standing wire rope definition in stock

Wire rope is a complex mechanical device that has many moving parts all working in tandem to help support and move an object or load. In the lifting and rigging industries, wire rope is attached to a crane or hoist and fitted with swivels, shackles or hooks to attach to a load and move it in a controlled matter. It can also be used to lift and lower elevators, or as a means of support for suspension bridges or towers.

Wire rope is a preferred lifting device for many reasons. Its unique design consists of multiple steel wires that form individual strands laid in a helical pattern around a core. This structure provides strength, flexibility, and the ability to handle bending stresses. Different configurations of the material, wire, and strand structure will provide different benefits for the specific lifting application, including:Strength

However, selecting the proper wire rope for your lifting application requires some careful thought. Our goal is to help you understand the components of a wire rope, the construction of wire rope, and the different types of wire rope and what they might be used for. This will allow you to select the best performing and longest-lasting wire rope for the job at hand.

A wire rope is, in reality, a very complicated machine. A typical 6 x 25 rope has 150 wires in its outer strands, all of which move independently and together in a very complicated pattern around the core as the rope bends. Clearances between wires and strands are balanced when a rope is designed so that proper bearing clearances will exist to permit internal movement and adjustment of wires and strands when the rope has to bend. These clearances will vary as bending occurs, but are of the same range as the clearances found in automobile engine bearings.

Understanding and accepting the “machine idea” gives a rope user a greater respect for rope, and enables them to obtain better performance and longer useful life from rope applications. Anyone who uses a rope can use it more efficiently and effectively when they fully understand the machine concept.

Wires are the smallest component of wire rope and they make up the individual strands in the rope. Wires can be made from a variety of metal materials including steel, iron, stainless steel, monel, and bronze. The wires can be manufactured in a variety of grades that relate to the strength, resistance to wear, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and curve of the wire rope.

Strands of wire rope consist of two or more wires arranged and twisted in a specific arrangement. The individual strands are then laid in a helical pattern around the core of the rope.

The core of a wire rope runs through the center of the rope and supports the strands and helps to maintain their relative position under loading and bending stresses. Cores can be made from a number of different materials including natural or synthetic fibers and steel.

Lubrication is applied during the manufacturing process and penetrates all the way to the core. Wire rope lubrication has two primary benefits:Reduces friction as the individual wires and strands move over each other

The number of layers of wires, the number of wires per layer, and the size of the wires per layer all affect the strand pattern type. Wire rope can be constructed using one of the following patterns, or can be constructed using two or more of the patterns below.Single Layer – The most common example is a 7 wire strand with a single-wire center and six wires of the same diameter around it.

Filler Wire – Two layers of uniform-size wire around a center with the inner layer having half the number of wires as the outer layer. Small filler wires, equal to the number in the inner layer, are laid in valleys of the inner wire.

Seale – Two layers of wires around a center with the same number of wires in each layer. All wires in each layer are the same diameter. The large outer wires rest in the valleys between the smaller inner wires.

Warrington – Two layers of wires around a center with one diameter of wire in the inner layer, and two diameters of wire alternating large and small in the outer later. The larger outer-layer wires rest in the valleys, and the smaller ones on the crowns of the inner layer.

On a preformed wire rope, the strands and wires are formed during the manufacturing process to the helical shape that they will take in a finished wire rope.

Preformed rope can be advantageous in certain applications where it needs to spool more uniformly on a drum, needs greater flexibility, or requires more fatigue-resistance when bending.

Direction and type of lay refer to the way the wires are laid to form a strand (either right or left) and how the strands are laid around the core (regular lay, lang lay, or alternate lay).Regular Lay – The wires line up with the axis of the rope. The direction of the wire lay in the strand is opposite to the direction of the strand lay. Regular lay ropes are more resistant to crushing forces, are more naturally rotation-resistant, and also spool better in a drum than lang lay ropes.

Lang Lay– The wires form an angle with the axis of the rope. The wire lay and strand lay around the core in the same direction. Lang Lay ropes have a greater fatigue-resistance and are more resistant to abrasion.

