pup joint definition free sample

A pup joint is Casing, Pipe or Tubing shorter in length than a standard tubular string. This allows for the adjustment and installation of tools and various tubular components when placement downhole is critical for a specific project. A Spacer Pipe is another reference used to identify pup joints. Pup joint features consist of connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover pup joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube. As with all Crossover products, each piece is marked with a distinctive job number and heat number that is fully traceable. A complete range of sizes (1" to 4.5"), weights (standard or heavy wall), and grades (J-55, N-80, L-80, and P-110) are commonly available from stock in 2", 3", 4", 6", 10", and 12" lengths. Lengths up to 20" are available upon request.

Seamless pup joints with premium connections are available in API and exotic alloy grades. Premium ends are threaded by the manufacturer or authorized licensee.

Available with standard or special perforation spacings. Each joint has four rows of ⅜ inch holes drilled longitudinally along the tube. Optional patterns, hole size, and lengths furnished upon request.

A blast joint is shorter in length than standard tubular joint. Built with a heavy wall pipe it is incorporated in the production string to facilitate production across any perforated interval and zone. Blast Joints are manufactured to the following specs connections, lengths, weights and material grade.

Crossover Blast Joints are heavy wall pin by box connectors used in tubing strings and are designed to minimize the effect of external erosive action caused by production fluids. Blast joints are located opposite the location of perforations in the production casing or just below the tubing hanger in sand frac designs. Crossover blast joints are manufactured from seamless mechanical tube in sizes ranging from 2 3/8” to 4 1/2” OD. Any length, grade of material, and threading is available at the customers request. Typical lengths are 10" and 20". Both API and Premium threads are available.

Crossover Coarse Thread Tubing Safety Joint provides for emergency recovery of the major portion of the tubing string should it become necessary to abandon the equipment below. Precision left-hand threads facilitate the release of the joint by right-hand tubing rotation. Equipment requiring right-hand rotation should not be used below the Safety joint.

Crossover Straight-Pull/Shear-Out Safety Joint is used between packers in dual and triple completions and in selective completions using Hydrostatic Single-String Packers. It is also used when rotational releasing is not desired. When ran above the upper packer in a single-string completion, however, the shear value should be adjusted to compensate for any hydraulic conditions that exist when the string is landed, or that are created by well treating operations. They are available in keyed and non-keyed configurations.

Crossover rotary shoes are manufactured from specially tempered steel to provide the ultimate in toughness and durability. They are used to cut a clearance between the fish and the wall of the well bore. Each shoe is tailored to fit a particular downhole need and normally is run on the bottom of one or more joints of washover pipe. Shoe design is dictated by whether it cuts on the bottom, on the OD, on the ID, or any combination of these. When hole sizes permit, additional clearances can be cut using side ribs, thus providing greater circulation.

Pup joints are nonstandard pipes used to adjust the length of the tubular string to meet the exact requirements. In addition, the pup joints are used to change the length of the drill string for drilling operations and easy surface handling. The appearance of the pup joints is largely determined by their mechanical properties.

Further, thePup Joint marketis segmented by product type, Technology, End-User, and geography. On the basis of product type, the Pup Joint market is segmented under Crossover Pup Joint, Tubing Pup Joint. Based on the Technology, the market is segmented under the Hot Rolled and Cold Rolled. Based on End-User, the market is segmented into Chemical Industry, Mining, Oil & Gas, Construction, and Others. By geography, the market covers the major countries in North America, i.e., the US, Canada, and Mexico. For each segment, the market sizing and forecasts have been done on the basis of value (in USD Million).

Increasing consumption of natural gas and oil, technological advancements in drilling techniques, and fast-growing industrialization are the major factors contributing to the market growth. The rise in demand for high-grade pup joints from several end-use industries is expected to drive the use of pup joints. Demand for pup joints is expected to rise because of the growing demand for energy and significant investments in exploring onshore and offshore reserves by the oil & gas and mining industries. Increased energy consumption, the economic development of the shipping industry, and increased seaborne trade are the major factors driving the demand for pup joints during the forecast period.

