H, Seals DR. Regular aerobic exercise prevents and restores age-related declines in

134. Despres JP, Moorjani S, Tremblay A, Poehlman ET, Lupien PJ, Nadeau A, Bouchard C. Heredity and changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins after short-term

143. Dishman RK, Bunnell BN, Youngstedt SD, Yoo HS, Mougey EH, Meyerhoff JL. Activity wheel running blunts increased plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)

153. Duscha BD, Slentz CA, Johnson JL, Houmard JA, Bensimhon DR, Knetzger KJ, Kraus WE. Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak oxygen

163. Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Voss MW, Chaddock L, Hu L, Morris KS, White SM, Wojcicki TR, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly

165. Erikssen G, Liestol K, Bjornholt J, Thaulow E, Sandvik L, Erikssen J. Changes in physical fitness and changes in mortality. Lancet.1998;352:759–762. [PubMed]

181. Ferrucci L, Izmirlian G, Leveille S, Phillips CL, Corti MC, Brock DB, Guralnik JM. Smoking, physical activity, and active life expectancy. Am J Epidemiol.1999;149:645–653. [PubMed]

183. Fletcher GF, Blair SN, Blumenthal J, Caspersen C, Chaitman B, Epstein S, Falls H, Froelicher ES, Froelicher VF, Pina IL. Statement on exercise. Benefits and recommendations for physical activity

188. Foster GD, Linder B, Baranowski T, Cooper DM, Goldberg L, Harrell JS, Kaufman F, Marcus MD, Trevino RP, Hirst K. A school-based intervention for diabetes risk reduction. N Engl J Med.2010;363:443–453. PubMed]

203. Goldsmith R, Joanisse DR, Gallagher D, Pavlovich K, Shamoon E, Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M. Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work

223. Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P, Kaprio J, Heinonen OJ, Kujala UM, Janatuinen T, Ronnemaa T, Kapanen J, Haaparanta-Solin M, Viljanen T, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK. Relationship between local perfusion and FFA uptake in human skeletal

230. Heath GW, Gavin JR, 3rd, Hinderliter JM, Hagberg JM, Bloomfield SA, Holloszy JO. Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin

236. Hernelahti M, Levalahti E, Simonen RL, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Uusitalo-Koskinen AL, Battie MC, Videman T. Relative roles of heredity and physical activity in adolescence and

253. Irwin ML, Yasui Y, Ulrich CM, Bowen D, Rudolph RE, Schwartz RS, Yukawa M, Aiello E, Potter JD, McTiernan A. Effect of exercise on total and intra-abdominal body fat in postmenopausal

264. Kantartzis K, Thamer C, Peter A, Machann J, Schick F, Schraml C, Konigsrainer A, Konigsrainer I, Krober S, Niess A, Fritsche A, Haring HU, Stefan N. High cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of the reduction

301. Lancaster GI, Halson SL, Khan Q, Drysdale P, Wallace F, Jeukendrup AE, Drayson MT, Gleeson M. Effects of acute exhaustive exercise and chronic exercise training on type

302. Lancaster GI, Khan Q, Drysdale P, Wallace F, Jeukendrup AE, Drayson MT, Gleeson M. The physiological regulation of toll-like receptor expression and function

305. Lanza IR, Short DK, Short KR, Raghavakaimal S, Basu R, Joyner MJ, McConnell JP, Nair KS. Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging. Diabetes.2008;57:2933–2942. PubMed]

307. Laufs U, Wassmann S, Czech T, Munzel T, Eisenhauer M, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction,

310. Laye MJ, Rector RS, Borengasser SJ, Naples SP, Uptergrove GM, Ibdah JA, Booth FW, Thyfault JP. Cessation of daily wheel running differentially alters fat oxidation

311. Lecker SH, Jagoe RT, Gilbert A, Gomes M, Baracos V, Bailey J, Price SR, Mitch WE, Goldberg AL. Multiple types of skeletal muscle atrophy involve a common program of

316. Leskinen T, Sipila S, Alen M, Cheng S, Pietilainen KH, Usenius JP, Suominen H, Kovanen V, Kainulainen H, Kaprio J, Kujala UM. Leisure-time physical activity and high-risk fat: a longitudinal

319. Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K. Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of

321. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Ford E, Furie K, Gillespie C, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho PM, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott MM, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino M, Nichol G, Roger VL, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2010 update: a report from the

324. Luger A, Deuster PA, Kyle SB, Gallucci WT, Montgomery LC, Gold PW, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP. Acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to the stress of treadmill

325. Lynch BM, White SL, Owen N, Healy GN, Chadban SJ, Atkins RC, Dunstan DW. Television viewing time and risk of chronic kidney disease in adults: the

332. Matthews VB, Astrom MB, Chan MH, Bruce CR, Krabbe KS, Prelovsek O, Akerstrom T, Yfanti C, Broholm C, Mortensen OH, Penkowa M, Hojman P, Zankari A, Watt MJ, Bruunsgaard H, Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in

336. McDermott MM, Liu K, Ferrucci L, Criqui MH, Greenland P, Guralnik JM, Tian L, Schneider JR, Pearce WH, Tan J, Martin GJ. Physical performance in peripheral arterial disease: a slower rate of

347. Monninkhof EM, Elias SG, Vlems FA, van der Tweel I, Schuit AJ, Voskuil DW, van Leeuwen FE. Physical activity and breast cancer: a systematic review. Epidemiology.2007;18:137–157. [PubMed]

354. Morris JN. Foreward. In: Lee I-MBS, Manson JE, editors. Epidemiologic methods in physical activity studies. Oxford Press; New York: 2009. pp. 3–12.

360. Mourier A, Gautier JF, De Kerviler E, Bigard AX, Villette JM, Garnier JP, Duvallet A, Guezennec CY, Cathelineau G. Mobilization of visceral adipose tissue related to the improvement in

362. Mustelin L, Pietilainen KH, Rissanen A, Sovijarvi AR, Piirila P, Naukkarinen J, Peltonen L, Kaprio J, Yki-Jarvinen H. Acquired obesity and poor physical fitness impair expression of genes of

366. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA.2003;290:1884–1890. [PubMed]

371. Navasiolava NM, Dignat-George F, Sabatier F, Larina IM, Demiot C, Fortrat JO, Gauquelin-Koch G, Kozlovskaya IB, Custaud MA. Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in

377. Nezer C, Collette C, Moreau L, Brouwers B, Kim JJ, Giuffra E, Buys N, Andersson L, Georges M. Haplotype sharing refines the location of an imprinted quantitative trait

380. Nieman DC, Henson DA, Gusewitch G, Warren BJ, Dotson RC, Butterworth DE, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. Physical activity and immune function in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1993;25:823–831. [PubMed]

383. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Markoff PA, Balk-Lamberton AJ, Yang H, Chritton DB, Lee JW, Arabatzis K. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute

384. Nybo L, Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Mohr M, Hornstrup T, Simonsen L, Bulow J, Randers MB, Nielsen JJ, Aagaard P, Krustrup P. High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for

394. Ozcivici E, Luu YK, Adler B, Qin YX, Rubin J, Judex S, Rubin CT. Mechanical signals as anabolic agents in bone. Nat Rev Rheumatol.2010;6:50–59. PubMed]

397. Pajonk FG, Wobrock T, Gruber O, Scherk H, Berner D, Kaizl I, Kierer A, Muller S, Oest M, Meyer T, Backens M, Schneider-Axmann T, Thornton AE, Honer WG, Falkai P. Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in

398. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, Hu ZX, Lin J, Xiao JZ, Cao HB, Liu PA, Jiang XG, Jiang YY, Wang JP, Zheng H, Zhang H, Bennett PH, Howard BV. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired

402. Pearson SJ, Young A, Macaluso A, Devito G, Nimmo MA, Cobbold M, Harridge SD. Muscle function in elite master weightlifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2002;34:1199–1206. [PubMed]

413. Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH, Fried LP, Lopez OL, Carlson M, Lyketsos CG. Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the

423. Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, Secher NH, Pedersen BK, Pilegaard H. Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain

430. Rector RS, Uptergrove GM, Borengasser SJ, Mikus CR, Morris EM, Naples SP, Laye MJ, Laughlin MH, Booth FW, Ibdah JA, Thyfault JP. Changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria in response to the development of

450. Ruiz JR, Labayen I, Ortega FB, Legry V, Moreno LA, Dallongeville J, Martinez-Gomez D, Bokor S, Manios Y, Ciarapica D, Gottrand F, De Henauw S, Molnar D, Sjostrom M, Meirhaeghe A. Attenuation of the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on total and