A steel core can be an independent wire rope or an individual strand. Steel cores are best suited for applications where a fiber core may not provide adequate support, or in an operating environment where temperatures could exceed 180° F.

The classifications of wire rope provide the total number of strands, as well as a nominal or exact number of wires in each strand. These are general classifications and may or may not reflect the actual construction of the strands. However, all wire ropes of the same size and wire grade in each classification will have the SAME strength and weight ratings and usually the same pricing.

Besides the general classifications of wire rope, there are other types of wire rope that are special construction and designed for special lifting applications.

Some types of wire rope, especially lang lay wire rope, are more susceptible to rotation when under load. Rotation resistant wire rope is designed to resist twisting, spinning, or rotating and can be used in a single line or multi-part system.

Special care must be taken when handling, unreeling, and installing rotation resistant wire rope. Improper handling or spooling can introduce twist into the rope which can cause uncontrolled rotation.

Compacted strand wire rope is manufactured using strands that have been compacted, reducing the outer diameter of the entire strand, by means of passing through a die or rollers. This process occurs prior to closing of the rope.

This process flattens the surface of the outer wires in the strand, but also increases the density of the strand. This results in a smoother outer surface and increases the strength compared to comparable round wire rope (comparing same diameter and classification), while also helping to extend the surface life due to increased wear resistance.

A swaged wire rope differs from a compacted strand wire rope, in that a swaged wire rope’s diameter is compacted, or reduced, by a rotary swager machine after the wire rope has been closed. A swaged wire rope can be manufactured using round or compacted strands.

The advantages of a swaged wire rope are that they are more resistant to wear, have better crushing resistance, and high strength compared to a round strand wire rope of equal diameter and classification. However, a swaged wire rope may have less bending fatigue resistance.

A plastic coating can be applied to the exterior surface of a wire rope to provide protection against abrasion, wear, and other environmental factors that may cause corrosion. However, because you can’t see the individual strands and wires underneath the plastic coating, they can be difficult to inspect.

Plastic filled wire ropes are impregnated with a matrix of plastic where the internal spaces between the strands and wires are filled. Plastic filling helps to improve bending fatigue by reducing the wear internally and externally. Plastic filled wire ropes are used for demanding lifting applications.

This type of wire rope uses an Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) that is either filled with plastic or coated in plastic to reduce internal wear and increase bending fatigue life.

Remember, wire rope is a complex piece of mechanical machinery. There are a number of different specifications and properties that can affect the performance and service life of wire rope. Consider the following when specifying the best type of wire rope for your lifting application:Strength

When you select a piece of rope that is resistant to one property, you will most likely have a trade-off that affects another property. For example, a fiber core rope will be more flexible, but may have less crushing resistance. A rope with larger diameter wires will be more abrasion resistant, but will offer less fatigue resistance.

At Mazzella Companies, we offer all different kinds of wire rope from all of the leading manufacturers. We sell the highest-quality domestic and non-domestic rigging products because product quality and operating safety go hand-in-hand. We have one of the largest and most complete inventories of both domestic and non-domestic rigging and lifting products to suit your lifting needs.

If you’re looking for a standard or custom specified wire rope for your lifting project, contact a Lifting Specialist at a Mazzella Companies location near you.

We stock well over 2,000,000 feet of wire rope in our various locations … ready for immediate delivery! We provide wire rope assemblies, and manufacture bridge cables, crane cables, steel mill cables, and thousands of OEM assemblies.

A competent person must begin a visual inspection prior to each shift the equipment is used, which must be completed before or during that shift. The inspection must consist of observation of wire ropes (running and standing) that are likely to be in use during the shift for apparent deficiencies, including those listed in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Untwisting (opening) of wire rope or booming down is not required as part of this inspection.

Significant distortion of the wire rope structure such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, birdcaging, signs of core failure or steel core protrusion between the outer strands.

In running wire ropes: Six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay, where a rope lay is the length along the rope in which one strand makes a complete revolution around the rope.

