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Nantong Fasten Metals Products Co., LTD is located in the coastal open city—Nantong which is in the lower area of the Yangtze River. We are a professional corporation which produces a variety of standards and types of galvanized steel wire rope, ungalvanized steel wire rope, steel-wire, stranded wire and spring steel wire. Our products mainly exported to Southeast Asia, the United States, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and other countries.
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YuanBo Engineering Co., Ltd., Dunamis Wire Ropes Mfg. LLP, Tokyo Rope Mfg. Co., Ltd., and Guizhou Wire Rope Incorporated Company, among others, are the top players in the bright steel wire rope market.
The global bright steel wire rope market is supported largely by the steel wire rope industry, which attained a CAGR of 3.4% in the forecast period from 2022 to 2027.
Bright steel wire ropes are general wire ropes without any coating, and free from zinc, copper, and other metallic coatings. Grease is generally used to lubricate these wires, hence preventing their deterioration. The major users of bright steel wire ropes are the oil and gas industry, shipping industry, and mining industry. Ever since the crude oil crisis, bright steel wire rope producers have seen a surge in revenue generation, especially with newer ventures for oil extraction, coal mining, and other mineral and industrial drilling.
Bright steel wire rope consumption and sales have been high in the Asia Pacific region in recent years, particularly in China, Indonesia, and India. North America and Europe are the primary areas for the global market for bright steel wire rope since they are major end-users in the oil and gas industry. During the forecasted period, the Asia Pacific countries of China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia are predicted to have considerable growth in the bright steel wire rope sector. Over the recent decade, China"s demand for bright steel wire rope has increased significantly, possibly because of increased steel output and infrastructure investment in lift and motion applications.
YuanBo Engineering Co., Ltd. Is the biggest bright steel wire rope manufacturer in the world. The company provides technology, solutions, and service support to meet the specific needs of customers in the pharmaceutical, chemical, fire, industrial, and other industries. As the company is located close to the northern Chinese, Tianjin port, it enjoys convenience of transport, and as a result, exports are large. It covers an area of 18000 square meters and employs more than 200 people to manufacture its goods. YuanBo exports to Europe, America, Japan, the Middle East, Africa, South Korea, and Australia.
Dunamis Wire Ropes Mfg. LLP is the largest wire rope producer in India. The various ports of Mumbai offer easy transport to other countries, hence increasing their revenue. The company provides wire ropes for a wide variety of applications such as industrial and construction work, mining, oil and gas, bridges, ski lifts, and fishing and marine.
One of the biggest wire rope manufacturers in Asia, Tokyo Rope Mfg. Co., Ltd. have built a reputation for providing the best quality in their products. The seaside ports and the immense connectivity from Japan allow for exceptional transport facilities. It is engaged in the production and sale of steel cables, steel cords, developed products, and others, the real estate leasing business, as well as logistics related business and other services.
Guizhou Wire Rope Incorporated Company is one of the largest companies specialising in steel wire rope products. The enterprise has more than 5000 employees, as they strive to achieve perfect quality control. The capacity of the company is a massive 4,00,000 metric tons a year, which they export to the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Denmark, Netherlands, Singapore, and the Middle East.
