wire rope deflection brands

Wire rope manufacturers produce their products in order to provide a high load capacity, versatile alternative to weaker ropes like manila rope or hemp rope. Wire rope products are used for a wide variety of motion transmission applications, among them: lifting, baling, tie down, hoisting, hauling, towing, mooring, anchoring, rigging, cargo control, guidance and counterbalance. They can also be used as railing, fencing and guardrailing.

Wire rope is a must-have for many heavy duty industrial applications. From mining to forestry to marine and beyond, there’s wire rope for almost every job. Some of the many industries in which wire rope is popular include: construction, agriculture, marine, industrial manufacturing, fitness, sports and recreation (plastic coated cables for outdoor playground equipment and sports equipment), electronics, theater (black powder coated cables for stage rigging), mining, gas and oil, transportation, security, healthcare and consumer goods.

Wire rope as we know it was invented just under 200 years ago, between 1831 and 1834. At that time, the goal was to create a rope strong enough to support work in the mines of the Harz Mountains. Invented by Wilhelm Albert, a German mining engineer, this wire rope consisted on four three-stranded wires. It was much stronger than older rope varieties, such as manila rope, hemp rope and metal chain rope.

While studying at Freiburg School of Mines, a man named L.D.B. Gordon visited the mines in the Harz Mountains, where he met Albert. After he left, Gordon wrote to his friend Robert Stirling Newall, urging him to create a machine for manufacturing wire ropes. Newall, of Dundee, Scotland, did just that, designing a wire rope machine that made wire ropes with four strands, consisting of four wires each. After Gordon returned to Dundee, he and Newall, along with Charles Liddell, formed R.S. Newall and Company. In 1840, Newall received a patent for “certain improvements in wire rope and the machinery for making such rope.”

In 1841, an American manufacturer named John A. Roebling began producing wire rope for suspension bridges. Soon after, another set of Americans, Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, started incorporating wire rope into coal mining and railroad projects, forming Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LC&N Co.). In 1848, wire rope from their wire rope factory in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania provided the lift cables needed to complete the Ashley Planes Project. This project sought to improve the performance and appearance of the freight railroad that ran through Ashley, Pennsylvania, by adding lift cables. This increased tourism and increased the railroad’s coal capacity. Before, cars took almost four hours to return; after, they took less than 20 minutes.

Wire rope likewise changed the landscape (again) in Germany, in 1874, when an engineering firm called Adolf Bleichert & Co. used wire rope to build Bi-cable aerial tramways. These allowed them to mine the Ruhr Valley. Several years later, they also used wire rope to build tramways for the German Imperial Army and the Wehrmacht. These tramways were wildly successful, opening up roads in Germany and all over Europe and the USA.

Since the 1800s, manufacturers and engineers have found ways to improve wire rope, through stronger materials and material treatments, such as galvanization, and different rope configurations. Today, wire rope makes possible many heavy industrial processes. It has become a necessity of the modern world.

Strands are made by tightly twisting or braiding individual wire together. One strand could have anywhere between two and several dozen wire filaments depending on the necessary strength, flexibility, and weight capacity.

One of the most dynamic elements of wire cables is the inner core. The strands are wrapped around the core, and it can be made of different metals, fibers, or even impregnated fiber materials. For heavy applications, cores are often made of a different strand of wire called an independent wire rope core (IWRC). An IWRC has a considerable amount of flexibility and it is still very strong. In fact, at least 7.5% of the strength increase in a wire rope can be attributed to an IWRC.

While they sometimes use other metals, like aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, and even bronze for some applications, manufacturers primarily produce wire rope from steel. This is because steel is very strong and stretchable. Among the most common types they use are: galvanized wire, bright wire, stainless steel and cold drawn steel.

Of the wire rope steels, cold drawn carbon steel wire is most popular, although stainless steel wire rope is sometimes employed as well. Stainless steel rope is most popular for its anti-corrosive properties. Bright wire rope, a type of ungalvanized steel wire rope, is also popular. For added strength and durability, galvanized steel wire rope/galvanized steel cables are a very popular choice. Galvanized aircraft cable, for example, is always a must in aerospace.

When choosing or designing a custom wire rope for your application, suppliers consider factors such as: the environment in which the rope will function, required rust resistance, required flexibility, temperature resistance, required breaking strength and wire rope diameter. To accommodate your needs, manufacturers can do special things like: make your rope rotation resistant, color code your rope, or add a corrosion resistant coating. For instance, sometimes they specially treat and coat a cable with plastic or some other compound for added protection. This is particularly important to prevent fraying if the wire rope is often in motion on a pulley.

Manufacturers and distributors identify the differences in wire cable by listing the number of strands and the amount of wires per strand so that anyone that orders understand the strength of the cable. Sometimes they are also categorized by their length or pitch. Common examples of this include: 6 x 19, 6 x 25, 19 x 7, 7 x 19, 7 x 7, 6 x 26 and 6 x 36.

More complex wire rope identification codes connote information like core type, weight limit and more. Any additional hardware like connectors, fasteners, pulleys and fittings are usually listed in the same area to show varying strengths and degrees of fray prevention.