In rotation resistant ropes: Two randomly distributed broken wires in six rope diameters or four randomly distributed broken wires in 30 rope diameters.

In pendants or standing wire ropes: More than two broken wires in one rope lay located in rope beyond end connections and/or more than one broken wire in a rope lay located at an end connection.

If a deficiency in Category I (see paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section) is identified, an immediate determination must be made by the competent person as to whether the deficiency constitutes a safety hazard. If the deficiency is determined to constitute a safety hazard, operations involving use of the wire rope in question must be prohibited until:

If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. If a rope is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in its lowest position.

If a deficiency in Category II (see paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section) is identified, operations involving use of the wire rope in question must be prohibited until:

The employer complies with the wire rope manufacturer"s established criterion for removal from service or a different criterion that the wire rope manufacturer has approved in writing for that specific wire rope (see § 1926.1417),

If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. If a rope is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in its lowest position.

If the deficiency (other than power line contact) is localized, the problem is corrected by severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. Repair of wire rope that contacted an energized power line is also prohibited. If a rope is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in its lowest position.

Where a wire rope is required to be removed from service under this section, either the equipment (as a whole) or the hoist with that wire rope must be tagged-out, in accordance with § 1926.1417(f)(1), until the wire rope is repaired or replaced.

Wire ropes on equipment must not be used until an inspection under this paragraph demonstrates that no corrective action under paragraph (a)(4) of this section is required.

At least every 12 months, wire ropes in use on equipment must be inspected by a qualified person in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section (shift inspection).

The inspection must be complete and thorough, covering the surface of the entire length of the wire ropes, with particular attention given to all of the following:

Exception: In the event an inspection under paragraph (c)(2) of this section is not feasible due to existing set-up and configuration of the equipment (such as where an assist crane is needed) or due to site conditions (such as a dense urban setting), such inspections must be conducted as soon as it becomes feasible, but no longer than an additional 6 months for running ropes and, for standing ropes, at the time of disassembly.

If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. If a rope is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in its lowest position.

Any wire rope in use should be inspected on a regular basis. You have too much at stake in lives and equipment to ignore thorough examination of the rope at prescribed intervals.

The purpose of inspection is to accurately estimate the service life and strength remaining in a rope so that maximum service can be had within the limits of safety. Results of the inspection should be recorded to provide a history of rope performance on a particular job.

On most jobs wire rope must be replaced before there is any risk of failure. A rope broken in service can destroy machinery and curtail production. It can also kill.

Because of the great responsibility involved in ensuring safe rigging on equipment, the person assigned to inspect should know wire rope and its operation thoroughly. Inspections should be made periodically and before each use, and the results recorded.

When inspecting the rope, the condition of the drum, sheaves, guards, cable clamps and other end fittings should be noted. The condition of these parts affects rope wear: any defects detected should be repaired.

To ensure rope soundness between inspections, all workers should participate. The operator can be most helpful by watching the ropes under his control. If any accident involving the ropes occurs, the operator should immediately shut down his equipment and report the accident to his supervisor. The equipment should be inspected before resuming operation.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act has made periodic inspection mandatory for most wire rope applications. If you need help locating the regulations that apply to your application, please give our rigging experts a call.

Fiber rope and wire rope are widely used across the groundwater industry. Fiber rope is more commonly used in manual hoisting, such as raising up or lowering down tools. Wire rope is commonly used for mechanical hoisting operations.

The improper use of fiber rope or wire rope can result in serious incidents involving property damage, injuries, and death. Using the ropes as intended within their safe working load and maintaining them in good condition are critical in preventing rope failures.

Both types of rope include a combination of characteristics that give them certain performance traits depending on design, materials, and composition.

Wire rope is made of steel wires laid together to form a strand. These strands are laid together to form a rope, usually around a central core of either fiber or wire.

The number of strands, number of wires per strand, type of material, and nature of the core depend on the intended purpose of the wire rope. Wire rope that has many smaller wires and strands is more flexible than rope with larger-diameter wires and fewer strands. Wire rope used with sheaves and drums should have many strands to be flexible enough to bend around the sheaves and drums.