Nov212016SLING WIRE ROPE; SIZE:5MTX3M LONG; AS PER IS 5245 STANDARD LOOPS AT BOTH ENDS, CONSTRUCTION-6X19 MATL:GALVANIZED STEELNigeriaNhava Sheva SeaNOS618,9223,154
Oct152016NEW WIRE ROPE SLINGS: WIRE ROPE SLING(STEEL CORE:6X36) SIZE(3/4)19MMX10 MTR LONG.(SWL 4 TON) BOTH END STANDARD LOOP(300KenyaChennai SeaNOS300927,7803,093
Jul112016NEW WIRE ROPE SLING USHA MARTIN MAKE STEEL WIRE ROPE SLING, MECHANICALLY ALUMINIUM SINGLEFERRULE SPLICED STEEL WIRE ROPEKenyaChennai SeaNOS50389,3187,786
Jan252016NEW INDUSTRIAL STEEL WIRE ROPE : USHA MARTIN MAKE GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE ROPE 20MM DIA 6X36 CONSTRUCTION STEEL CORE, RHOKenyaChennai SeaMTR20063,080315
Oct292015NEW WIRE ROPE SLING WIRE ROPE (STEEL CORE) SIZE:3/4 (6X37) X 10 MTR .LONG. BOTHEND MECHANICALLY SPLICED AS PER EN 1341KenyaNhava Sheva SeaNOS200615,6733,078
Oct052015NEW WIRE ROPE SLING WIRE ROPE (STEEL CORE) SIZE:3/4 (6X37) X 10 MTR .LONG. BOTHEND MECHANICALLY SPLICED AS PER EN 1341KenyaNhava Sheva SeaNOS200631,9503,160
Sep022015NEW WIRE ROPE SLING USHA MARTIN MAKE MECHANICALLY ALUMINIUM SINGLE FERRULE SPLICED STEEL WIRE ROPE SLING ONE END 400MMKenyaNhava Sheva SeaNOS50359,0857,182
A steel wire rope is a complex mechanical device used to support and move an object or load. Steel wire ropes are also used to support suspension bridges or towers as well as to lift and lower elevators. The selection of steel wire ropes for end-use applications depends upon the load bearing capacity as well the lifespan. Spiral strand steel wire ropes are more advantageous than round strand steel wire ropes, which can be attributed to the former’s high resistance to wear, enhanced crushing resistance and high strength.
Thus, steel wire ropes are preferred over fibre wire ropes for heavy load applications. A large number of end users are preferring high carbon steel wire ropes for various applications. In order to hinder the impact of corrosion, galvanized steel wire ropes and stainless steel wire ropes are preferred for several applications.
Lubrication at regular intervals extends the lifespan of a steel wire rope. The use of fibre ropes and advanced material ropes as alternative products for steel wire ropes is expected to have a negative impact on the growth of the global steel wire rope market. Corrosion is a key challenge associated with steel wire ropes as it affects industrial operation by means of delay.
The switch to steel sheaves from plastic sheaves to enhance the life of steel wire ropes drives their adoption. A good steel wire rope is expensive when compared with conventional steel wire ropes, which negatively impacts end-use industries. Manufacturers of steel wire ropes have been witnessing rapid growth in terms of sales post the crude oil crisis and there are a growing number of projects related to oil exploration, coal mining and drilling for other ores and minerals.
The import of steel from China to the U.S. has had a major breakthrough due to the new tariffs added by the U.S. government, which will be a driving factor for local suppliers as competition from Chinese vendors is hindered. Wet weather condition is a major challenge for the use of steel wire ropes. Other key challenges for the growth of the global steel wire rope market are shortage of labor and lack of employee competencies.
As of 2017, the consumption and sales of steel wire ropes is high in Asia Pacific, especially in China, Indonesia and India. North America and Europe are key regions for the global steel wire rope market as they are prominent end users of the oil and gas industry. Manufacturers of steel wire ropes are largely based in China, India, the U.S., Germany and Japan. During the forecast period, the steel wire rope market in Asian countries such as China, India, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia is expected to witness a high growth trend. Since the last decade, China has been witnessing major growth in the steel wire rope market, which can be attributed to the growth of steel production and investment in infrastructure where lift and motion applications are involved.
Oil and gas, marine and mining industries drive the global steel wire rope market. During the forecast period, the mining industry is expected to witness a stable growth trend as government regulations for mining activities have limited the application of steel wire ropes. Manufacturers of steel wire ropes are expected to focus on economies with significant steel production and import. In addition, developing economies such as India, Brazil and GCC countries are expected to play a key role in the growth of the steel wire rope market.
On 28th April 2017 Redaelli entered Teufelberger Group. Teufelberger and Redaelli both leading manufacturers of high performance steel wire ropes, unite their expertise to provide the best technical solutions for steel wire ropes and establish together a global presence.
We at Teufelberger-Redaelli understand your day-to-day challenges and solve them together with you. We develop and produce high performance steel wire ropes that create added value by enhancing the efficiency and safety of your applications. Expect more: of our innovative steel wire ropes, our services, our experienced experts in development, application engineering, and sales – all around the globe. Being a family enterprise, we attach great importance to successful, long-standing business relationships. Our commitment does not begin and end solely with the supply of premium quality steel wire ropes, but we also accompany you throughout your work processes when it comes to optimizing efficiency and costs.