Cable wire rope is a heavy-duty wire rope. To give it its high strength, manufacturers construct it using several individual filaments that are twisted in strands and helically wrapped around the core. A very common example of cable wire rope is steel cable.

Spiral rope is made up an assemblage of wires with round or curved strands. The assemblage features at least one outer layer cord pointed in the opposite direction of the wire. The big advantage of spiral ropes is the fact that they block moisture, water and pollutants from entering the interior of the rope.

Similarly, stranded rope steel wire is made up of an assemblage of spirally wound strands. Unlike spiral rope, though, its wire patterns have crisscrossing layers. These layers create an exceptionally strong rope. Stranded rope may have one of three core material types: wire rope, wire strand or fiber.

Wire rope chain, like all chains, is made up of a series of links. Because it is not solid, wire rope chain is quite flexible. At the same time, it is prone to mechanical failure.

Wire rope slings are made from improved plow wire steel, a strong steel wire that offers superior return loop slings and better security. The plow wire steel also shields rope at its connection points, which extends its working life. Wire rope slings, in general, provide their applications with increased safety, capacity and performance. Wire rope sling is a rope category that encompasses a wide range of sub-products, such as permaloc rope sling, permaloc bridle slings and endless slings. These and other wire rope slings may be accompanied by a wide variety of sling terminations, such as thimbles, chokers and hooks.

Wire rope offers its user many advantages. First, design of even distribution of weight among strands makes it ideal for lifting extremely heavy loads. Second, wire rope is extremely durable and, when matched properly to the application, can withstand great stress and elements like corrosion and abrasion. In addition, it is very versatile. Its many iterations and the ways in which the rope can treated means that users can get rope custom fit for virtually any application.

Depending on the type of wire rope with which you are working and your application, you may want to invest in different accessories. Among these accessories are: wire rope clips, steel carabiners, fittings, fasteners and connections.

To ensure that your wire rope quality remains high, you must regularly inspect them for wear and degradation. The right wire rope should be selected for a particular use. Watch out for performance-impacting damage like: rust, fraying and kinks. To make sure that they stay in tip-top shape, you should also clean and lubricate them as needed. Check for this need as a part of your regular inspection.

Rope care is about more than inspection. It’s also about making an effort to use and store them properly every time you use them. For example, never exceed your rope’s rated load and breaking strength. Doing so will not only cause the weakening of your cable, but it may even cause immediate breakage. In addition, always store your wire rope cable in a dry and warm area, away from those elements that could cause premature rusting or other damage. Finally, always carefully wind your wire rope when you’re done with it, so as to avoid kinks. If you follow all these tips and treat your wire rope assemblies well, they will reward you with a long and productive service life.

Always make sure that you purchase wire rope that matches your industry and regional standards. Some of the most widely referenced standards organizations for wire rope include: ISO, ASTM International and OSHA. Talk over your specifications and application with your wire rope supplier to figure out what’s best for you.

If you’re in the market for a wire rope or a wire rope assembly, the best way to know you’re getting something that will both perform well and be safe if by working with a vetted professional. Find one among the list we’ve provided on this page. Check out their profiles to get an idea of the services and products they offer. Pick out three or four to whom you’d like to speak, and reach out. Talk to them about your specifications, standard requirements and budget. Ask about lead times and delivery options. Once you’ve spoken with all of them, compare and contrast their answers. You’ll know you’ve found the one when you talk to a wire rope company that is willing to go above and beyond for your satisfaction.

Like any other wire rope, lanyards are created by, first, twisting strands of metal wires into a helix. This bundle of twisted wires can then be twisted together with other similar bundles in the same fashion as before to form the wire rope lanyard.

Depending on the strength requirements of the intended application, different numbers of each set of strands can be used. For example, a common wire rope lanyard construction consists of a bundle of nineteen small wires being twisted together with seven other similar bundles. This is called a 7x19 construction, with the first number representing the number of bundles and the second number representing the number of wires in each bundle. Other common construction types include 1x19, 7x7, 6x19, 6x25, 8x19, and 8x25.

To really customize your wire rope lanyard, you can also select from a wide range of end fittings and terminals. These can drastically alter how the cable can be used. Thimbles, handles, stops, strap eyes, threaded studs, and ball terminals are just a few of the many fitting options at your disposal.

Look to Enidine for high performance Wire Rope Isolators and Compact Wire Rope Isolators. The wire rope isolators have stainless steel cable and RoHS compliant aluminum retaining bars, which provides excellent vibration isolation. The isolators are corrosion resistant, which makes them environmentally stable and high-performance in a variety of applications. The isolators are completely unaffected by oil, chemicals, abrasives, ozone, and temperature extremes.

The compact wire rope isolator is smaller than a traditional wire rope and can absorb shock and vibration in small spaces. Single point mounting offers flexibility for integration into existing products.

Both compact wire rope isolators and wire rope isolators can be used on galley components where motors and fans produce vibrations onto surrounding structures. They can also be used to control vibration and thermal expansion.