The decline in petroleum production may hinder the market"s growth. Renewable energy will be more affordable than existing oil and gas sources during the forecast period, which will restrain the market for pup joints.

Due to COVID-19, the major end-user industries of pup joints were affected, which will hinder the demand for pup joints since the oil & gas industry is the largest end-user. COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the downstream oil & gas industry due to the significant drop in prices and reduced demand caused by the economic slowdown, which affected production rates in many countries. However, major countries such as the US and Canada implement dynamic and diverse approaches to navigate and deal with what is happening due to COVID-19. As a result, the market will experience moderate growth during the forecast period. The United States is a major revenue generator in the North American pup joint market.

With changes in energy arrangements and expanding political pressures, the market interest in pup joints and comparable items is changing. Government and privately owned businesses are showing a clear interest in finding new oil stores to meet future needs. Ventures by significant oil exploration companies are likely to support the pup joint market.

By Product Type,the Pup Joint Market is segmented into Crossover Pup Joint, Tubing Pup Joint, and Drill Pipe Pup Joint. The Tubing Pup Joint had the highest market share in 2021. Tubing pup joints are likely to have a huge demand because they are also used to handle production tubing accessories. Tubing pup joints are tubing that is short in size and operated for spacing.

By Technology, the Pup Joint Market is segmented into Hot Rolled and Cold Rolled. The Hot Rolled segment had the highest market share in 2021. Under high temperature and pressure processing conditions, the steel tube can be completely devoid of air bubbles, cracks, and porosity. It has a good mechanical effect and excellent intensity.

By End-User, the Pup Joint Market is segmented into Chemical Industry, Mining, Oil & Gas, Construction, and Others. The Oil & Gas segment had the highest market share in 2021. The oil & gas business has been positively impacted by the introduction of several drilling technologies. Due to the reliance on petroleum-based products by various emerging economies, oil & gas dependence has increased. Petroleum is used to make a variety of chemical products, such as fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and solvents. To meet future demand for oil, both private and public companies are seeking to explore new oil reserves.

The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive analysis of theNorth AmericaPup Joint market to the stakeholders in the industry. The report provides trends that are most dominant in the North AmericaPup Joint market and how these trends will influence new business investments and market development throughout the forecast period. The report also aids in the comprehension of theNorth AmericaPup Joint Market dynamics and competitive structure of the market by analyzing market leaders, market followers, and regional players.

The qualitative and quantitative data provided in theNorth AmericaPup Joint market report is to help understand which market segments and regions are expected to grow at higher rates, factors affecting the market, and key opportunity areas, which will drive the industry and market growth through the forecast period. The report also includes the competitive landscape of key players in the industry along with their recent developments in theNorth AmericaPup Joint market. The report studies factors such as company size, market share, market growth, revenue, Product Type, and profits of the key players in theNorth AmericaPup Joint market.

The report provides Porter"s Five Force Model, which helps in designing the business strategies in the market. The report helps in identifying how many rivals exist, who they are, and how their Product Type quality is in theNorth AmericaPup Joint market. The report also analyses if theNorth AmericaPup Joint market is easy for a new player to gain a foothold in the market, do they enter or exit the market regularly, if the market is dominated by a few players, etc.

The report also includes a PESTEL Analysis, which aids in the development of company strategies. Political variables help in figuring out how much a government can influence theNorth AmericaPup Joint market. Economic variables aid in the analysis of economic performance drivers that have an impact on theNorth AmericaPup Joint market. Understanding the impact of the surrounding environment and the influence of environmental concerns on the North AmericaPup Joint market is aided by legal factors.

The Pipelines software automatically prompts you to create a PUP joint definition when the original length specified for a joint is shortened by more than the Minimum PUP length value specified in the Pipeline options screen.

If a PUP joint is not required, for example if the change is a correction to incorrect information provided in the manifest, tap No when prompted to create a PUP joint. The next joint in the tally file appears.