Wire ropes are classified by grouping the strands according to the number of wires per strand. The number of wires and the pattern defines the rope’s characteristics.

For example, a 6 × 7 rope indicates the rope is comprised of six strands and each individual strand is comprised of seven wires. This particular rope has large wires and is not very flexible but has good abrasion-resistant qualities. Whereas, a 6 × 19 rope has 19 wires per strand and thus is more flexible.

The more wires in a strand, the more flexible the wire rope. Likewise, the more strands in the rope, the more flexible the rope. However, the more strands in a rope and more wires in a strand, the less abrasion resistant.

Other important requirements to consider when selecting a wire rope are the breaking strength and “safe working load.” These values can be found with the use of a chart.

Most hoisting jobs use a safe working load based on a 5:1 safety factor of the wire rope’s breaking strength. However, this safety factor should be even higher if there is a possibility of injury or death from the rope breaking. For example, elevators are based on a 20:1 safety factor. Critical lifts with a danger to personnel should be calculated on a 10:1 safety factor.

Wire rope inspections are important checks on any type of rigging equipment. Wear, metal fatigue, abrasion, corrosion, kinks, and improper reeving are more important in dictating the life of a wire rope—more so than its breaking strength when new. Therefore, wire rope should be regularly inspected in accordance with OSHA and industry standards.

The frequency of inspections depends on the service conditions. Slings should be inspected each day before being used. Wire rope in continuous service or severe conditions should be inspected at least weekly and also observed during normal operation. For most other applications, wire rope should be inspected at least monthly.

Broken wires: Removing a wire rope from service due to broken wires depends on how the particular rope is being used. Finding one broken wire (or several widely spread) is usually not a problem. Regular breaks are a cause for concern and require a closer inspection. General guidelines for rope replacement due to broken wires are as follows:

Running wire ropes: Six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay, where a rope lay is the length along the rope in which one strand makes a complete revolution around the rope.

Pendants or standing wire ropes: More than two broken wires in one rope lay located in the rope beyond end connections or more than one broken wire in a rope lay located at an end connection. Slings: Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.

Rotation-resistant ropes: Two randomly distributed broken wires in six rope diameters or four randomly distributed broken wires in 30 rope diameters. Valley breaks:Wire ropes with any wire breaks in between two adjoining strands should be removed from service.

Abrasion:Wire rope winding over drums or through sheaves will wear. The rope should be replaced if the outer wire exceeds one-third of the original diameter.

Crushed strands: This condition is a result of too many layers of rope wrapped around a drum. There should be no more than two layers of wire rope on the drum, especially if the rope is a type with many small wires (such as 6 × 37). Crushing also occurs by cross winding, which is a result of poor winding procedures when the rope is wound in a pile in the middle of a drum.

Corrosion: This problem is difficult to evaluate and is also much more serious than normal wear. Corrosion will often start inside the rope before it shows on the outside. A lack of lubrication is usually the cause. Wire pitting or severe rusting should be cause for immediate replacement.

Kinks: Kinks are permanent distortions. After a wire rope is kinked, it is impossible to straighten the rope enough to return it to its original strength. If a rope cannot be unkinked by hand, it should be removed from service.

Electric arc:Wire rope that has been inadvertently (or purposely) used as a ground in welding or has been in contact with a live power line will have fused or annealed wires, and must be removed from service.

Metal fatigue: This is usually caused by bending stress from repeated passes over sheaves, or from vibration such as crane pendants. Fatigue fractures can be external or internal. A larger sheave or drum size, or using a more flexible rope, may increase the rope life.

Diameter reduction: Any noticeable reduction in diameter is a serious deterioration problem. A wire rope is measured across its diameter at its widest point. Diameter reduction could be caused by one fault or a combination of faults. Wire ropes should be replaced when the reduction in diameter is more than 5% from the nominal diameter.

Wire rope stretch: Any new wire rope will stretch when the initial load is applied. After the initial stretch and a slight stretching over time during normal wear, the rope will begin to stretch at a quicker rate, which means it is approaching time for replacement.

