wire rope information in stock

GUIZHOU WIRE ROPE CO., LTD is a China-based company principally engaged in the research, development, manufacture and sales of steel wires and steel ropes. The Company"s major products include steel wires, steel ropes and steel strand wires. The Company"s products are applied in energy, transportation, military, agriculture and forestry, marine, metallurgy, mining, drilling of petroleum and natural gas, mechanical, chemical, aerospace and other industrials. It distributes its products in domestic and overseas markets.

Shree Steel Wire Ropes Limited is an India-based company, which is engaged in the business of production of steel wire ropes and allied products. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing of wire rope, wire rope allied products and railway overhead equipment (OHE) products. The Company"s steel wire ropes are used in general engineering, shipping, fishing, mining, oil well exploration, construction, aerial application, and deep-sea exploration. The Company is a supplier to railways, port trusts, ONGC, Oil India, defense, steel plants, department of atomic energy, cold fields, and other projects. It produces various engineering components and parts from 50 grams to 10 kilograms per piece as per the customer’s drawings and specifications with international standards. It also produces non-ferrous castings, aluminum alloys, aluminum bronze, and brass. It company has production of approximately 1000 kilograms per day.

Wire rope is a complex mechanical device that has many moving parts all working in tandem to help support and move an object or load. In the lifting and rigging industries, wire rope is attached to a crane or hoist and fitted with swivels, shackles or hooks to attach to a load and move it in a controlled matter. It can also be used to lift and lower elevators, or as a means of support for suspension bridges or towers.

Wire rope is a preferred lifting device for many reasons. Its unique design consists of multiple steel wires that form individual strands laid in a helical pattern around a core. This structure provides strength, flexibility, and the ability to handle bending stresses. Different configurations of the material, wire, and strand structure will provide different benefits for the specific lifting application, including:Strength

However, selecting the proper wire rope for your lifting application requires some careful thought. Our goal is to help you understand the components of a wire rope, the construction of wire rope, and the different types of wire rope and what they might be used for. This will allow you to select the best performing and longest-lasting wire rope for the job at hand.

A wire rope is, in reality, a very complicated machine. A typical 6 x 25 rope has 150 wires in its outer strands, all of which move independently and together in a very complicated pattern around the core as the rope bends. Clearances between wires and strands are balanced when a rope is designed so that proper bearing clearances will exist to permit internal movement and adjustment of wires and strands when the rope has to bend. These clearances will vary as bending occurs, but are of the same range as the clearances found in automobile engine bearings.

Understanding and accepting the “machine idea” gives a rope user a greater respect for rope, and enables them to obtain better performance and longer useful life from rope applications. Anyone who uses a rope can use it more efficiently and effectively when they fully understand the machine concept.

Wires are the smallest component of wire rope and they make up the individual strands in the rope. Wires can be made from a variety of metal materials including steel, iron, stainless steel, monel, and bronze. The wires can be manufactured in a variety of grades that relate to the strength, resistance to wear, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and curve of the wire rope.

Strands of wire rope consist of two or more wires arranged and twisted in a specific arrangement. The individual strands are then laid in a helical pattern around the core of the rope.

The core of a wire rope runs through the center of the rope and supports the strands and helps to maintain their relative position under loading and bending stresses. Cores can be made from a number of different materials including natural or synthetic fibers and steel.

Lubrication is applied during the manufacturing process and penetrates all the way to the core. Wire rope lubrication has two primary benefits:Reduces friction as the individual wires and strands move over each other

The number of layers of wires, the number of wires per layer, and the size of the wires per layer all affect the strand pattern type. Wire rope can be constructed using one of the following patterns, or can be constructed using two or more of the patterns below.Single Layer – The most common example is a 7 wire strand with a single-wire center and six wires of the same diameter around it.

Filler Wire – Two layers of uniform-size wire around a center with the inner layer having half the number of wires as the outer layer. Small filler wires, equal to the number in the inner layer, are laid in valleys of the inner wire.