If you locate a PUP joint but cannot measure the mother joint, you can use the infield calculator to calculate the mother joint length and create a PUP with the correct joint length. To do this, in the Check tally screen enter the joint ID to retrieve the mother joint details. Tap

When editing the original length of a joint by more than the value set in the Minimum pup length field in the Pipeline options screen, the software prompts you to create a PUP joint definition. When prompted to create a PUP joint, tap Yes. The Create PUP joint screen appears.

The software assumes that the joint you were editing is the mother joint and so the same details for that joint are used to populate the fields in the Create PUP joint screen. However, the value in the Length field is updated to show the remaining length of the joint.

Edit the information for the PUP joint as required. By default, the name of the PUP joint is the same as the mother joint. To make the name unique you must add an appropriate suffix or prefix to indicate it is a PUP joint.

If your controller has GPS or if you are connected to GNSS, the Record position button is available. Tap Record position to record the current location of the PUP.

These J55, L80, N80Q & P110 pup joints are manufactured from seamless Grade J-55, L80 N80Q and P110 mechanical tubing. The API 5CT tubing pup joint is mainly used to adjust the height of the tubing strings. It is also used to adjust the depth of down-hole tools.

ALL BREEDS, ALL AGES:All our formulas are complete and balanced for all life stages of your pup"s life. Formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles for All Life Stages including the growth of large size dogs (70 lb. or more as an adult).

Yes! Pallaby kibble meets all AAFCO standards and regulations. Specifically, our foods meet the Food Nutrient Profiles for All Life Stages including the growth of large size dogs (70 lb. or more as an adult). In other words, all of our recipes are complete and balanced. This means that our products will provide the nutrients your pup needs, in the right proportions, across all life stages.

