winch wire rope guide factory

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The power winches have multi-layered cable winding. They have great load and winding capacities, which makes them a popular choice for hauling activities, and they are essentially intended for trailers. Some manual winches are equipped with a drum clutch so that the cable can be unwound by pulling the cable, this is much easier than using the crank.

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Winch lines should not be exposed to edges and surfaces such as metal burrs on winch drums, sheaves, shackles, thimbles, wire rope slings, etc. Winch lines can be cut or damaged by edge contact. When installing winch lines, great care must be taken to ensure that the rope will not contact surfaces that have been scored and chewed. Sheaves, shackles, thimbles, etc. must be replaced if they are determined to be damaged. Other surfaces should be carefully examined and dressed down if necessary.

There are various methods of attaching a winch line to a winch drum: the use of a wedge or plug and set screw in the main body of the drum or a “U” bolt through the side of the flange. Another method involves welding a round plug to the winch drum. The soft eye at the captivated end of the winch line is placed over the plug and held in place with a flat keeper. Be sure the attachment method does not have damaging edges that will cut the line under load. It is advisable to have an eye splice in both ends of the winch line so that it can be reversed.

This is not always possible, depending upon the method of attachment to the winch drum and if a closed thimble is spliced into the eye. If an eye is not used at the drum end, then this end should be tightly whipped with strong twine.

Important Note: The end connection is not designed to carry any load, so at least four wraps should always be kept on the drum. If the winch line is AmSteel® Blue or AmSteel®, then the number of wraps on the drum should be increased to eight.

The first layer (wrap) around the winch drum should be put on closely and tightly. Initial winding tension (load) should be approximately 50 Lbs. This will prevent subsequent wraps from slipping down between turns when tension is applied. Samson winch lines tend to self-level.

Important Note: Samson recommends at least four wraps* always be left on the winch drum. Due to the low coefficient of friction, If AmSteel® or AmSteel® Blue winch lines are used, there must be at least eight wraps left on the drum while the line is being used.

Level Winding: Using the appropriate amount of tension, wind the rope evenly, without spaces across the drum of the winch. The next level should wind over the previous layer of rope and follow the valley between turns on the previous level. The pattern is followed for all layers of rope with each layer of turns slightly offset from the layer below.

Cross Winding: When the rope is placed under load it can dive or push into the previously wrapped level below it. To avoid diving, cross winding is recommended.

When cross winding, start with two layers of level wound rope using the appropriate back tension. At the end of the second layer, pull the rope quickly across the drum, allow it to wind one full turn at the side of the drum and then quickly pull it back to the opposite side of the drum. This will force the rope to cross in the middle and form a barrier that will prevent the rope form diving into the lower layers of the drum when placed under load. Follow the cross wound layer with two layers of level wound turns, then form another cross in the middle. Repeat this pattern until the length of rope is fully spooled onto the winch.

It is recommended that every winch line be rotated end for end on a periodic basis. Rotation will change the high stress and wear points and provide for a useful service life. The general, recommended period is 6 months and during rotation inspection and washing can be performed.

Stable braid, AmSteel® II and Validator have outer jackets of polyester which provides resistance to abrasion and fusing. However all synthetics are subject to fusing if subjected to enough friction and heat. Therefore, such practices as surging on Gypsy-head winches, hard rendering around poles or over cross-arms, etc. should be avoided. (Not a racial slur, Gypsy-head is a common term).

The winch line should not be used as a “sling” to pick up objects. The hook at the end of the winch line can damage the rope. We recommend that a sling be used to attach objects to the winch line hook.

To ensure maximum efficiency and safety, the boom sheave diameter should be no less than eight times the rope diameter for braided ropes and ten times the rope diameter for twisted and plaited ropes. The sheave groove diameter should be no less than 10% greater than the rope diameter and the sheave groove should be round in shape, NOT “V” shaped. Ensure sheaves are free to rotate. Larger sheave diameters will provide longer rope service life.