Seale – Two layers of wires around a center with the same number of wires in each layer. All wires in each layer are the same diameter. The large outer wires rest in the valleys between the smaller inner wires.

Warrington – Two layers of wires around a center with one diameter of wire in the inner layer, and two diameters of wire alternating large and small in the outer later. The larger outer-layer wires rest in the valleys, and the smaller ones on the crowns of the inner layer.

On a preformed wire rope, the strands and wires are formed during the manufacturing process to the helical shape that they will take in a finished wire rope.

Preformed rope can be advantageous in certain applications where it needs to spool more uniformly on a drum, needs greater flexibility, or requires more fatigue-resistance when bending.

Direction and type of lay refer to the way the wires are laid to form a strand (either right or left) and how the strands are laid around the core (regular lay, lang lay, or alternate lay).Regular Lay – The wires line up with the axis of the rope. The direction of the wire lay in the strand is opposite to the direction of the strand lay. Regular lay ropes are more resistant to crushing forces, are more naturally rotation-resistant, and also spool better in a drum than lang lay ropes.

Lang Lay– The wires form an angle with the axis of the rope. The wire lay and strand lay around the core in the same direction. Lang Lay ropes have a greater fatigue-resistance and are more resistant to abrasion.

A steel core can be an independent wire rope or an individual strand. Steel cores are best suited for applications where a fiber core may not provide adequate support, or in an operating environment where temperatures could exceed 180° F.

The classifications of wire rope provide the total number of strands, as well as a nominal or exact number of wires in each strand. These are general classifications and may or may not reflect the actual construction of the strands. However, all wire ropes of the same size and wire grade in each classification will have the SAME strength and weight ratings and usually the same pricing.

Besides the general classifications of wire rope, there are other types of wire rope that are special construction and designed for special lifting applications.

Some types of wire rope, especially lang lay wire rope, are more susceptible to rotation when under load. Rotation resistant wire rope is designed to resist twisting, spinning, or rotating and can be used in a single line or multi-part system.

Special care must be taken when handling, unreeling, and installing rotation resistant wire rope. Improper handling or spooling can introduce twist into the rope which can cause uncontrolled rotation.

Compacted strand wire rope is manufactured using strands that have been compacted, reducing the outer diameter of the entire strand, by means of passing through a die or rollers. This process occurs prior to closing of the rope.

This process flattens the surface of the outer wires in the strand, but also increases the density of the strand. This results in a smoother outer surface and increases the strength compared to comparable round wire rope (comparing same diameter and classification), while also helping to extend the surface life due to increased wear resistance.

A swaged wire rope differs from a compacted strand wire rope, in that a swaged wire rope’s diameter is compacted, or reduced, by a rotary swager machine after the wire rope has been closed. A swaged wire rope can be manufactured using round or compacted strands.

The advantages of a swaged wire rope are that they are more resistant to wear, have better crushing resistance, and high strength compared to a round strand wire rope of equal diameter and classification. However, a swaged wire rope may have less bending fatigue resistance.

A plastic coating can be applied to the exterior surface of a wire rope to provide protection against abrasion, wear, and other environmental factors that may cause corrosion. However, because you can’t see the individual strands and wires underneath the plastic coating, they can be difficult to inspect.

Plastic filled wire ropes are impregnated with a matrix of plastic where the internal spaces between the strands and wires are filled. Plastic filling helps to improve bending fatigue by reducing the wear internally and externally. Plastic filled wire ropes are used for demanding lifting applications.

This type of wire rope uses an Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC) that is either filled with plastic or coated in plastic to reduce internal wear and increase bending fatigue life.

Remember, wire rope is a complex piece of mechanical machinery. There are a number of different specifications and properties that can affect the performance and service life of wire rope. Consider the following when specifying the best type of wire rope for your lifting application:Strength

When you select a piece of rope that is resistant to one property, you will most likely have a trade-off that affects another property. For example, a fiber core rope will be more flexible, but may have less crushing resistance. A rope with larger diameter wires will be more abrasion resistant, but will offer less fatigue resistance.