{"id":392989048984,"title":"What is human-grade vs. feed-grade dog food?","created_at":"2020-10-22T20:55:54-05:00","body_html":"\u003cp\u003eYou love your dog. Of course you want to provide your canine companion with the very best of everything — including meeting mealtime needs with healthy dog food options.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo do that, you need to know what healthy dog food options really are. The question might seem confusing — but let’s keep it simple.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAre dogs that eat human-grade dog food healthier? The simple answer is that the most beneficial food for your dog is one that is crafted from fresh, whole foods. If it is human-grade dog food, all the better.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn case you’re still confused, let’s look closer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat do you mean by whole foods?\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen we talk about whole foods, we mean foods that are minimally processed and as close to their natural state as possible. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a dog, a whole foods diet can include vegetables and grains, but the majority of protein should come from minimally processed meat. Meat is the key protein source for your dog, because dogs need taurine which is only found in meat protein. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost dog foods are not great examples of whole foods. That’s because the majority of dry and canned foods are highly processed. Processed foods offer less nutrition, lower quality ingredients, and are harder on your dog’s digestive system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, there may be meat in dry dog food — but factory processing strips away the natural taurine found in any meat ingredients and adds tons of carbs and starches. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, canned dog food has meat ingredients, but much of the protein content comes from animal by-products, as well as unhealthy artificial gums and thickeners to give it that “jelly” texture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat does human-grade dog food mean?\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt may be surprising, but not all dog food is human grade. In the past, most dog foods were feed-grade, not human-grade. Feed-grade dog food does not have to be edible for humans, and cannot be legally sold as human food because they are legally allowed to contain ingredients proven harmful to humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman-grade dog food means just what it sounds like it does. It’s dog food made with ingredients that are safe for you to eat. Human-grade dog foods are attuned to doggy tastes — so it’s not that you would eat it. But the key is that you could safely do so. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman-grade dog foods must be suitable and safe for human consumption AND be manufactured in a USDA inspected facility that produces only human grade food, using processes deemed safe for human-grade food. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKeep this in mind: If a food is not made of 100% human-grade ingredients, and manufactured and handled up to human-grade standards, the seller CANNOT say that their dog food is all human-grade on the package.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat if a dog food says it uses human grade ingredients?\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs dog owners began to demand healthier food for their dogs, some brands tried to get in on the trend by claiming human-grade ingredients on their website or marketing materials. This is deceptive. A food is only 100% human-grade if the claim is printed on the packaging. If the claim is on the packaging that means the government has received documentation from the brand proving 100% human-grade ingredients are used and the food is made in a USDA inspected facility. Keep this in mind:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIf a dog food brand combines feed grade ingredients with some human grade ones, do you have a human grade dog food? Nope. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eWhat if they use human grade ingredients, but make their food at a feed-grade facility, or with feed-grade handling? Nope again.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman-grade ingredients are not enough. Just because a dog food recipe uses one or two ingredients that are “human-grade”, that does NOT mean the finished dog food is safe for human consumption.  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf a dog food doesn’t have a completely human-grade recipe and process, it’s not a human-grade dog-food. According to The Pet Food Industry, the use of the term ‘human grade’ applies to the product as a whole. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEvery ingredient must be human-grade, and “finished food must be stored, handled, processed and transported in a manner that is consistent with current good manufacturing processes (cGMPs).”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAre dogs that eat human-grade dog food healthier\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e?\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe differences between human-grade dog foods and feed-grade dog foods are staggering if the health and safety of your pet are important to you. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman-grade dog food is safer than feed-grade dog food because feed-grade foods are legally allowed to include contaminants. Not only can feed-grade dog foods contain ingredients that humans wouldn’t want to eat, they are legally allowed to include ingredients that are unsafe. Consider these 4 examples:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eVegetables that have been overexposed to pesticides.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eSick animals that have been over exposed to drugs. \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eContaminated, expired, or meats from unidentified animals.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMeat by-products including organs, blood, fat, tendons, and bone.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf ingredients like these are unsafe for humans to eat, they are not likely safe for human companions to eat, either.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDoes dog food have to be edible for humans? No. But human-grade dog food — which is formulated especially to appeal to dog tastes — is a healthier choice for the dogs we love. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eWait … \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003ewhat grade of meat is used in\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e feed-grade \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003edog food\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003es?\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTalk about mystery meat. When it comes to feed-grade foods, the question isn’t so much what grade of meat is in the dog food, but what meats and other things that AREN’T meat are in there?