The continuous use of 3 strand and 4 strand lines on one side of a winch or windlass is a common abuse that can render a line useless in a short time. Repeated hauling of a line over a winch in a counterclockwise direction will extend the lay of the rope and will simultaneously shorten the twist of each strand. As this action continues, kinks or hockles will develop. Once hockles appear, they cannot be removed and the rope is permanently damaged.

To avoid detrimental conditions, the direction of turns over the winch should be alternated, regularly. If this practice is observed, the original rope balance will be maintained and the lines will have a much longer, useful service life. Clockwise turns are recommended for the initial use of a new line.

Excessive turns can cause kinking on any rope, but hockles can occur only in the basic “twisted” ropes, i.e., 3 strand, 4 strand and wire ropes. Braided and plaited ropes cannot be hockled; their inter-locking strand construction prevents unlaying. Strands in braided and plaited ropes run in both directions creating a torque-free balance, thus eliminating any inherent tendency toward twist or rotation. Swivels can be used safely, but are seldom necessary.

A braided or plaited rope, being torque free can have twist induced by constant working on winches. If a twist develops, it can be removed by “counter-rotating” the rope when it is relaxed.

Eye splices at the end of winch lines that are not factory installed must be done in strict accordance with the steps and procedures outlined in the Samson Splicing Instruction Manual. These splicing methods can be learned and executed by line crews, shop personnel and marine users. Assistance in splicing instruction is available through the Samson Technical Representative in your area. Splicing training kits, manuals and tools can be supplied by us and instructions are on line at www.samsonrope.com

The standard eye splice cannot be pulled out under tension; however, it can be pulled out by hand when the winch line is in a relaxed state. To prevent such tampering, it is recommended that lock stitching or a tight seizing be applied to the base or throat of the splice.

Lock stitching may prove advantageous on some splices to prevent no-load opening due to mishandling. Material required: One fid length of nylon whipping twine approximately the same size diameter as the strand in the rope being lock stitched. You can also use the strands that are cut from the rope, but whipping twine is preferable. Instructions are available on line and can be mailed or faxed to your location.

Splicing is by far, the strongest and most efficient means of attachment. Knots should never be tied in a winch line, as knots reduce the strength of any rope by as much as 50%. Also, sharp bends in the line will also greatly reduce rope strength and should be avoided.

Shock loading of any line produces a drastically different set of physical properties and results as compared with normal loading. Shock loading is a jerking or snatching of a line or a very sudden change in tension, going from a relaxed state (low load) to a high load. Shock loading results in accelerated wear of the rope.

A typical shock load on a winch line occurs when an object is lifted vertically with a sudden jerk or when a load is suddenly dropped. A 5,000 Lbs. load suddenly dropped could develop impact loading exceeding 30,000 Lbs. resulting in winch line failure. 4 inch sudden drops can actually double the loading on the winch line. Similarly, an over wrap “falling off” the winch drum can result in doubling the actual loading on the winch line.

Assume that you have seven identical ropes, each with 30,000 Lbs. break strength and the ropes are worked at different loads in a winch line application.

The chart clearly shows that a higher design factor results in greater service life and safety. If the same amount of weight is to be lifted and a rope with a greater Work Load Limit is used the rope will last longer than rope used at a lower Work Load Limit.

Used and cared for properly, Samson Winch Lines will provide an economical and trouble free service life. Samson guarantees all its products against manufacturing defects, but cannot be held liable for failure or accident due to improper use or failure to observe prescribed procedures for usage.

Rope diameter is specified by the user and is generally given in the equipment manufacturer’s instruction manual accompanying the machine on which the rope is to be used.

Rope diameters are determined by measuring the circle that just touches the extreme outer limits of the strands— that is, the greatest dimension that can be measured with a pair of parallel-jawed calipers or machinist’s caliper square. A mistake could be made by measuring the smaller dimension.