We know that high performance steel wire ropes are able to unleash their full potential only if crane systems have been set up optimally and if the ropes have been installed correctly. Therefore, we also provide support during project planning, installation, and subsequent careful handling to maximize rope lifetimes. After all, the purchasing costs are just the tip of the iceberg.
Rotation-resistant and non-rotation-resistant high performance steel wire ropes from Teufelberger-Redaelli are used for a variety of applications such as:
Four manufacturing sites for steel wire ropes and a combined total of more than 425 years of rope-making experience tally up to a unique wealth of expertise and an unmatched and proven production standard. The resulting high degree of flexibility allows us to keep delivery times to a minimum.
Global Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope Market By Type of Lay (Regular Lay, Lang Lay), Material Type (Polypropylene, Polyester, Nylon, HMPE, Specialty Fibers), Application (Marine & Fishing, Sports & Leisure, Oil & Gas, Industrial & Crane, Mining, Construction, Others), Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Belgium, Spain, Russia, Turkey, Netherlands, Switzerland, Rest of Europe, Japan, China, India, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa), Industry Trends and Forecast to 2027
Steel wire rope & plastic rope market will reach an estimated valuation of USD 16.99 billion by 2027, while registering this growth at a rate of 5.10% for the forecast period of 2020 to 2027. Steel wire rope & plastic rope market report analyses the growth, which is currently being owed to the focus of accelerating infrastructure and industrial development, the ongoing projects has germinated the requirement of steel and plastic ropes across the world. The exceptional strength capability and less weight attribute it is facing a great demand in the anticipated period of 2020 to 2027 this factor is expected to drive the market growth in the favour of steel wire rope & plastic rope market.
Steel wire rope & plastic rope are knitted and long spun fibers collection. They exhibit an ultimate durability quotient, tensile strength, endurance. These ropes are widely required to execute the heavy duty work, such as mining, fishing, marines and in cargos. The basic work they are required for are pulling, lifting or transporting.
The germinating mining industry and advancement in industrial sector are catered a better growth of the market. Increasing fishing job and industry require these elements to execute their task. Apart from these the anti-corrosion feature of plastic and sturdiness of steel are expected to boost the market growth. Few of the factors will act as restraints to hinder the market growth namely the rusting and corrosion of steel wire due to nature and high end cost input in its maintenance. Same goes for the plastic rope, they do not corrode but they require high maintenance and advanced raw materials in the production of such kind of rope. These factors will hamper the market growth in the projected time frame.
This steel wire rope & plastic rope market report provides details of new recent developments, trade regulations, import export analysis, production analysis, value chain optimization, market share, impact of domestic and localised market players, analyses opportunities in terms of emerging revenue pockets, changes in market regulations, strategic market growth analysis, market size, category market growths, application niches and dominance, product approvals, product launches, geographical expansions, technological innovations in the market. To gain more info on Data Bridge Market Research steel wire rope & plastic rope market contact us for an Analyst Brief, our team will help you take an informed market decision to achieve market growth.
Steel wire rope & plastic rope market is segmented of the basis of type of lay, material type and application. The growth amongst the different segments helps you in attaining the knowledge related to the different growth factors expected to be prevalent throughout the market and formulate different strategies to help identify core application areas and the difference in your target markets.
Steel wire rope & plastic rope market is segmented in terms of market value, volume, market opportunities, and niches into multiple applications. The application segment for steel wire rope & plastic rope market includes marine & fishing, sports & leisure, oil & gas, industrial & crane, mining, construction, others.
Steel wire rope & plastic rope market is analysed and market size, volume information is provided by country, type of lay, material type and application as referenced above.
The countries covered in the market report are U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Israel, Egypt, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America as part of South America.
Asia-Pacific dominates the global steel wire rope & plastic rope market due to its application in the major industrial and manufacturing sections. Being the busiest port in whole world all the marine, fishing, cargo industries utilize the steel and plastic rope.
Steel wire rope & plastic rope market competitive landscape provides details by competitor. Details included are company overview, company financials, revenue generated, market potential, investment in research and development, new market initiatives, global presence, production sites and facilities, production capacities, company strengths and weaknesses, product launch, product width and breadth, application dominance. The above data points provided are only related to the companies’ focus related to steel wire rope & plastic rope market.