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeed-grade dog food may include animal organs, blood, fat, tendons, and bones. They can also include tissues and by-products from mammals other than cattle, pigs, sheep or goats, without further description. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeed-grade dog foods are made of rendered meat. This process can allow dog food manufacturers to use animal byproducts and even include sick animals deemed unfit for human consumption. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, animal tissues are placed in a huge grinder that blends it all together. Then, rendering reduces meat tissues and by-products into a gray, fatty meat mass which is heated for hours until grease and fat float along the top of the concoction. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEventually, this sludge is dried into a powder known as meat meal — which is used to make feed-grade pet food.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eWhy \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003en"t \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eall dog food human grade?\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood question. The answer comes down to cutting costs by cutting corners. Human-grade dog foods may cost more, but they also deliver more meat-forward nutrition. Consider these cost-cutters used in feed-grade food that may be health cutters as well: \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eByproducts. \u003c\/b\u003eOne way that pet food companies cut corners and cost is including by-products in their food. By-products are the castoffs other than meat that reduce production costs while maintaining protein. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy-products are the spleen, kidneys, fatty tissue, the brain, blood, bone, undeveloped eggs, stomach, and intestines are all items that could be included in feed-grade dog food. Keep in mind: \u003ci\u003eby-products can include road kill, expired meat, and diseased animals. \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFillers. \u003c\/b\u003eAnd that’s not all. Another way to cut cost and increase profit margins is the addition of fillers to your pet food. Fillers offer very little nutritional value but are relied upon to make the expensive components of the product stretch further. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFillers can include corn, wheat and rice bran, oat and soybean hulls.  Your average kibble recipe can be between 40 to 70% carbohydrates due to all of these fillers. Healthy, fresh dog food should never include unnecessary fillers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSplitting. \u003c\/b\u003eThe last way feed-grade foods can cut corners is called splitting — a way of spinning the ingredients list to make a food look healthier than it is.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis deceptive strategy leverages the fact that dog food ingredients are listed in order of weight. When you split ingredients into components, it reduces the weight, and can push a healthier ingredient higher on the list.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA dog food may list meat broth as the first ingredient followed by \u003ci\u003ecorn gluten meal\u003c\/i\u003e, lamb, and then \u003ci\u003eanimal fat preserved with ground yellow corn\u003c\/i\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dog food brand has “split” the corn-based ingredients in two, making it look as though lamb is a larger part of the recipe than it is. Don’t fall for it — this is a corn-based product.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eHow\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e am I \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003eto find out if a dog food brand is human grade?\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYou can easily find out what dog foods are human grade by looking at the claims on the packaging. If it doesn’t say “human-grade food” on the packaging, it’s not human-grade food. If it’s not on the packaging, but only on the brand’s website, be cautious about believing the claim. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo your research, and examine claims with an informed eye. Choose a food that is marked as all human-grade dog food, NOT human-grade ingredients — just including human-grade ingredients is not enough to be considered a human-grade dog food. Check to see if the food is created in a human-grade facility as well.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen it comes to determining what grade of meat is in the dog food, look for the species of meat and the cuts used to create the dog food. You want to see specific cuts, not meat meal or by-products. Analyze the ingredients list, watching out for splitting strategies, fillers, or by-products. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you’re trying to decide how to make a healthy human-grade diet for your dogs, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/apupabove.com\/pages\/our-food\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"About Us\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003eA Pup Above is a clean-recipe, meat-forward dog food choice\u003c\/a\u003e that makes good nutrition simple. A Pup Above is so clear about what meat it uses and where it comes from, you can actually trace each ingredient back to the farm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDo dogs really need human grade food\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e?\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDogs are evolved from wolves. One theory as to why dogs have been so successful is their digestive flexibility. Your dog can survive on feed-grade food. But surviving isn’t the question. When it comes to health, feeding your dog feed-grade food means choosing a type of food that is legally permitted to include contaminants including pesticides, chemicals, drugs, and unhealthy meats and by-products  \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe began this entire conversation because you love your dog, and you want what’s best for your best friend. Feed-grade food isn’t the best, and some feed-grade brands engage in deceptions that make you think you’re getting more for your money than you are. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSo, are dogs that eat human-grade dog food healthier? When it comes down to it, the decision to feed your dog human-grade dog food up to you. You can certainly feed your dog the way you wish — but offering a whole foods diet is one way to help keep your pet healthy and happy for as long as possible.\u003c\/p\u003e","blog_id":102136453,"author":"Zoe James","user_id":61578936472,"published_at":"2020-10-29T20:12:28-05:00","updated_at":"2023-01-19T14:52:49-06:00","summary_html":"","template_suffix":"","handle":"what-is-human-grade-dog-food","tags":"","image":{"created_at":"2020-10-29T20:12:29-05:00","alt":"human grade dog food","width":4321,"height":2881,"src":"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1652\/1243\/articles\/Lola_Packaging_min_50.jpg?v=1604020362"}}