A wire rope is a type of cable that includes several wire strands laced together to form a single wire. Generally, both the terms “wire” and “rope” are used interchangeably with “wire rope”; however, according to the technical definition, to be labeled a wire rope, the cable must have a thickness of at least 9.52 mm. As a versatile, high load capacity alternative to natural fiber ropes such as hemp and manila, wire rope provides motion transmission through nearly all angles, tie down, counterbalance, guidance, control, or lift.

Modern wire rope was invented by Wilhelm Albert, a German mining engineer, between 1831 and 1834. He developed them in order for work in the mines in the Harz Mountains. This rope replaced weaker natural fiber ropes, like hemp rope and manila rope, and weaker metal ropes, like chain rope.

Albert’s rope was constructed of four three-stranded wires. In 1840, a Scot named Robert Stirling Newall improved upon this model. A year later in the United States, American manufacturer John A. Roebling started producing wire rope, aimed at his vision of suspension bridges. From there, other interested Americans, such as Erskine Hazard and Josiah White, used wire rope in railroad and coal mining applications. They also applied their wire rope techniques to provide lift ropes for something called the Ashley Planes project, which allowed for better transportation and increased tourism in the area.

Approximately twenty-five years later, back in Germany in 1874, the engineering firm Adolf Bleichert & Co. was founded. They used wire rope to build bicable aerial tramways for mining the Ruhr Valley. Years later they built tramways for both the Wehrmacht and the German Imperial Army. Their wire rope systems spread all across Europe, and then migrated to the USA, concentrating at Trenton Iron Works in New Jersey.

Over the years, engineers and manufacturers have created materials of all kinds to make wire rope stronger. Such materials include stainless steel, plow steel, bright wire, galvanized steel, wire rope steel, electric wire, and more. Today, wire rope is a staple in most heavy industrial processes. Wherever heavy duty lifting is required, wire rope is there to facilitate.

Wire rope is strong, durable, and versatile. Even the heaviest industrial loads may be lifted with a well-made wire rope because the weight is distributed evenly among constituent strands.

There are three basic elements of which wire ropes are composed: wire filaments, strands, and cores. Manufacturers make wire rope by taking the filaments, twisting or braiding them together into strands, and then helically winding them around a core. Because of this multiple strand configuration, wire rope is also often referred to as stranded wire.

The first component, the filaments, are cold drawn rods of metal materials of varying, but relatively small diameter. The second component, the strands, can individually consist of as few as two or as many as several dozen filaments. The last component, the core, is the central element around which strands are wrapped; wire rope cores maintain a considerable amount of flexibility, while increasing strength by at least 7.5% over the strength of fiber core wire ropes.

The helical winding of the strands around the core is known as the lay. Ropes may be right hand lay, twisting strands clockwise, or they may be left hand lay, twisting strands counter-clockwise. In an ordinary lay, the individual strands are twisted in the opposite direction of the lay of the entire rope of strands to increase tension and to prevent the rope from coming unwound. Though this is most common Lang"s lay has both the strands and the rope twisted in the same direction while alternate lays, as the name suggests alternate between ordinary and Lang style lays. While alternative rope designs are available, the helical core design is often favored, as it allows a wire cable to hold a lot of weight while remaining ductile.

There are many design aspects that wire rope manufacturers consider when they are creating custom wire rope assemblies. These include: strand gauge (varies based on application strength, flexibility, and wear resistance requirements), wire rope fittings (for connecting other cables), lay, splices, and special coatings. Specially treated steel cable and plastic coated cables, for instance, are common to many application specific variations of wire rope such as push pull cable assemblies used in transferring motion between two points.

Suppliers typically identify wire cable by listing both the number of strands and the amount of wires per strand respectively, though stranded cable may alternatively be measured by their lay and length or pitch. For example, a door-retaining lanyard wire rope is identified by its 7 x 7 construction, and wire rope used for guying purposes is identified by its 1 x 19 construction. The most common types are 6 x 19, 6 x 25, 19 x 7, 7 x 7, 7 x 19, 6 x 26, and 6 x 36.

An ungalvanized steel wire rope variety. This uncoated wire rope can also be designed to resist spinning or rotating while holding a load; this is known as rotation resistant bright wire rope.

Also called a coiled wire rope, a coiled cable is a rope made from bundles of small metal wires, which are then twisted into a coil. Wire rope and cable can come in a huge variety of forms, but coiled cables specifically provide the benefits of easy storage and tidiness. Unlike other wire ropes, coiled cables do not require a spool for storage. Because it has been coiled, the cable will automatically retract into its spring-like shape when it is not in use, making it incredibly easy to handle.

A type of high strength rope, made of several individual filaments. These filaments are twisted into strands and helically wrapped around a core. One of the most common types of wire rope cable is steel cable.

Wire rope made not as one solid piece, but as a piece made up of a series of metal links. Wire rope chain is flexible and strong, but it is more prone to mechanical failure than wire rope.