The major players covered in the steel wire rope & plastic rope market report are Trelleborg, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Dow, The Chemours Company, Momentive, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, Solvay, LANXESS, Esterline Technologies Corporation, 3M, Holland Shielding Systems BV, Jonal Laboratories Inc., PolyMod Technologies, CHT R. Beitlich GmbH |CHT Group, a Rogers Corporation, Seal Science, Inc., Transdigm Group, Inc., TECHNETICS GROUP, Zeon Chemicals L.P., PARKER HANNIFIN CORP among other domestic and global players. Market share data is available for global, North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.
Figure 5-5: India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Industry Applications ((Construction and Engineering, Oil & Gas, Mining, Shipping and Others) on the Basis of Revenues in Percentage (%), FY"2013 and FY"2018
Figure 5-6: India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Organized and Unorganized Sector on the Basis of Production Volume in Percentage (%), FY"2018
Figure 5-8: India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Lay (Regular Lay, Lang Lay, Alternate Lay and Others) on the Basis of Production Volume in Percentage (%), FY"2018
Figure 12-14: Financial Performance of Aradhya Wire and Ropes Private Limited on the Basis of Revenues from Operations in INR Millions, FY"2013- FY"2016
Figure 12-24: Financial Performance of Shree Steel Wire Ropes Ltd. on the Basis of Net Standalone Revenues from Operations in INR Million, FY"2013- FY"2018E
Figure 14-1: Future Projections of India Steel Wire Rope Market on the Basis of Revenue in INR Billion and Growth Rate in Percentage(%), FY"2018 - FY"2023
Figure 14-2: Expected Projections of India Steel Wire Rope Market by Organized and Unorganized Market on the Basis of Revenue in Percentage (%), FY"2018 and FY"2023E
Figure 14-3: Future Projections of India Steel Wire Rope Market by End User Industries (Construction and Engineering, Oil & Gas, Mining, Shipping and Others) on the Basis of Revenue in Percentage, FY"2023E
Table 3-6: Manufacturing Process of Steel Wire Ropes Including Raw Material Selection, Oil Impregnation, Heat Treatment, Pickling, Wire Drawing, Galvanizing, Rope Preforming, Closing and Quality Checks
Table 5-1: Rationale and Description of India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation By Domestic and Exports Market on the Basis of Revenues in INR Million, FY"2013-FY"2017
Table 5-2: Cross Comparison of Steel Wire Ropes on Domestic and Export Sales Including Major Manufacturers, Major End User Industries, Opportunities and Major Standards
Table 5-3: Rationale and Description of India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Coating (Plain Black, Galvanized and Others) on the Basis of Production Volume in Metric Tons, FY"2018
Table 5-4: Cross Comparison of Black Carbon and Galvanized Steel Wire Ropes on the Basis of Application, Price Difference, Major End Users, Pros and Cons
Table 5-5: Rationale and Description of India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Industry Application on the Basis of Revenues in INR Million, FY"2013 and FY"2018
Table 5-6: Detailing on Demand for Steel Wire Rope by Engineering and Construction Sector Including Uses, Government Investment, Type of Steel Wire Rope, User Decision Criteria, Pain Points, Type of Rope Demand and Major Clients
Table 5-7: Detailing on Demand for Steel Wire Rope by Oil & Gas Sector Including Uses, Government Investment, Type of Steel Wire Rope, User Decision Criteria, Pain Points, Type of Rope Demand and Major Clients
Table 5-8: Detailing on Demand for Steel Wire Rope by Mining Sector Including Uses, Government Investment, Type of Steel Wire Rope, User Decision Criteria, Pain Points, Type of Rope Demand and Major Clients
Table 5-9: Detailing on Demand for Steel Wire Rope by Shipping Sector Including Uses, Government Investment, Type of Steel Wire Rope, User Decision Criteria, Pain Points, Type of Rope Demand and Major Clients
Table 5-10: Rationale and Description of India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Sector (Organized and Unorganized Sector) on the Basis of Revenue and Production Volumes, FY"2018
Table 5-12: Rationale and Description of India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Lay Type (Regular Lay, Lang Lay and Others) on the Basis of Production Volume in Metric Tons, FY"2018
Table 5-16: Rationale and Description of India Steel Wire Rope Market Segmentation by Domestic Regional Demand on the Basis of Domestic Demand in Tons, FY"2018