At Mazzella Companies, we offer all different kinds of wire rope from all of the leading manufacturers. We sell the highest-quality domestic and non-domestic rigging products because product quality and operating safety go hand-in-hand. We have one of the largest and most complete inventories of both domestic and non-domestic rigging and lifting products to suit your lifting needs.

If you’re looking for a standard or custom specified wire rope for your lifting project, contact a Lifting Specialist at a Mazzella Companies location near you.

We stock well over 2,000,000 feet of wire rope in our various locations … ready for immediate delivery! We provide wire rope assemblies, and manufacture bridge cables, crane cables, steel mill cables, and thousands of OEM assemblies.

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In this full length handbook, learn the basics of wire rope including how to choose and measure wire rope. Additionally, you will understand the fundamental mechanics behind our most popular rope constructions and classifications. Finally, you will learn the proper way to care for and use your wire rope, including end treatments, inspection, and removal criteria.

Twisted hoist lines can bring a construction project to a sudden halt, resulting in downtime. But the good news is that you can minimize block rotation through proper installation, handling and corrective measures. In this reference document, you will better understand torque and gain tips on how to reduce block rotation.

Our galvanized strand products meet or exceed ASTM specifications A475 and ASTM A363. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn what the strands are tested for. Additionally, a chart detailing the physical properties of zinc-coated steel wire strand is included.

Our industry has its fair share of terminology and phrases. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will be provided a comprehensive glossary of all Wire Rope words. From “Abrasion” to “Warrington”, your questions are answered here.

How long will your rope last? While there is not a simple answer, there are several factors involved. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will the factors affecting the longevity of your ropes life. Additionally, information regarding the cleaning and lubrication of your ropes is included.

There is a correct methodology behind measuring of wire rope diameter. Learn this methodology in this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook). Also, the definition of design factor is available. And finally, detailed information regarding metric conversion and equivalents is included.

Yes, there is a RIGHT way to unreel, uncoil and store a wire rope. Learn the proper steps in this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook). Additionally, the three stages of kinking are vividly displayed.

Wires are the basic building blocks of a wire rope. And, a rope core will greatly impact the performance of your rope. Learn how the number of wire strands and construction determine a wire rope classification. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will become familiar with the standard rope classifications and special rope constructions.

The types of wire, lay and performing greatly affect wire rope performance and operation. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn the basic types of wire used in ropes, the common grades of wire rope and the meaning of “lay”.

In this Product Bulletin, you will learn about the new rope description format that WireCo WorldGroup will follow in all of our product descriptions. This format will adopt symbols and designations that are part of ISO, ASTM, and other industry standards and specifications.

Rotation-resistant ropes can frequently provide the best and most economical service in specific applications, when you choose, handle and use them properly. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn the difference between Category 1, Category 2 and Category 3 Rotation-Resistant Rope.

Previously known as “aircraft” cable, and now known as “utility cable, these small diameter specialty ropes are used in a variety of applications, including control cables, window and door closures, different kind of remote control systems and boat riggings. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn how Union specialty small ropes are engineered and fabricated, and the special lubrication and testing they require. Additionally, a minimum breaking force and weights for 7x7, and 7x19 utility cable is included.

Our industry has its fair share of abbreviations. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will be provided a comprehensive glossary of all Wire Rope words. From “PRF” (preformed) to “XIP®” (Extra improved plow steel), your questions are answered here.

Swaged ropes and “Double-Swaged” ropes provide excellent strength for some specific applications. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will find the definition of swaged and PowerFlex (aka double-swaged) ropes. Minimum breaking force and weights charts for 6x19, 6x36, PowerFlex, 3x19 and 3x36 ropes are included.

