rongsheng tang made in china

The main thing that separates Republic marks from the marks of all previous times is the enormous number of private kiln and company, maker’s or shop marks. When one looks at the most comprehensive English language lineup of Chinese marks, in ‘The New and Revised Handbook of Marks on Chinese Ceramics’ by Gerald Davison, 2010, almost 3400 different marks are listed. Some are different combinations of reign marks but there are still over 3000 marks to cover the marks of all the Chinese Dynasties from the Shang 1600BCE to the Guangxu reign ending in 1908. A relatively small but important number of Republic marks are also included. There are, by definition, no reign marks in the Republic Period, so I queried, what constituted the ‘non-reign’ marks in the previous dynasties? From what I can glean, they were either hall marks (so were still produced in the Imperial kilns, if genuine), potters’ marks and painters’ marks, but by far the greatest number were commendation or aspirational marks, referring to “the destination or ownership of an object, or (to) carry a message of commendation or good wishes” (From Davison’s book). Some marks were used to commemorate a very special event, and some were simply date marks. However, the relative proportions of these categories of marks changed during the Republic with reign marks (nearly all, if not all, apocryphal – there is still some dispute over whether the Hongxian or Jurentang marks can be labelled as reign marks) still making up the bulk of marks, but with private kiln or company marks making up the large majority of the rest. Hallmarks and commendations were still reasonably common, but the commendations moved location from the base of the porcelains to the written inscriptions on the sides of the porcelains in the Late Qing and Republic eras. Below, I will list almost 400 different marks from this era, and I am sure there are many more.

Because I have decided to include artist’s marks, the period covered by this overview will now stretch back into the later part of the Qing dynasty, into the Guangxu period, so as to capture the marks, seals and relevant inscriptions (dates) of the Qianjiang painters and their like. The hallmarks of the Republic period are for the most part reissues of older hall marks from the earlier Qing reigns, but with a few that were new to the Republic, such as Ju Ren Tang Zhi and Zhao De Tang Zhi.

Hallmarks tend to be simpler and usually comprise just 4 characters, often involving Tang and Zhi, and often revisiting and reusing hall marks from the earlier Qing reigns. It is really interesting to note how the Chinese translate the Republic Period hallmarks. In the translations of several chinese language books on Chinese ceramics hallmarks such as Ju Ren Tang Zhi or Da De Tang Zhi are variously translated as Made in Ju Ren Tang (when the chinese pinyin is usually translated into English) or Ju Ren Tang Shop, Da De Tang Shop. This is to suggest that the Chinese writers do not consider these marks to be real hallmarks as in the past, but the equivalent of shop marks. It would be very interesting to know about this in more detail.

1.Su Rongsheng, Wang Rongmei, Cao Huabin, Tang Zhaoxin et al. High copper levels promotes broiler hepatoctye mitochondrial permeability transition in vivo and in vitro. Biologcial Trace Element Research, 2011, 12 (144): 636-646.

2. Su Rongsheng, Wang Rongmei, Cao Huabin, Tang Zhaoxin et al. In vitro effect of copper chloride exposure on reactive oxygen species generation and respiratory chain complexes activities of mitochondria isolated from broile liver. Biological Trace Element Research, 2011, 12 (144): 668-677.

3.Su Rongsheng, Cao Huabin, Li Heping, Tang Zhaoxin, et al. Effect of copper on membrane permeability and respiration of mitochondria from broiler hepatocyte. Veterinary Science in China, 2007, 37 (04): 342-345. ( in Chinese)

4.Su Rongsheng, Cao Huabin, Li Heping, Tang Zhaoxin, et al. Effect of copper on hydrogen peroxide generation of mitochondria from broiler hepatocyte. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2009, 1(29): 92-96. ( in Chinese)

5.Cao Huabin, Su Rongsheng, Li Heping, Tang Zhaoxin, et al. Effect of high-copper diet on activities of respiratory chain compiexes in liver mitochondria of broilers. Chinese Veterinary Science, 2009, 1(29): 155-159. ( in Chinese)

6. Su Rongsheng, Liu Haopeng, Hu Jingjing, Tang Zhaoxin, et al. Effect of copper stress on respiration function of mitochondria from broiler hepatocyte in vitro. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2011, 10(31): 1496-1499. ( in Chinese)

7. Su Rongsheng, Yan Wenlong, Pan Jiaqiang, Tang Zhaoxin, et al. Protective Effect of glutathione on copper exposure to liver mitochondria of broilers. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science, 2012, 32(4): 602-605. ( in Chinese)

China Rongsheng Heavy Industries Group Holdings Ltd rose in Hong Kong trading after saying it applied to withdraw a plan to buy a diesel engine maker for 2.15 billion yuan ($338 million) because of the European debt crisis.

"If the withdrawal is successful, the investors will be happy and the cash pressure on Rongsheng will be relieved as there will be savings for Rongsheng," said UOB-Kay Hian Holdings Ltd analyst Lawrence Li.

China Rongsheng, which hasn"t announced new shipbuilding contracts this year and is releasing interim results on Tuesday, said it expects a significant drop in its first-half profit. The stock advance on Monday pared Rongsheng"s decline this year to 48 percent and the index gained 8.4 percent in the same period.

Tang Rongsheng, director of the Shenzhen Welfare Center, said the facility"s purpose will be to keep babies safe. Although the shelter cannot prevent parents from abandoning their children, the outcome will be different as the youngsters will receive protection.

Glutinous rice can be consumed by fermenting it to make rice wine. Also, it can be made into Jiuniang - fermented sweet rice serving as a critical ingredient and flavour for many famous Chinese dishes as a supplement or as a sugar alternative. Milled rice can be ground and processed into rice noodles, dumplings such as Tangyuan, Zongzi, and Yuanxiao, glutinous rice cakes such as Niangao, Maqiu, puddings, crackers, bread, and fermented food. Ground rice can range in colour when made out of red, purple, and brown types of rice.

Zhi-peng LI, Yu-qiao LONG, Peng-qin TANG, Jie-yang TAN, Zheng-guo LI, Wen-bin WU, Ya-nan HU, Peng YANG, Spatio-temporal changes in rice area at the northern limits of the rice cropping system in China from 1984 to 2013, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Volume 16, Issue 2, February 2017, Pages 360-367.

Liu, Zhenhuan; Li, Zhengguo; Tang, Pengqin; Li, Zhipeng; Wu, Wenbin; Yang, Peng; You, Liangzhi; Tang, Huajun (2013-12-01). "Change analysis of rice area and production in China during the past three decades". Journal of Geographical Sciences. 23 (6): 1005–1018. doi:10.1007/s11442-013-1059-x. ISSN 1861-9568. S2CID 128872044.

Peng, Shaobing; Tang, Qiyuan; Zou, Yingbin (2009-01-01). "Current Status and Challenges of Rice Production in China". Plant Production Science. 12 (1): 3–8. doi:ISSN 1343-943X.