In this study, the gut bacterial composition of pup BALB/c (wild-type/athymic) mice was revealed by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The results showed a significant difference in gut microbiota between the two types of mice during a 30-day observational period. Our findings were contrary to the only previous study, which suggested that the loss of T cell function does not dramatically alter the makeup of the cultivable gut microflora in the two mouse types [6]. Our study provides solid evidence that the reduction of T cells can cause gut microbiota shifts in pup BALB/c nude mice. In other words, BALB/c nude mice are incapable of establishing a gut microbiota resembling that in normal BALB/c.

Data from a previous study showed that the gut microbiota in human infants and animals present an increasing microbial diversity, over time scales from birth to the first year of life [19]. In this study, we found that over the course of 30 days, pup normal BALB/c mice showed markedly increased alpha diversity in the gut bacterial community, which was in accordance with a previous report [20]. In contrast, a decreasing variation was observed in nude mice throughout the 30-day period, based on the Shannon index (Figure 1b). The Shannon and Chao1 indexes of athymic BALB/c in this study indicate that, unlike healthy normal mice, pup nude mice cannot establish more homogeneous microbial structures with age. We also found the highest UniFrac distance on day 1 (B1 vs. BN1) (Supplementary Materials Figure S1), which confirmed that athymism-induced immunodeficiency was a powerful driving force of the gut microbiota composition of pup nude mice, especially at an early age. Additionally, in the cluster analysis (PCoA), a low distance was found between BN14 and BN30 samples (Figure 1c), indicating a high similarity in those samples. The findings above illustrated that the deletion of T cells affected the gut microbiota in athymic BALB/c mice at an early developmental period.

It is worth mentioning that a previous study with pTreg cell-deficient animals focused only on certain bacterial species (e.g., Mucispirillum schaedleri) [10], whereas, in our study, the overall gut microbiome shift in T cell-deficient animals was inspected from a more macro standpoint. In this study, the differential abundance of microbiota were observed at the phylum level in the two types of age-matched mice, which mainly showed a difference in the F:B ratio. The tremendously different F:B ratio between the B1 (0.59) and BN1 (1.61) samples implies that bacterial shifts in pup nude BALB/c mice lead to an abnormal occupation of excessive bacterial niches. The F:B ratio, a disease-related feature in the gut system, directly reflects the gut status of individuals [21], and the over-proliferation of Firmicutes is mainly responsible for the increased sugar absorption in the human body, which potentially gives rise to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes [22].

The highest abundance of Firmicutes observed in nude mice on day 1 indicates that the microbiota in BALB/c nude pup mice showed a functional trend towards higher nutrition utilization than that in normal mice. Coincidentally, nude mice on day 1 showed the highest BWG (Figure 3), which prompts us to consider is the relationship between the F:B ratio and BWG in the two types of mice. Then we further demonstrated, using the body weight data (Figure 3), that a high BWG is always accompanied with a high F:B ratio (p = 0.000, r2 = 0.938), suggesting that the excessive proportion of Firmicutes improves the energy metabolism of pup BALB/c mice thus increasing their body weight.

Gut microbiota is a vital driving factor that affects energy harvest from the diet and energy storage in the host, which is also an additional contributing factor to weight gain [23]. Meanwhile, nude mice are defective in digesting function and nutrient metabolism [22]. Therefore, we speculate that high enrichment of Firmicutes in the BN group on day 1 may be related to a possible enteric dysfunction in pup nude mice, which might consequently promote nutrient absorption by some bacterial groups. In our study, dominant Firmicutes in pup nude mice indeed temporarily promoted their weight gain effectively; however, such promotion was not able to make up for the metabolic deficiency of nude mice during the observational period (Figure 3).

Pup nude mice tend to have lower proportions of bacterial species such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (Figure 2a–c, Supplementary Materials Figure S3), suggesting that these beneficial bacterial species may be incapable of adapting to the gut tract condition of nude mice. What we observed regarding beneficial genera in pup athymic mice contrasts with numerous comprehensive studies on healthy infants [20,24]. Our findings suggested that beneficial bacterial species existing in wild-type pup mice failed to occupy the gut bacterial niches of nude mice at an early stage (day 1). This outcome may be related to multiple possibilities, such as the compositions of milk nutritional components [25], immune globulins in breast milk [26,27], maternal gut microbiota [28], the vaginal and placental microbiota in the mother [29], and the deficiency of T cells in pup nude mice. Previous evidence indicates a firm link among gut microbiota, tumor characteristics, and host immunity in the tumor microenvironment [30]. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that Bifidobacteria may enhance the antitumor immunity and efficacy of immunotherapy [30]. As secondary effects of immunodeficiency, the decrease in beneficial bacteria may also affect the development of cancer in BALB/c nude mice, which merits further attention. In addition, the decline of beneficial bacterial species in BALB/c nude mice provides the possibility of studying beneficial bacterial deletion in pups in a natural animal model, since animal models with dysbacteriosis are usually obtained through antibiotic treatment [31]. However, the side effects of antibiotics may interfere with related experiments. Therefore, BALB/c nude mice provide a new dysbacteriosis model without any additional pre-treatment. Therefore, we suggest that nude mice can be used not only for tumor modeling, but also for gut disturbance-related studies.

