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With these desirable characteristics, aptamer-based sensors have been developed to detect a diverse set of targets including adenosine [6,7], adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [8–11], cocaine [8,12], Hg2+ [13,14], toxins [15,16], thrombin [17–20], vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [21,22], IgE [23,24], and many others. Besides the most commonly-used fluorescence detection method that is sensitive, robust, and cost-effective, various other detection techniques have also been coupled to aptamer-based sensors. For example, cocaine was detected in picomolar (pM) concentration with an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sandwich biosensor, designed based on the understanding that a single aptamer could be split into two fragments which could form a folded, associated complex in the presence of its target [25]. Other chemiluminescence-coupled sensors based on rolling circle amplification of aptamers have also been reported [26,27].