Push pull cables and controls are a particular type of control cable designed for the positive and precise transmission of mechanical motion within a given system. Unlike their counterpart pull-pull cables, these wire rope assemblies offer multidirectional control. Additionally, their flexibility allows for easy routing, making them popular in a number of industrial and commercial applications.

Iron and steel are the two most common materials used in producing wire ropes. A steel wire is normally made from non-alloy carbon steel that offers a very high strength and can support extreme stretchable forces. For even more strength and durability, manufacturers can make stainless steel wire rope or galvanized steel wire rope. The latter two are good for applications like rigging and hoisting.

Technically, spiral ropes are curved or round strands with an assemblage of wires. This gathering of wires has at least one cord situated in the opposite direction of the wire in the outer layer of the rope. The most important trait of this rope is that all the wires included are round. The biggest benefit of this category of rope is that it does not allow the entrance of pollutants, water, or moisture.

Contain an assemblage of strands placed spirally around a core. Stranded rope steel wire patterns have different layers that cross each other to form an even stronger cable or rope. Stranded ropes contain one of three types of core: a fiber core, a wire strand core, or a wire rope core.

Provide an added level of security to a manufacturing production application. Wire rope slings are made from improved plow steel wire ropes that, apart from offering added security, also provide superior return loop slings. Plow steel wire ropes improve the life of a mechanism by shielding the rope at its connection points. The key objective of wire rope slings is to enhance the safety of an application while increasing its capacity and performance. Rope slings are also available in various sling termination options, such as hook type, chokers, and thimbles.

The eye in this rope sling is made using the Flemish Splice method. Just like a typical sling, a Permaloc rope sling improves safety and provides reverse strength meaning that the uprightness of the eye does not depend on the sleeves of the metal or alloy. Additionally, permaloc rope slings offer an abrasion resistance feature that makes them long lasting.

These slings have all the features that most other slings offer. However, compared to their counterparts, Permaloc bridle slings provide better load control, wire rope resistant crushing, robust hooks and links that work for a longer duration, and help save on maintenance requirements.

Manufacturers produce wire rope for many different reasons; from cranes to playground swings, wire ropes have something for everyone. Among the many applications of wire rope are hoisting, hauling, tie down, cargo control, baling, rigging, anchoring, mooring, and towing. They can also serve as fencing, guardrails, and cable railing, among other products.

Some of the industries that make use of wire rope include industrial manufacturing, construction, marine, gas and oil, mining, healthcare, consumer goods, and transportation. Others include the fitness industry, which uses plastic coated cable products in weight machines, the theater industry, which uses black powder coated cables for stage rigging, the recreation industry, which uses plastic coated cables for outdoor playground equipment, and the electronics industry, which uses miniature wire rope for many types of electronic equipment and communications devices.

Wire ropes are typically made from cold drawn steel wire, stainless steel wire, or galvanized wire. They may also be made from a wide variety of less popular metals, including aluminum, nickel alloy, bronze, copper, and titanium. However, nearly all wire ropes, including control cables, are made from strands of cold drawn carbon steel wires. Stainless steel rope and cables are subbed in for highly corrosive environments. Galvanized cables and galvanized wire rope are popular for their increased strength and durability; these qualities are important to specialized ropes like galvanized aircraft cable.

A core may be composed of metal, fiber or impregnated fiber materials depending on the intended application. Cores may also be another strand of wire called an independent wire rope core (IWRC).

Wire rope, depending on its application, is subject to many standard requirements. Among the most common of these are the standards detailed by OSHA, ASTM International, and ISO. Per your application and industry, you’ll likely have others you need to consider. To get a full list, talk to your service provider.

To determine the safety factor, which is a margin of security against risks, the first step involves knowing the type of load that the rope will be subjected to. The load must consider the shock loads and blowing wind effects. The safety factor is characterized in ratios; typical are 4:1 and 5:1. If a ratio is 5:1, then the tensile strength of a wire rope must be five times of the load it will be subjected to. In some applications, the ratios can go up to 10:1.

By weighing all these factors carefully, the wire rope that you will buy will be safe to use and last considerably. For the best advice and guidance, though, don’t go it alone! Find a great wire rope supplier that you can trust. You’ll know you’ve found the right supplier for you when you talk to one that can not only fulfill your requirements, but shows that they are excited to go the extra mile for you. For a company like this, browse the list near the top of the page.

As the cables play an integral role in the safety of many operations and structures, careful analysis of a wire rope and all of its capabilities and features is vital. Important qualities and physical specifications you must consider include wire rope diameter, breaking strength, resistance to corrosion, difficulty of flattening or crushing, bendability, and average lifespan.

Each of the aforementioned considerations should be compatible with the specific application for which the rope is intended as well as the environment in which such operations are undertaken. Temperature and corrosive environments often require specially coated wire ropes with increased durability.

When you use your industrial wire rope, the first thing to remember is to not exceed your rope’s rated load and breaking strength. If you do not stay within these parameters, you risk causing your rope to weaken or even break.