Table 6-2: Export Scenario of Galvanized Steel Wire Ropes by Major Destinations on the Basis of Value in INR Million, FY"2012-FY"2018 (April to January)
Table 6-3: Export Scenario of Black Carbon Steel Wire Ropes by Major Destinations on the Basis of Value in INR Million, FY"2012-FY"2018 (April to January)
Table 6-6: Import Scenario of Black Carbon Steel Wire Ropes by Major Destinations on the Basis of Value in INR Million, FY"2012-FY"2018 (April to January)
Table 6-7: Import Scenario of Galvanized Steel Wire Ropes by Major Destinations on the Basis of Value in INR Million, FY"2012-FY"2018 (April to January)
Table 11-2: Cross Sectional Comparison of Steel Wire Rope Manufacturers on the Basis of Revenues from Operations, Year of Incorporation, Estimated Production Capacity, Production, Number of Plants, Major Export Market, End User Focus and Profit After Tax
Table 12-1: Company Profile of Usha Martin Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Product Portfolio, Product Range, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Production, Plant Location, Exports, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 12-2: Company Profile of Bharat Wire Ropes Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Product Portfolio, Product Range, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Production, Plant Location, Exports, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 12-3: Company Profile of Bedmutha Industries Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Product Portfolio, Product Range, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Rope Production, Plant Location, Exports, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 12-4: Profile of Aradhya Ropes and Slings Private Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Production, Plant Location, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 12-5: Company Profile of Asahi Ropes Private Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Production, Plant Location, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 12-6: Company Profile of Orion Ropes Private Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Production, Plant Location, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 12-7: Company Profile of Shree Steel Wire Ropes Limited Including Company Overview, USP, Strategy, Product Portfolio, Product Range, Steel Wire Ropes product Dimensions; Indian Steel Wire Rope plant capacity, Steel Wire Production, Plant Location, Exports, Total Revenue, Revenue from Steel Wires, PBT and others
Table 14-2: Future Projections for India Steel Wire Rope Market by Organized and Unorganized Market on the Basis of Revenues in INR Million, FY"2018 and FY"2023
Table 14-3: Future Projections of India Steel Wire Rope Market by End User Industries (Construction and Engineering, Oil & Gas, Mining, Shipping and Others) on the Basis of Revenues in INR Billion, FY"2023
Consider push mount cable ties made of heat-stabilized nylon 6/6, rated UV94 V-2, and serviceable to 239˚F. Stainless steel cable ties also offer excellent resistant to high temperatures and weathering.
For an outdoor utility cabinet or any outdoor cable enclosure, UV resistance is important. Weather-resistant cable ties are an ideal solution. Beaded cable ties can work here too, if they’re UV resistant. For heavy duty applications try strap and buckle ties or stainless steel cable ties.
For example, you can secure scaffolding netting and sheeting, and even the scaffolding itself, with heavy duty strap and buckle ties, which are perfect for demanding applications. The steel teeth on the buckle grips the strap permanently while the acetal strap has excellent weatherability. Stainless steel cable ties, Type 316, give you corrosion and high temperature resistance. They’re also weather resistant while providing outstanding chemical resistance.
After William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone had introduced their working telegraph in 1839, the idea of a submarine line across the Atlantic Ocean began to be thought of as a possible triumph of the future. Samuel Morse proclaimed his faith in it as early as 1840, and in 1842, he submerged a wire, insulated with tarred hemp and India rubber,New York Harbor, and telegraphed through it. The following autumn, Wheatstone performed a similar experiment in Swansea Bay. A good insulator to cover the wire and prevent the electric current from leaking into the water was necessary for the success of a long submarine line. India rubber had been tried by Moritz von Jacobi, the Prussian electrical engineer, as far back as the early 19th century.