The right way to unreel.To unreel wire rope from a heavy reel, place a shaft through the center and jack up the reel far enough to clear the floor and revolve easily. One person holds the end of the rope and walks a straight line away from the reel, taking the wire rope off the top of the reel. A second person regulates the speed of the turning reel by holding a wood block against the flange as a brake, taking care to keep slack from developing on the reel, as this can easily cause a kink in the rope. Lightweight reels can be properly unreeled using a vertical shaft; the same care should be taken to keep the rope taut.

The wrong way to unreel.If a reel of wire rope is laid on its flange with its axis vertical to the floor and the rope unreeled by throwing off the turns, spirals will occur and kinks are likely to form in the rope. Wire rope always should be handled in a way that neither twists nor unlays it. If handled in a careless manner, reverse bends and kinks can easily occur.

The right way to uncoil.There is only one correct way to uncoil wire rope. One person must hold the end of the rope while a second person rolls the coil along the floor, backing away. The rope is allowed to uncoil naturally with the lay, without spiraling or twisting. Always uncoil wire rope as shown.

The wrong way to uncoil.If a coil of wire rope is laid flat on the floor and uncoiled by pulling it straight off, spirals will occur and kinking is likely. Torsions are put into the rope by every loop that is pulled off, and the rope becomes twisted and unmanageable. Also, wire rope cannot be uncoiled like hemp rope. Pulling one end through the middle of the coil will only result in kinking.

Great stress has been placed on the care that should be taken to avoid kinks in wire rope. Kinks are places where the rope has been unintentionally bent to a permanent set. This happens where loops are pulled through by tension on the rope until the diameter of the loop is only a few inches. They also are caused by bending a rope around a sheave having too severe a radius. Wires in the strands at the kink are permanently damagedand will not give normal service, even after apparent “re-straightening.”

When wire rope is wound onto a sheave or drum, it should bend in the manner in which it was originally wound. This will avoid causing a reverse bend in the rope. Always wind wire rope from the top of the one reel onto the top of the other.Also acceptable, but less so, is re-reeling from the bottom of one reel to the bottom of another. Re-reeling also may be done with reels having their shafts vertical, but extreme care must be taken to ensure that the rope always remains taut. It should never be allowed to drop below the lower flange of the reel. A reel resting on the floor with its axis horizontal may also be rolled along the floor to unreel the rope.

Wire rope should be attached at the correct location on a flat or smooth-faced drum, so that the rope will spool evenly, with the turns lying snugly against each other in even layers. If wire rope is wound on a smooth-face drum in the wrong direction, the turns in the first layer of rope will tend to spread apart on the drum. This results in the second layer of rope wedging between the open coils, crushing and flattening the rope as successive layers are spooled.

A simple method of determining how a wire rope should be started on a drum. The observer stands behind the drum, with the rope coming towards him. Using the right hand for right-lay wire rope, and the left hand for left lay wire rope, the clenched fist denotes the drum, the extended index finger the oncoming rope.

Clips are usually spaced about six wire rope diameters apart to give adequate holding power. They should be tightened before the rope is placed under tension. After the load is placed on the rope, tighten the clips again to take care of any lessening in rope diameter caused by tension of the load. A wire rope thimble should be used in the eye of the loop to prevent kinking.

U-bolt Clips.There is only one correct method for attaching U-bolt clips to wire rope ends, as shown in TheRightWayimage below. The base of the clip bears on the live end of the rope; the “U” of the bolt bears on the dead end.

Compare this with the incorrect methods. Five of the six clips shown are incorrectly attached—only the center clip in the top view is correct. When the “U” of the clip bears on the live end of the rope, there is a possibility of the rope being cut or kinked, with subsequent failure.