A functional data-based heat-map (Supplementary Materials Figure S2) indicates low abundance of most bacterial genes in nude mice on the first sampling day, suggesting that pup nude mice show an abnormal hysteretic in gut bacterial function compared with time-matched normal mice. Moreover, the PCA results imply a remarkable difference in gut microbial functions between normal and nude pup mice (Figure 4e). Besides, a far distance between B30 and BN30 were both shown by PCA analysis on the functional profile and PCoA analysis on the bacterial UniFrac matrix. Furthermore, a correlation between the bacterial and functional diversities in mice (Figure 4d) suggests that T cell-induced changes in the gut microbiota in pup nude mice can be significantly associated with functional shifts in the gut microbiota. All of the results above strongly suggest that immunodeficiency in pup nude mice caused by the absence of thymus result in the abnormal function of gut bacteria.

Bacterial reproduction-related genes (e.g., replication and repair, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism) were significantly enriched in B1 samples than BN1 samples (Figure 4a). Low enrichment of those genes in BN1 indicates that the gut bacteria in pup nude mice on day 1 cannot show effectiveness in DNA replication and bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, which will reduce their bacterial proliferation rate. Conversely, bacterial proliferation-related genes come to be significantly enriched in nude mice by day 14 (Figure 4b), which reconfirmed the developmental lag of gut microbiota in pup nude mice.

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Golden retriever puppies have a greater risk of developing a crippling form of hip disease… if they’re fed a diet that contains too much calcium. They must eat a food that’s specifically designed to be safe for large breed puppies.

Golden retriever puppies don’t stop growing until they reach 12 to 24 months of age. So, to keep the risk of diet-related hip disease low, avoid switching to an adult recipe too soon.

The Dog Food Advisor recommends the 10 top-rated brands below. Each contains an amount of calcium and other nutrientssafe for golden retrievers. Recipes are marked as “best for” adults… or puppies.

Southwest Canyon also contains salmon oil. Salmon oil is naturally rich in the prized EPA and DHA type of omega-3 fatty acids. These two high quality fats boast the highest bio-availability to dogs. They help deliver better joint health and a lustrous skin and coat. A super popular brand. Highly recommended.

Sample buyer review… “All the pets in the household love Iam’s. My puppies just switched to adult food and this has been a quick an easy switch. Would recommend Iam’s to anyone.”

Royal Canin Golden Retriever Puppy derives the bulk of its animal protein from chicken. Dry matter label analysis reveals the recipe contains 30% protein, 16% fat and 46% estimated carbs… creating a fat-to-protein ratio of about 52%.

Sample buyer review… “My golden retriever absolutely loves this food, the previous food he ate he didn’t like very much but once I got this puppy food the first time I opened the bag he got excited just by the smell. Every time he eats now he jumps around and moves his tail like crazy. Great food I will definitely buy the adult food when he grows!!!!”

We like the inclusion of multiple probiotics to promote healthy digestion… and flaxseed to help deliver above-average omega fatty acid content for better joint health. Highly recommended.

Sample buyer review… “Good quality food. Good quality ingredients. Right balance of protein and fat for my senior dog, plus extra joint and digestive support. Most importantly, my senior loves it! I would recommend this brand and formula!”