Another insulating gum which could be melted by heat and readily applied to wire made its appearance in 1842. Gutta-percha, the adhesive juice of the William Montgomerie, a Scottish surgeon in the service of the British East India Company.: 26–27 Twenty years earlier, Montgomerie had seen whips made of gutta-percha in Singapore, and he believed that it would be useful in the fabrication of surgical apparatus. Michael Faraday and Wheatstone soon discovered the merits of gutta-percha as an insulator, and in 1845, the latter suggested that it should be employed to cover the wire which was proposed to be laid from Dover to Calais.William Siemens, then an officer in the army of Prussia, laid the first successful underwater cable using gutta percha insulation, across the Rhine between Deutz and Cologne.Charles Vincent Walker, electrician to the South Eastern Railway, submerged 3 km (2 mi) of wire coated with gutta-percha off the coast from Folkestone, which was tested successfully.: 26–27
In August 1850, having earlier obtained a concession from the French government, John Watkins Brett"s English Channel Submarine Telegraph Company laid the first line across the English Channel, using the converted tugboat Goliath. It was simply a copper wire coated with gutta-percha, without any other protection, and was not successful.: 192–193Submarine Telegraph Company from a government hulk, Blazer, which was towed across the Channel.: 192–193
From the 1850s until 1911, British submarine cable systems dominated the most important market, the North Atlantic Ocean. The British had both supply side and demand side advantages. In terms of supply, Britain had entrepreneurs willing to put forth enormous amounts of capital necessary to build, lay and maintain these cables. In terms of demand, Britain"s vast colonial empire led to business for the cable companies from news agencies, trading and shipping companies, and the British government. Many of Britain"s colonies had significant populations of European settlers, making news about them of interest to the general public in the home country.
Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, British cable expanded eastward, into the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. An 1863 cable to Bombay (now Mumbai), India, provided a crucial link to Saudi Arabia.Eastern Telegraph Company, owned by John Pender. A spin-off from Eastern Telegraph Company was a second sister company, the Eastern Extension, China and Australasia Telegraph Company, commonly known simply as "the Extension". In 1872, Australia was linked by cable to Bombay via Singapore and China and in 1876, the cable linked the British Empire from London to New Zealand.
The first trans-Pacific telephone cable was laid from Hawaii to Japan in 1964, with an extension from Guam to The Philippines.Commonwealth Pacific Cable System (COMPAC), with 80 telephone channel capacity, opened for traffic from Sydney to Vancouver, and in 1967, the South East Asia Commonwealth (SEACOM) system, with 160 telephone channel capacity, opened for traffic. This system used microwave radio from Sydney to Cairns (Queensland), cable running from Cairns to Madang (Papua New Guinea), Guam, Hong Kong, Kota Kinabalu (capital of Sabah, Malaysia), Singapore, then overland by microwave radio to Kuala Lumpur. In 1991, the North Pacific Cable system was the first regenerative system (i.e., with repeaters) to completely cross the Pacific from the US mainland to Japan. The US portion of NPC was manufactured in Portland, Oregon, from 1989 to 1991 at STC Submarine Systems, and later Alcatel Submarine Networks. The system was laid by Cable & Wireless Marine on the CS Cable Venture.
Transatlantic cables of the 19th century consisted of an outer layer of iron and later steel wire, wrapping India rubber, wrapping gutta-percha, which surrounded a multi-stranded copper wire at the core. The portions closest to each shore landing had additional protective armour wires. Gutta-percha, a natural polymer similar to rubber, had nearly ideal properties for insulating submarine cables, with the exception of a rather high dielectric constant which made cable capacitance high. William Thomas Henley had developed a machine in 1837 for covering wires with silk or cotton thread that he developed into a wire wrapping capability for submarine cable with a factory in 1857 that became W.T. Henley"s Telegraph Works Co., Ltd.India Rubber, Gutta Percha and Telegraph Works Company, established by the Silver family and giving that name to a section of London, furnished cores to Henley"s as well as eventually making and laying finished cable.William Hooper established Hooper"s Telegraph Works to manufacture his patented vulcanized rubber core, at first to furnish other makers of finished cable, that began to compete with the gutta-percha cores. The company later expanded into complete cable manufacture and cable laying, including the building of the first cable ship specifically designed to lay transatlantic cables.
Many early cables suffered from attack by sea life. The insulation could be eaten, for instance, by species of Teredo (shipworm) and Hemp laid between the steel wire armouring gave pests a route to eat their way in. Damaged armouring, which was not uncommon, also provided an entrance. Cases of sharks biting cables and attacks by sawfish have been recorded. In one case in 1873, a whale damaged the Persian Gulf Cable between Karachi and Gwadar. The whale was apparently attempting to use the cable to clean off barnacles at a point where the cable descended over a steep drop. The unfortunate whale got its tail entangled in loops of cable and drowned. The cable repair ship Amber Witch was only able to winch up the cable with difficulty, weighed down as it was with the dead whale"s body.