Bird caging: This is a torsional imbalance, which is a result of mistreatment such as pulling rope through tight sheaves, being wound on too small a drum, or sudden stops.

A wire rope is lubricated during the manufacturing process. This provides the rope with protection for a reasonable time if stored under proper conditions. When the wire rope is in service, the initial lubrication will not be enough to last the lifetime of the rope. Therefore, it is usually necessary to apply a lubricant to a wire rope under working conditions. A light mineral oil can be used for lubrication. Never use old crankcase oil.

Fiber ropes are preferred for some rigging applications because they are more pliant. However, they should be used only on light loads and must not be used on objects that have sharp edges capable of cutting the rope. Fiber ropes should also not be used where they will be exposed to high temperatures, severe abrasion, or acids.

The choice of rope depends on its application. Manila is a natural fiber and has relatively high elasticity, strength, and resistance to wear and deterioration. Manila rope is generally the most common natural fiber rope used because of its quality and relative strength.

The principal synthetic fiber used for rope is nylon, which has a tensile strength nearly three times that of manila. The advantages of nylon rope are it is waterproof and has the ability to stretch, absorb shocks, and resume its normal length. Nylon also has better resistance against abrasion, rot, decay, and fungus growth as compared to natural fibers.

Avoid dragging rope through sand or dirt or pulling over sharp edges. Sand or grit between the fibers of the rope cuts the fibers and reduces its strength.

The outside appearance of fiber rope is not a good indication of its internal condition. The rope softens with use. Dampness, heavy strain, fraying and breaking of strands, and chafing on rough edges all weaken the rope considerably.

Overloading a rope may cause it to break. For this reason, fiber ropes should be inspected at regular intervals to determine their condition. Untwist the strands slightly to open the rope so the inside can be examined.

Mildewed rope has a musty odor and the inner fibers of the strands have a dark, stained appearance. Broken strands or broken yarns ordinarily are easy to identify. Dirt and sawdustlike material inside the rope, caused by chafing, indicate damage. In rope having a central core, the core should not break away in small pieces upon examination. If this happens, it indicates the rope has been overstrained.

To prevent rope failures and minimize deterioration and damage: select the right rope for the job, inspect regularly, use as intended, and properly store and maintain.

Maintain a record for each rope that includes the date of inspection, type of inspection, the name of the person who performed the inspection, and inspection results.

Use the "rag-and-visual" method to check for external damage. Grab the rope lightly and with a rag or cotton cloth, move the rag slowly along the wire. Broken wires will often "porcupine" (stick out) and these broken wires will snag on the rag. If the cloth catches, stop and visually assess the rope. It is also important to visually inspect the wire (without a rag). Some wire breaks will not porcupine.

Measure the rope diameter. Compare the rope diameter measurements with the original diameter. If the measurements are different, this change indicates external and/or internal rope damage.

Visually check for abrasions, corrosion, pitting, and lubrication inside the rope. Insert a marlin spike beneath two strands and rotate to lift strands and open rope.

Assess the condition of the rope at the section showing the most wear. Discard a wire rope if you find any of the following conditions:In running ropes (wound on drums or passed over sheaves), 6 or more broken wires in one rope lay length; 3 or more broken wires in one strand in one rope lay. (One rope lay is the distance necessary to complete one turn of the strand around the diameter of the rope.)

Corrosion from lack of lubrication and exposure to heat or moisture (e.g., wire rope shows signs of pitting). A fibre core rope will dry out and break at temperatures above 120°C (250°F).

Kinks from the improper installation of new rope, the sudden release of a load or knots made to shorten a rope. A kink cannot be removed without creating a weak section. Discarding kinked rope is best.

Every day we use our phones without giving much thought to the infrastructure that allows us to use these devices wirelessly. There are approximately 417,000 cellphone towers across the United States that support networks allowing us to send texts, go online, and talk to others instantly. But what you may not know is that nearly all of these towers rely on guy wires – so, what is a guy wire and what does its name mean?