454. Saltin B, Blomqvist G, Mitchell JH, Johnson RL, Jr., Wildenthal K, Chapman CB. Response to exercise after bed rest and after training. Circulation.1968;38:VII1–78. [PubMed]

468. Selby JV, Newman B, Quesenberry CP, Jr., Fabsitz RR, Carmelli D, Meaney FJ, Slemenda C. Genetic and behavioral influences on body fat distribution. Int J Obes.1990;14:593–602. [PubMed]

492. Strate LL, Liu YL, Aldoori WH, Giovannucci EL. Physical activity decreases diverticular complications. Am J Gastroenterol.2009;104:1221–1230. PubMed]

494. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, Daniels SR, Dishman RK, Gutin B, Hergenroeder AC, Must A, Nixon PA, Pivarnik JM, Rowland T, Trost S, Trudeau F. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. J Pediatr.2005;146:732–737. [PubMed]

497. Stubbe JH, Boomsma DI, Vink JM, Cornes BK, Martin NG, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Rose RJ, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Harris JR, Pedersen NL, Hunkin J, Spector TD, de Geus EJ. Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37,051 twin pairs from

513. Thyfault JP, Cree MG, Zheng D, Zwetsloot JJ, Tapscott EB, Koves TR, Ilkayeva O, Wolfe RR, Muoio DM, Dohm GL. Contraction of insulin-resistant muscle normalizes insulin action in

523. Tremblay A, Poehlman ET, Despres JP, Theriault G, Danforth E, Bouchard C. Endurance training with constant energy intake in identical twins: changes

530. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among

531. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General.1996 http://wwwcdcgov/nccdphp/sgr/pdf/sgrfullpdf.

532. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.2011 http://wwwhealthgov/paguidelines/guidelines/introaspx.

Diabetes or Prediabetes at a Cost of $3.35 Trillion by 2020.2010 http://wwwunitedhealthgroupcom/newsroom/newsaspx?id=36df663f-f24d-443f-9250-9dfdc97cedc5.

536. van Praag H, Lucero MJ, Yeo GW, Stecker K, Heivand N, Zhao C, Yip E, Afanador M, Schroeter H, Hammerstone J, Gage FH. Plant-derived flavanol (−)epicatechin enhances angiogenesis and

537. van Uffelen JG, Wong J, Chau JY, van der Ploeg HP, Riphagen I, Gilson ND, Burton NW, Healy GN, Thorp AA, Clark BK, Gardiner PA, Dunstan DW, Bauman A, Owen N, Brown WJ. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med.2010;39:379–388. [PubMed]

538. Vasuta C, Caunt C, James R, Samadi S, Schibuk E, Kannangara T, Titterness AK, Christie BR. Effects of exercise on NMDA receptor subunit contributions to bidirectional

543. Vimaleswaran KS, Li S, Zhao JH, Luan J, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Ekelund U, Wareham NJ, Loos RJ. Physical activity attenuates the body mass index-increasing influence of

553. Weinstein AR, Sesso HD, Lee IM, Rexrode KM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. The joint effects of physical activity and body mass index on coronary

576. Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, Jia W, Ji L, Xiao J, Shan Z, Liu J, Tian H, Ji Q, Zhu D, Ge J, Lin L, Chen L, Guo X, Zhao Z, Li Q, Zhou Z, Shan G, He J. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med.2010;362:1090–1101. [PubMed]

We manufacture pup joints in all sizes, grades, and thread profiles to meet any requirement. Our tubing pup joints are manufactured out of seamless tubing and machined or upset to final dimensions. All API casing and tubing pup joints are manufactured according to API Spec 5CT. Special requirements are available on request.

The scope of our mechanical seal product range far exceeds any other seal manufacturer. From small elastomer bellows seals used in millions of domestic water pumps to double mechanical seals that ensure maximum sealing safety and large, highly customized dry-running gas seals for mission critical high speed turbo compressors, John Crane has the right product for any application.

Create the optimum operating environment that will ensure outstanding seal performance and reliability. Our comprehensive range of engineered pressure reservoirs, gas seal control panels, heat exchangers and abrasive separators can be combined to produce the perfect seal support system for any application.