As early as 1816, Francis Ronalds had observed that electric signals were slowed down in passing through an insulated wire or core laid underground, and outlined the cause to be induction, using the analogy of a long Leyden jar.Latimer Clark (1853) on cores immersed in water, and particularly on the lengthy cable between England and The Hague. Michael Faraday showed that the effect was caused by capacitance between the wire and the earth (or water) surrounding it. Faraday had noticed that when a wire is charged from a battery (for example when pressing a telegraph key), the electric charge in the wire induces an opposite charge in the water as it travels along. In 1831, Faraday described this effect in what is now referred to as Faraday"s law of induction. As the two charges attract each other, the exciting charge is slowed down. The core acts as a capacitor distributed along the length of the cable which, coupled with the resistance and inductance of the cable, limits the speed at which a signal travels through the conductor of the cable.
The type of optical fiber used in unrepeated and very long cables is often PCSF (pure silica core) due to its low loss of 0.172 dB per kilometer when carrying a 1550 nm wavelength laser light. The large chromatic dispersion of PCSF means that its use requires transmission and receiving equipment designed with this in mind; this property can also be used to reduce interference when transmitting multiple channels through a single fiber using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which allows for multiple optical carrier channels to be transmitted through a single fiber, each carrying its own information. WDM is limited by the optical bandwidth of the amplifiers used to transmit data through the cable and by the spacing between the frequencies of the optical carriers; however this minimum spacing is also limited, with the minimum spacing often being 50 GHz (0.4 nm). The use of WDM can reduce the maximum length of the cable although this can be overcome by designing equipment with this in mind.
Most cables in the 20th century crossed the Atlantic Ocean, to connect the United States and Europe. However, capacity in the Pacific Ocean was much expanded starting in the 1990s. For example, between 1998 and 2003, approximately 70% of undersea fiber-optic cable was laid in the Pacific. This is in part a response to the emerging significance of Asian markets in the global economy.
The propensity for fishing trawler nets to cause cable faults may well have been exploited during the Cold War. For example, in February 1959, a series of 12 breaks occurred in five American trans-Atlantic communications cables. In response, a United States naval vessel, the USS Roy O. Hale, detained and investigated the Soviet trawler Novorosiysk. A review of the ship"s log indicated it had been in the region of each of the cables when they broke. Broken sections of cable were also found on the deck of the Novorosiysk. It appeared that the cables had been dragged along by the ship"s nets, and then cut once they were pulled up onto the deck to release the nets. The Soviet Union"s stance on the investigation was that it was unjustified, but the United States cited the Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables of 1884 to which Russia had signed (prior to the formation of the Soviet Union) as evidence of violation of international protocol.
Underwater cables, which cannot be kept under constant surveillance, have tempted intelligence-gathering organizations since the late 19th century. Frequently at the beginning of wars, nations have cut the cables of the other sides to redirect the information flow into cables that were being monitored. The most ambitious efforts occurred in World War I, when British and German forces systematically attempted to destroy the others" worldwide communications systems by cutting their cables with surface ships or submarines.Cold War, the United States Navy and National Security Agency (NSA) succeeded in placing wire taps on Soviet underwater communication lines in Operation Ivy Bells. In modern times, the widespread use of end-to-end encryption minimizes the threat of wire tapping.
In April 2010, the undersea cable SEA-ME-WE 4 was under an outage. The Southeast Asia – Middle East – Western Europe 4 (SEA-ME-WE 4) submarine communications cable system, which connects Southeast Asia and Europe, was reportedly cut in three places, off Palermo, Italy.
APCN-2, an intra-Asian cable that forms a ring linking China, Hong Kong, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan
In August 2017, a fault in IMEWE (India – Middle East – Western Europe) undersea cable near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, disrupted the internet in Pakistan. The IMEWE submarine cable is an ultra-high capacity fibre optic undersea cable system which links India and Europe via the Middle East. The 12,091-kilometre-long (7,513 mi) cable has nine terminal stations, operated by leading telecom carriers from eight countries.
In August 2021, Google and Facebook announced that they would develop a subsea cable system, dubbed "Apricot", for 2024 in order to improve internet connectivity, and serve growing demand for broadband access and 5G wireless connectivity across the Asia-Pacific region, including Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, Guam, the Philippines and Indonesia.
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