Proper seizing and cutting operations are not difficult to perform, and they ensure that the wire rope will meet the user’s performance expectations. Proper seizings must be applied on both sides of the place where the cut is to be made. In a wire rope, carelessly or inadequately seized ends may become distorted and flattened, and the strands may loosen. Subsequently, when the rope is operated, there may be an uneven distribution of loads to the strands; a condition that will significantly shorten the life of the rope.

Either of the following seizing methods is acceptable. Method No. 1 is usually used on wire ropes over one inch in diameter. Method No. 2 applies to ropes one inch and under.

Method No. 1: Place one end of the seizing wire in the valley between two strands. Then turn its long end at right angles to the rope and closely and tightly wind the wire back over itself and the rope until the proper length of seizing has been applied. Twist the two ends of the wire together, and by alternately pulling and twisting, draw the seizing tight.

The Seizing Wire. The seizing wire should be soft or annealed wire or strand. Seizing wire diameter and the length of the seize will depend on the diameter of the wire rope. The length of the seizing should never be less than the diameter of the rope being seized.

Proper end seizing while cutting and installing, particularly on rotation-resistant ropes, is critical. Failure to adhere to simple precautionary measures may cause core slippage and loose strands, resulting in serious rope damage. Refer to the table below ("Suggested Seizing Wire Diameters") for established guidelines. If core protrusion occurs beyond the outer strands, or core retraction within the outer strands, cut the rope flush to allow for proper seizing of both the core and outer strands.

The majority of wire rope problems occurring during operation actually begin during installation, when the rope is at its greatest risk of being damaged. Proper installation procedures are vital in the protection and performance of wire rope products.

Until the rope is installed it should be stored on a rack, pallet or reel stand in a dry, well-ventilated storage shed or building. Tightly sealed and unheated structures should be avoided as condensation between rope strands may occur and cause corrosion problems. If site conditions demand outside storage, cover the rope with waterproof material and place the reel or coil on a support platform to keep it from coming directly in contact with the ground.

While lubrication is applied during the manufacturing process, the wire rope must still be protected by additional lubrication once it is installed. Lubricants will dry out over a period of time and corrosion from the elements will occur unless measures are taken to prevent this from happening. When the machine becomes idle for a period of time, apply a protective coating of lubricant to the wire rope. Moisture (dew, rain, and snow) trapped between strands and wires will create corrosion if the rope is unprotected. Also apply lubricant to each layer of wire rope on a drum because moisture trapped between layers will increase the likelihood of corrosion.

Always use the nominal diameter as specified by the equipment manufacturer. Using a smaller diameter rope will cause increased stresses on the rope and the probability of a critical failure is increased if the rated breaking strength does not match that of the specified diameter. Using a larger diameter rope leads to shorter service life as the rope is pinched in the sheave and drum grooves which were originally designed for a smaller diameter rope. Just as using a different diameter rope can create performance problems, so can the use of an excessively undersized or oversized rope.

Measure the wire rope using a parallel-jawed caliper as discussed in Measuring Rope Diameter at the top of this page. If the rope is the wrong size or outside the recommended tolerance, return the rope to the wire rope supplier. It is never recommended nor permitted by federal standards to operate cranes with the incorrect rope diameter. Doing so will affect the safety factor or reduce service life and damage the sheaves and drum. Note that in a grooved drum application, the pitch of the groove may be designed for the rope’s nominal diameter and not the actual diameter as permitted by federal standards.

Wire rope can be permanently damaged by improper unreeling or uncoiling practices. The majority of wire rope performance problems start here.Improper unreeling practices lead to premature rope replacement, hoisting problems and rope failure.

Place the payout reel as far away from the boom tip as is practical, moving away from the crane chassis. Never place the payout reel closer to the crane chassis than the boom point sheave. Doing so may introduce a reverse bend into the rope and cause spooling problems. Follow the guidelines highlighted under Unreeling and Uncoiling and Drum Winding. Take care to determine whether the wire rope will wind over or under the drum before proceeding. If the wire rope supplier secured the end of the rope to the reel by driving a nail through the strands, ask that in the future a U-bolt or other nondestructive tie-down method be used; nails used in this manner damage the rope.