Rust, kinks, fraying and even carefully performed splicing will all have an impact on the performance of wire ropes. To maintain the integrity of your wire rope assembly, you need to inspect them regularly and clean and lubricate them as needed. In addition, you need to store them out of the wet and cold as much as possible. Also wrap them up properly, so they are not kinked.

A high-carbon steel having a tensile strength of approximately 260,000 psi that is roughly fifteen percent stronger than Plow Steel. Most commercial wires are made from IPS.

A low carbon steel wire of approximately 10,000 psi, which is pliable and capable of repeated stresses from bending around small sheaves. This grade is effective for tillers, guys and sash ropes.

The manner in which the wires are helically wound to form rope. Lay refers specifically to the direction of the helical path of the strands in a wire rope; for example, if the helix of the strands are like the threads of a right-hand screw, the lay is known as a right lay, or right-hand, but if the strands go to the left, it is a left lay, or left-hand.

A classification of wire rope according to its breaking strength. The rank of grades according to increasing breaking strengths is as follows: Iron, Traction, Mild Plow Steel, Plow Steel, Improved Steel, Extra Improved Steel.

The act of fastening a termination to a wire rope through physical deformation of the termination about the rope via a hydraulic press or hammering. The strength is one hundred percent of the wire rope rating.

A grade of rope material that has a tensile strength range of 180,000 to 190,000 psi. Traction steel has great resistance to bending fatigue with a minimum of abrasive force on sheaves and drums, which contributes to its long use in elevators, from which the steel gets its name.

It is composed of wire strands that are braided together. Wire braid is similar to stranded wire. The difference between the two is the fact that stranded wire features strands that are bundled together, rather than braided.

Essential parts of cable assemblies, wire rope assemblies and wire rope slings that assist spliced or swaged rope ends in connecting to other cables and keeping cables and rope from unraveling.

A wire rope cable assembly is a metallic rope consisting of bundles of twisted, spiraled, or bonded wires. While the terms wire rope and cable are often used interchangeably, cables are typically designated as smaller diameter wire ropes, specifically wire ropes with a diameter less than 3/8 inch. Therefore, wire rope cable assemblies are typically utilized for lighter duty applications.

Or cable assemblies, are cables which are composed of many spiraled bundles of wire. These cables are used to support hanging objects, connect objects, pull or lift objects, secure items, and much more.

Wire rope wholesalers can sell an extensive range of wire rope and wire rope accessories at a very affordable rate as well as in bulk. Many of the additional wire rope equipment that wire rope wholesalers provide include: swivel eye pulleys, eye nuts, eye bolts, slip hooks, spring hooks, heavy duty clips, clevis hooks, turnbuckle hooks, anchor shackle pins, s hooks, rigging blocks, and much more. Wire rope fittings will generally improve the versatility of the wire and also prevent fraying.

PersonalWe are on hand to personally guide you through the entire process, we translate the jargon, we recommend what’s best, and we are always here in person. No nonsense, just straight talking people who always exceed expectations through our extensive wire rope knowledge and superior service.

Structural wire rope cables have played a major role in the engineering and architecture of many large structures and are widely used on projects involving bridges, vessels, stadiums and glass facade/membrane buildings to name a few. Using steel cables in the design of such projects has proved more cost effective than solely using raw materials such as Iron or concrete and is now very much the preferred choice within the construction and engineering sector.

The starting point for FATZER products is high-tensile steel wire. Fabricated into steel wire ropes, it enables architects, engineers and contractors to create technically sophisticated rope architecture.

FATZER manufacture a wide range of rope diameters, suitable for use on the most complex of projects. The performance parameters of all products are monitored and confirmed by independent test bodies.

It goes without saying that steel wire ropes must meet the highest safety requirements. What sets them apart though, is the way they provide freedom for aesthetically creative design. It is the elegant HYEND series of end connections, in particular, which turns these technical products into true “design objects”.

Spiral strand and fully locked coil ropes are manufactured in Switzerland in FATZER"s own factory. This covers the whole process including stranding, pre-stretching, marking and in some cases socketing. Handling customised product solutions is a challenge we tackle on a daily basis. In all cases rope assemblies arrive on site ready for installation.

All materials are fully certified and has full traceability in line with our ISO9001 procedures. The most common constructions of wire rope used for structural purposes are: Spiral strand ropes and fully locked coil rope (EN 1993-1-11:2006). All ropes are available with HYEND fittings to guarantee the best quality and safety standard (EN 13411-4).

Based on 135 years of experience CERTEX Danmark A/S is your reliable partner and supplier of steel wire rope, lifting applications and related services. We are experts in both standard and customized products and solutions and we offer everything from service and inspection to installation and testing. We look forward to solving your next lifting challenge!

The 6 x 19 classification of wire ropes includes standard 6 strand, round strand ropes with 16 through 26 wires per strand. The 6 x 36 classification of wire ropes includes standard 6 strand, round strand ropes with 27 through 49 wires per strand. Although their operating characteristics vary, all have the same weight per foot and the same nominal strength, size for size.

While the 6 x 19 ropes give primary emphasis to abrasion resistance in varying degrees, the 6 x 36 ropes are important for their fatigue resistance. This fatigue resistance is made possible by the greater number of small wires per strand.