Sample buyer review… “My lover boy is a Giant Breed so it’s important he get the nutrition he needs to support proper growth. At 22 Months we finally moved to Adult Large Breed from Chicken Soup’s Large Puppy formula. He’s had just about every “top” kibble out there, from Victor, Blue Buffalo, Diamond, Wellness Core, Royal Canin, Eagle Pack, even Costco’s and Purina ProPlan because Presa Canario Breeders recommended them (always with fresh veggies, meat added and a snack of raw). He would either have runny poop after transition or stop eating it. CS was the first he stayed on happily without needing extra dress up. He LOVES the adult formula. It’s priced right and I love the ingredients.”

That depends on your dog’s age. Adult golden retrievers can eat almost ANY brand of quality kibble. But to lower the risk of permanent hip disease, puppies should eat a diet that’s specially designed to be safe for large breed puppies. View our best large breed puppy foods here.

Preventing factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitors following replacement therapies with FVIII products in patients with hemophilia A remains an unmet medical need. Better understanding of the early events of evolving FVIII inhibitors is essential for risk identification and the design of novel strategies to prevent inhibitor development. The Hemophilia Inhibitor Previously Untreated Patients (PUPs) Study (HIPS; www.clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01652027) is the first prospective cohort study to evaluate comprehensive changes in the immune system during the first 50 exposure days (EDs) to FVIII in patients with severe hemophilia A. HIPS participants were enrolled prior to their first exposure to FVIII or blood products (“true PUPs”) and were evaluated for different immunological and clinical parameters at specified time points during their first 50 EDs to a single source of recombinant FVIII. Longitudinal antibody data resulting from this study indicate that there are 4 subgroups of patients expressing distinct signatures of FVIII-binding antibodies. Subgroup 1 did not develop any detectable FVIII-binding immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. Subgroup 2 developed nonneutralizing, FVIII-binding IgG1 antibodies, but other FVIII-binding IgG subclasses were not observed. Subgroup 3 developed transient FVIII inhibitors associated with FVIII-binding IgG1 antibodies, similar to subgroup 2. Subgroup 4 developed persistent FVIII inhibitors associated with an initial development of high-affinity, FVIII-binding IgG1 antibodies, followed by IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies. Appearance of FVIII-binding IgG3 was always associated with persistent FVIII inhibitors and the subsequent development of FVIII-binding IgG4. Some of the antibody signatures identified in HIPS could serve as candidates for early biomarkers of FVIII inhibitor development.

Hemophilia A is a congenital bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in biologically active factor VIII (FVIII). Most patients receive FVIII concentrates throughout the course of replacement therapies. These therapies can be complicated by the development of neutralizing antibodies directed against FVIII (FVIII inhibitors), which are usually observed after 5 to 15 exposure days (EDs) to exogenous FVIII in ∼30% of previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe hemophilia A.

To further explain the underlying immune mechanisms that are responsible for the generation of high- and low-affinity antibodies against FVIII in patients, a good understanding of the longitudinal events associated with these different antibody responses and the potential interdependence of nonneutralizing and neutralizing antibody responses is required. Therefore, prospective, longitudinal clinical studies monitoring the development and characteristic features of FVIII-binding antibodies as well as underlying immune mechanisms in PUPs, starting prior to the first dose of FVIII, are important. Such studies could not only facilitate early risk identification for FVIII inhibitor development in individual patients but also support the design of novel treatment approaches to prevent FVIII inhibitor development.

The Hemophilia Inhibitor PUPs Study (HIPS; www.clinicaltrials.gov #NCT01652027) is a prospective, longitudinal, observational study that was designed to identify early biomarkers of FVIII inhibitor development and prospectively evaluate early changes in the immune system upon exposure to FVIII in patients with severe hemophilia A. HIPS patients were enrolled prior to their first exposure to FVIII or blood products (ie, true PUPs) and were evaluated at specified time points during their first 50 EDs to a single source of full-length, standard half-life, recombinant FVIII concentrate. In this article, we present data indicating different subpopulations of patients who express distinct signatures of longitudinal antibody responses directed against FVIII.