Guy wires are essentially tensioned cables, similar to industrial wire rope or cable, that are used to add stability to free-standing structures. These are far stiffer than other types of wire ropes or cable though, as their primary purpose is added security.

The reason behind the name dates back to its first original use, which was attaching sails to a mast on ships. Dutch sailors called this a “gei”, which is where the modern name comes from now. There are other names and terms which can be used interchangeably for guy wires, including:

While guy wires are widely used today for telecommunication towers and marine structures, there are countless more uses for this type of equipment. Many wire rope suppliers also sell guy wires as part of their product line.

If you use industrial wire rope for construction or to add stability to free-standing structures, you could benefit from switching to a guy wire. Here’s what you need to know:

Guy wires are made from high-strength grade steel that is based on the ASTM A475 Standard Specification. This applies to zinc-coated steel wires, which means that guy wires are typically galvanized for added protection from corrosion and wear.

Galvanization involves coating the wire in molten zinc, creating a thin protective layer over the steel. This protects the steel from corroding if exposed to moisture. Since guy wires are often used on free-standing structures or ships, the wires will be exposed to water frequently. This galvanized finish helps to diminish rusting that can occur from contact with moisture.

There are two main types of stranding for guy wires: 1×7 and 1×19. This means that each strand contains either 7 or 19 wires with one central core. 1×7 wires are smaller in diameter and have lower breaking strength ratings than 1×19.

We see guy wires nearly every day without even realizing it. They are a common fixture on electric and telephone poles and are used to secure the tall poles to the ground below. These wires need to be extremely durable and strong to withstand not only the weight of the poles and wires themselves but also external elements like strong winds.

The guy wire is also used widely on sailing boats and yachts to securely hold the masts. This is known as “standing rigging” and lateral guy wires are used on the starboard and port sides to keep the mast straight and firm, despite the friction from the incredibly strong winds catching in the sails.

Guy wires are incredibly versatile and are used to provide added security in all types of applications. For instance, guy wires are used by firefighters to support extension ladders. These wires are also attached to telecommunication antenna towers. These towers can be up to 2,000 feet high and require incredible stability to keep the structure erect. You may also see a guy wire used as part of a rigging or overhead lifting apparatus. Guy wires are often called “tag lines” when used with a crane and are designed to prevent loads from rotating or swaying.

Since most guy wires are used for permanent or semi-permanent securement, there are several pieces of additional hardware required for their attachment. Anchors are pieces that will be secured into the ground or to a permanent structure, such as another building.

Expanding anchors: A rod with pivoting blades that is pushed deep into the ground. When tension is added to the rod as the guy wire is attached, the blades expand to hold the rod in place.

Guy wires share many industrial hardwire pieces with industrial wire ropes, such as bolts, thimbles, and clamps. These hardware pieces are designed to create a secure loop so the guy wire can be attached to a hook or shackle.

There are also some hardware pieces that are specifically designed for guy wires, such as pole bands. These are fittings that are installed around the entire circumference of a pole so guy wires can attach to add securement.

At the end of the day, a guy wire is an incredibly strong and durable type of wire rope. Although the guy wire and industrial wire rope share similarities, they generally serve different purposes. If you are debating between using either of these types of equipment, you should base your decision on the intended purpose. If you are looking for steady stability for a structure, the guy wire is generally going to be the way to go.

If you are looking for any type of industrial wire rope, guy wire, or other hardware equipment, check out Elite Sale’s product catalog. We carry a vast variety of industrial equipment and would be happy to help you find the exact type you need for your next project.

Europe means Algeria, Austria, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, State of Qatar, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.

Parade means any procession or body of pedestrians, except members of the Armed Forces, numbering more than 30, standing, marching or walking on any street or sidewalk, or any group of vehicles numbering ten or more, except funeral processions, standing or moving on any street;

Topcoat means a coating that is applied over a primer on an aerospace vehicle or component for appearance, identification, camouflage, or protection. Topcoats that are defined as specialty coatings are not included under this definition.