Although there are exceptions for special applications, the constructions in 6 x 36 classification are primarily designed to be the most efficient for each rope diameter. As the rope size increases, for instance, a large number of wires can be used to achieve required fatigue resistance, and still those wires will be large enough to offer adequate resistance to abrasion.

In this construction, each strand has nine outer wires over nine smaller inner wires over one large center wire. A comparison of cross-sections shows that these outside wires are larger than those of the 6 x 25FW or 6 x 26WS. Therefore, its resistance to abrasion is increased, but its fatigue resistance is decreased. This is a good rope to withstand abrasion or crushing on the drum.

To most wire rope users, 6 x 19 means 6 x 25 filler wire. It is the most common rope in the 6 x 19 classification. This rope has a good balance between both abrasion resistance and fatigue resistance in relation to other ropes.

This construction has better resistance to abrasion than a 6 x 25FW. It also features a compact construction with solid support for the wires; hence, it has a high resistance to crushing. Its number and relative size of the inner wires add to the stability of the strand and gives it a fatigue resistance comparable to a 6 x 25FW.

A standard 6 x 26WS construction provides the best rope for a wide range of applications. In general, we recommend the use of a 6 x 26WS in any application where a 6 x 25FW is used.

In most rope sizes, only one 6 x 36 classification rope is made. These constructions were selected to provide fatigue resistance without having wires that are too small.

The greater number of wires in the 6 x 36 classification makes these ropes more susceptible to crushing. This can be minimized, however, by specifying an Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) and by using well-designed sheaves, grooved drums and proper operating techniques.

Rotation-resistant ropes can frequently provide the best and most economical service in specific applications when you choose, handle and use them properly.

Contra-helically laid, rotation-resistant ropes are different from standard ropes because they"re designed to reduce rope torque. Modes of failure and wear for rotation-resistant ropes can differ from those for standard rope constructions. The very nature of these ropes requires special handling, selection and usage not encountered with standard constructions. They are susceptible to kinking, crushing and unbalancing in the form of "core pops" and "birdcages" Use extreme care to avoid operational practices that can possibly lead to these conditions.

Rotation-resistant ropes should not be used with swivels that allow rope rotation -- or in single part lifts where the load can rotate. Rotation will cause a reduction in strength, unequal loading in the rope and possible rope unbalance. If any significant change in diameter is found in a short length of a rotation-resistant rope, the rope needs to be replaced.

These ropes should be replaced when you see two randomly distributed crown wire breaks in six rope diameters -- or four randomly distributed crown wire breaks in 30 rope diameters.

Because rotation-resistant ropes are special, there are separate design, maintenance, inspection and removal criteria established for them by applicable industry regulations and standards.

In an application where a single-part hoist rope is used to lift a free load -- or where rotation-resistant properties are essential for rope performance -- the 19 x 7 can be used. Its rotation-resistant characteristic is achieved by laying six strands around a core strand in one direction, then laying 12 strands around the first operation in the opposite direction. Thus, when the rope is in tension, opposing rotational forces are created between the inner and outer layers.

In addition, frequent and regular inspection for broken wires is critical when using this rope. Due to its design, the 19 x 7 construction has a relatively low reserve strength. This can result in short service life between the point in time when the broken wire removal criteria are met and when actual rope failure occurs.

In a multi-part wire rope system where the blocks have a tendency to twist -- or for a single-part hoist line that doesn"t require the degree of rotation-resistant properties found in a 19 x 7 rope -- the 8 x 25 Resistwist rope has found successful application. The rotation-resistant characteristic is achieved by laying the eight outer strands around an independent wire rope core so these strands are in the opposite direction to the lay of the core. Thus, when the rope is in tension, opposing rotational forces are created between the core and the outer strands.

Though not as rotation-resistant, the 8 x 25 Rotation Resistant rope is more stable than a 19 x 7 rope. It also has increased resistance to bending fatigue and crushing. This is achieved through the use of eight-strand construction with an independent wire rope core.

Like any application where an installation"s rope type is changed, the 8 x 25 Rotation Resistant rope should be substituted only after carefully comparing specifications and strength requirements.

Function of Head Sheaves device : the Head Sheaves device is used for floor type multi rope friction hoist. Each hoist is installed on the derrick with two groups to change the direction of steel wire rope and adjust the center distance of lifting container according to the requirements of lifting system. It is one of the main bearing parts of the hoist.

Each set is composed of several separate wheels, one of which is connected with the shaft with a flat key, which is called the fixed wheel. When the steel wire rope moves, the fixed wheel drives the fixed wheel to rotate, and the fixed wheel drives the Head Sheaves device shaft to rotate together. The other wheels and the Head Sheaves shaft are swimming, which is called the traveling wheel. Four half bearing shells (copper tiles) are installed between each hub and shaft of the traveling wheel, and there is an axial clearance of 0.2-0.5mm between the four wheels, When the linear speed of each steel wire rope is not exactly the same, the relative rotation between the traveling wheel and the shaft can be free. The rim groove is padded to protect the steel wire rope,

Avoid the friction between the steel wire rope and the cast steel rim of the steel wheel, so as to improve the service life of the steel rope. The rim and hub are steel castings welded with spokes (channel steel). Generally, the wheel of the crown wheel device is integral. The wheel body of the crown wheel device of large elevator can be made into a two-piece split structure, which is called split crown wheel. Both ends are supported on the cast steel bearing seat with spherical centripetal roller bearings.