Take extra precaution when installing lang lay, rotation-resistant, flattened strand or compacted ropes. Loss of twist must be avoided to prevent the strands from becoming loosened, causing looped wire problems.

The end of the rope must be securely and evenly attached to the drum anchorage point by the method recommended by the equipment manufacturer. Depending on the crane’s regulatory requirements, at least two to three wraps must remain on the drum as dead wraps when the rope is unwound during normal operations. Locate the dead end rope anchorage point on the drum in relation to the direction of the lay of the rope. Do not use an anchorage point that does not correspond with the rope lay. Mismatching rope lay and anchorage point will cause the wraps to spread apart from each other and allow the rope to cross over on the drum. Very gappy winding will occur resulting in crushing damage in multilayer applications.

Back tension must be continually applied to the payout reel and the crewman installing the rope must proceed at a slow and steady pace whether the drum is smooth or grooved.Regardless of the benefits of a grooved drum, tension must be applied to ensure proper spooling. An improperly installed rope on a grooved drum will wear just as quickly as an improperly installed rope on a smooth drum. If a wire rope is poorly wound and as a result jumps the grooves, it will be crushed and cut under operating load conditions where it crosses the grooves.

Every wrap on the first or foundation layer must be installed very tightly and be without gaps. Careless winding results in poor spooling and will eventually lead to short service life. The following layers of rope must lay in the grooves formed between adjacent turns of the preceding layer of rope. If any type of overwind or cross-winding occurs at this stage of installation and is not corrected immediately, poor spooling and crushing damage will occur.

On a multilayer spooling drum be sure that the last layer remains at least two rope diameters below the drum flange top. Do not use a longer length than is required because the excess wire rope will cause unnecessary crushing and may jump the flange. Loose wraps that occur at any time must be corrected immediately to prevent catastrophic rope failure.

The use of a mallet is acceptable to ensure tight wraps, however a steel-faced mallet should be covered with plastic or rubber to prevent damage to the rope wires and strands.

Rotation-resistant ropes of all constructions require extra care in handling to prevent rope damage during installation. The lay length of a rotation-resistant rope must not be disturbed during the various stages of installation. By introducing twist or torque into the rope, core slippage may occur—the outer strands become shorter in length, the core slips and protrudes from the rope. In this condition the outer strands become over- loaded because the core is no longer taking its designed share of the load. Conversely, when torque is removed from a rotation-resistant rope core slippage can also occur. The outer strands become longer and the inner layers or core become overloaded, reducing service life and causing rope failure.

The plain end of a wire rope must be properly secured. If the entire cross section of the rope is not firmly secured, core slippage may occur, causing the core to pull inside the rope’s end and allowing it to protrude elsewhere, either through the outer strands (popped core) or out the other end of the line. The outer layer of the outside strands may also become overloaded as there is no complete core-to-strand support.

Secure the ends of the rope with either seizing or welding methods as recommended under Seizing Wire Rope. It is imperative that the ends be held together tightly and uniformly throughout the entire installation procedure, including attaching the end through the wedge socket and the drum dead end wedge

When installing a new line, connect the old line to the new line by using a swivel-equipped cable snake or Chinese finger securely attached to the rope ends. The connection between the ropes during change-out must be very strong and prevent torque from the old rope being transferred into the new rope.Welding ropes together or using a cable snake without the benefit of a swivel increases the likelihood of introducing torque into the new rope. A swivel-equipped cable snake is not as easy as welding the ropes, but this procedure can be mastered with a little patience and practice.

Increasing the diameter, and thus the strength, over the OEM cable is common. In this instance, less of the larger diameter rope will fit on the drum, so be sure to account for that if deviating from the OEM specifications. Decreasing the diameter of the rope relative to the OEM specificion is not recommended or supported by ASR.