Function of Deflection Sheaves: the Deflection Sheaves is used for tower multi rope friction hoist. Each hoist is installed on the lower layer of the machine room. Its main function is to adjust the distance between containers according to the requirements of the lifting system, and increase the wrapping angle of steel wire rope on the friction wheel. When the diameter of the friction wheel is larger than the distance between two lifting containers or between the lifting container and the counterweight, in order to move the steel wire ropes on both sides of the friction wheel closer to each other to meet the requirements of the center distance between the two lifting containers, guide wheels need to be installed.

The structure of the Deflection Sheaves is basically the same as that of the head Sheaves device. It is mainly composed of shaft, fixed wheel, traveling wheel, bearing bush, rolling bearing, gasket, bearing seat, bearing beam and other parts. One wheel (fixed wheel) is connected with the shaft with a flat key. When the steel wire rope moves, the fixed wheel drives the fixed wheel to rotate, and the fixed wheel drives the head sheave wheel shaft to rotate together. The other wheels and the shaft of the deflection sheave are sliding, and the wheel hub is embedded with a wear-resistant copper sleeve, The inner diameter of the sleeve is in dynamic fit with the shaft and has relative free rotation with the shaft. It is called traveling wheel. The fixed wheel and traveling wheel are of integral structure and are welded by hub, rim and channel steel spokes. Between the hub and shaft of the traveling wheel, there are four half bearing shells, generally copper tiles. In order to ensure the flexible operation of the wheels, there is an axial clearance of 0.2-0.5mm between the wheels to ensure that the wheels do not interfere with each other when they rotate. When the linear speed of each steel wire rope is not exactly the same, the relative rotation between the traveling wheel and the shaft can be free. The rim groove is equipped with a liner to prevent the friction between the steel wire rope and the rim, so as to prolong the service life of the steel wire rope. Both ends of the shaft adopt spherical centripetal roller bearings.

CIC’s Head Sheaves and Deflection Sheaves come in many sizes to suit whatever size rope you may be using, from 1600mm to 6500mm in diameter. And even if these sizes don’t match your needs, you can have something made to a larger size. Our sheaves are made to withstand a load equal to the breaking strength of the rope, which ensures safe use. In order to best match the conditions of different mine shafts, there are multiple options for the sheaves’ lining. You can order replaceable split wedge-type UHMW liners, or an unlined sheave. If installing in a tight space, sheaves can be designed with split type or segmented construction.

By their nature, wire rope isolators are self-snubbing, fail-safe, and captive to the ultimate limits of the metals. They are insensitive to temperature from cryogenic up to near anneal. They resist most industrial and natural environments. The VMC Group’s manufacturing process is set up to create special winding configurations to customize spring rate and deflection.

The tables referenced are not a substitute for proper analysis of system requirements. The key elements to performing a meaningful selection and analysis are:Payload weight, geometry, center of gravity, isolator location

Quite often, we size the isolation system to do the best job within reasonable size constraints. Any theoretical isolator selection must be reconsidered in light of real-world limitations on equipment sway space and the isolator’s physical size and stability. Some very simple equations are used in selecting wire rope isolators. When considering shock, we use an energy method. We reduce a shock pulse to an equivalent velocity step. For a few typical shock inputs, the velocity steps are as follows:

With the spring rate (K) and dynamic displacement (Dd) established, we can now select an isolator. However, designers should take caution: The spring rates published are average. The placement of the static load on the load-deflection curve modifies the spring rate, available dynamic deflection capability, and cross-axes stability. The load-deflection curves for the principal and cross axes should be requested and considered when making any selection. VMC Group’s modeling software takes both the full third-order curve and damping into account.

Particularly with wire rope isolators, a robust system should be designed such that variances in the effective natural frequency due to dynamic damping do not significantly alter performance in the desired band.

VMC Group pioneered the wire rope isolator more than fifty years ago. Steel wire rope is strong, flexible, and fatigue-resistant because it is made up of many individual strands of high-tensile strength drawn wire. When bent or buckled, it is as much an elastic element as any tempered coil spring or elastomeric mount. Due to frictional forces between the individual strands, wire rope can provide a significant level of dynamic damping — typically 15% to 20% of critical damping. This level of damping makes wire rope isolators attractive for applications that involve sweeps through resonance and transients such as shock.

To create a shock and vibration isolator from wire rope, VMC Group creates buckling elements either in the form of helical loops (Helical Series isolators), or individual arcs (Arch and Circular Arch Series). Like any buckling element, a third-order force-deflection curve results. This can also be called a “softening curve.” Graphically, the curve starts from zero and is nearly linear. As load and deflection increase, the curve eventually begins to flatten. At some further point along the load-deflection curve, it becomes steeper, creating an inherent snubbing effect.

Shock is attenuated by spreading the input energy over time and distance. The flattened section of the curve is excellent for this. The load-deflection curve of a wire rope is very long given the isolator’s physical size. The isolator is a hollow, slender device capable of collapsing in on itself. For its size, it can deflect far more than elastomer and more than a coil spring. This is not to say that wire rope isolators are strictly shock attenuators and not vibration isolators. As an elastic element in a spring-mass system, it will exhibit a natural frequency and thereby form a low-pass filter for vibration energy in the same manner as any coil spring or elastomeric isolator. VMC Group does not list load ratings for individual wire rope isolators and we publish two different average spring rates. We have average static load-deflection curves available in both hard copy and electronic form for the principal isolator directions. They are always available on request. We have also chosen not to include load-deflection curves for wire rope isolators and encourage you to obtain assistance from VMC Group’s Engineering Services Division at 1-800- 569-8423. In almost all cases, application assistance, including analysis and modeling, is performed free of charge and without obligation to the customer.

To determine how much load can be placed on a wire rope isolator, we must first ask what the customer intends to do with the isolator. If small amplitude vibration is the input, we can place the static load along much of the lower two- thirds of a typical load-deflection curve. The effective static spring rate is the tangent of the curve at that load point. If large amplitudes, particularly deep shocks, are to be the input, we place the static load down in the linear first third of the curve. This allows the load to ride high up onto the curve in response to the shock. In this case, the effective average spring rate is a global straight-line, end-to-end slope of the curve over the excursion. To provide average values in the catalog for design purposes, we take the vibration spring rate as the tangent slope near zero and the shock spring rate as the overall end-to-end straight-line slope over the curve. VMC Group’s modeling software takes the entire third-order curve into account. The non-linear nature of the response curve and the presence of input-dependent damping are good reasons to work with our engineering department when selecting an isolator.

Another reason to consult with VMC Group before selecting your wire rope isolators is the interrelationship between the axes of the isolator. Wire rope isolators are elastic elements in all directions simultaneously. This makes them suited for all-attitude and mobile applications and applications that involve complex, off-axis inputs. The physics of the isolator is such that most inputs produce a response with components in more than one direction.

We can manage this characteristic using properly engineered solutions that take all axes into account. It should be noted that use of the tension direction for primary shock attenuation is not recommended. This is due to the predominance of tensile loading within the cable that results in a stiffening curve.

As the world leader in wire rope technology, our custom plate assemblies, and custom-designed isolators have been used in various applications for over 50 years. Whether for avionics and aerospace equipment, electronics apparatus, engine gensets, auxiliary power supplies, or other sensitive equipment requiring isolation, our engineering group will work with you throughout the entire design process to provide the custom solution you require. Our modeling software has an excellent reputation in the industry for its accuracy and will ensure your project is designed correctly from the beginning. Our plate assemblies and custom isolators have been designed to support weights from just a few pounds to over 100,000 pounds and take the form of special length bars, differing diameter wire, and winds, custom rail systems, plate assemblies, trays, and skids. Our helical wire rope isolators have been qualified on numerous military projects requiring the following typical specifications for shock and vibration:

• Tensile Strengths are determined in accordance with Cordage Institute 1500.2. Test Methods for Fiber Rope. Minimum Tensile Strength (MTS) published assumes spliced eye tenninations at each end of the rope. Weights actually calculated at linear density under state preloaded (200d’J plus 4%. Diameter and circumference size published is nominal and reflects rope size after loading (10 cycles) to 50% ofMTS. See reverse side for application and safety information .

Plasma® 12 strand is the highest strength synthetic rope available. Plasma® 12 strand is manufactured from High Modulus Polyethylene (HMPE) that has been enhanced by Cortland’s patented recrystallization process. This process is especially effective in medium to large diameter ropes where strengths are over 50% higher and creep is significantly less than that of standard Spectra® 12 strand.

It is impossible to catalog or guarantee a safety factor suitable for all applications as operating conditions are never the same. The tension, diameter, movement, number of objects gripped, gripping surface, and the attachments used are just some of the factors which vary with each application. These factors, together with the effects of abrasion, corrosion, prior use or abuse and any other variables of a specific application, must be considered by the user and the grip replaced as appropriate. Where the conditions of the application are not well defined or known, or where risk of injury to persons or property is involved, a greater safety factor should be utilized.

Under normal conditions, Kellems’ recommended factor of safety is five for catalog listed pulling grips, and ten for catalog listed support grips. Any warranty as to quality, performance or fitness for use of grips is always premised on the condition that the published breaking strengths apply only to new, unused grips, and that such products are properly stored, handled, used, maintained and inspected by the user at a frequency appropriate for the use and condition of the grip.

It is very important to comply with all of the following precautions. Failure to do so may result in property damage, personal injury or death.Pulling grips are to be installed by a qualified individual in accordance with all applicable national and local safety, electrical and rigging codes.