Our most popular Tech Report, this Wire Rope Inspection Tech Report explains why periodic inspection of wire ropes are necessary. Learn how to properly inspect wire rope, what tools are necessary for inspection, and how to use inspection forms. Additionally, you will learn how often you should inspect your wire rope, what your ‘critical’ points are, how to inspect your end attachments, how to make an internal rope examination, how to inspect sheaves, and how to evaluate drums. Finally, you will understand how to properly measure rope diameter and rope lay.

In applications where a specific length is critical, the constructional stretch can be minimized by prestretching the rope prior to installation, HOWEVER, learn why WireCo WorldGroup advises against prestretching Tuf-Kote/PFV rope. After reading this product bulletin, you will understand the rationale behind WireCo WorldGroup’s recommendation against prestretching Tuf-Kote/PFV Rope.

Engineering and producing wire rope slings for your application is a highly specialized field - with exacting standards that we gladly live by. In this marketing flier, learn the different Union Wire Rope Sling constructions. Additionally learn more about Union Spelter Sockets (both open and closed). There are capacity and diameter charts associated with each product.

In this Product Bulletin, learn the various definition of "US made wire rope" including references to the Buy American Act and the Buy America Requirement. Additionally, learn how Union wire rope meets these definitions.

Most ropes are shipped with the ends seized as they are prepared for cutting, however, in some cases, the rope requires special end preparations. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn the two chosen methods for seizing cut ends of your wire ropes. Illustrations and step-by-step instructions are included.

All wire ropes will wear out eventually and gradually lose work capability throughout their service life. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn why periodic inspections are critical. The purposes for inspection, guidelines around timing and choosing the right person to inspect are included. Additionally, illustrations regarding “what to look for” in a wire rope is available.

There is obvious evidence of wire rope wear and abuse, and specific criteria regarding removal of your wire rope. In this reference document (an excerpt from the Wire Rope Users Handbook), you will learn the various types of wear and abuse (illustrations included) and the exact removal criteria. A chart on when to replace your wire rope – based on number of broken wires is included.

In this product bulletin, learn why WireCo WorldGroup refers to XLT4 as a low-torque rope and not a rotation-resistant rope. Also included are the definitions of ASTM A1023 and ASME B30.5.

HSI is a leader in the wire rope manufacturing industry. Since 1930 when founder Ted Hanes began splicing wire rope for local contractors in Buffalo, we have been dedicated to constructing the highest quality wire rope available.

Wire rope is a durable piece of machinery consisting of several multi-wired strands wrapped around a central core. It is ideal for indoor and outdoor environments, as an incredibly strong and durable rope with resistance to environmental hazards like water, sunlight, heat, and chemicals.

Wire rope consists of a core around which a number of multi-wired strands are “laid” or helically bent. There are two types of cores for wire rope: fiber and wire cores. Fiber cores are made of synthetic fibers, while wire cores are either an Independent Wire Rope Core or a Strand Core. The core provides support and maintains the position of the outer strands during operation.

Any number of multi-wired strands can be laid around the core. The most common arrangement is six strands around the core, as this construction gives the best balance of positive attributes. In general, ropes constructed with more wires have increased flexibility, while ropes constructed with fewer wires have superior resistance to abrasion.

The size, grade, and construction of wire rope needed should be considered when choosing a rope for your application. To learn more about selecting the correct wire rope, wire rope design factors, and to see a comprehensive overview of wire rope, see our Wire Rope Information page.

If you have questions about which wire rope is best suited for your job, please call our product experts at 1-888-426-3755 and we will be happy to advise you on a solution.

HSI standard wire ropes come in a full range of sizes, grades, and constructions. The most common classifications for standard wire rope are 6x7, 6x19, and 6x37. They may be ordered in bright or galvanized finishes, IPS and EIPS grades, right or left lay, and regular lay or lang lay.

While all wire ropes are constructed of multi-wired strands wrapped around a core, cable laid wire ropes take this construction a step further, wrapping several wire ropes, each with their own core, around a central wire rope. This results in a rope constructed with very small wires in reference to its finished nominal dimension which will offer greatly improved flexibility and kinking resistance.

Compact wire rope consists of wire rope strands that have been compacted to reduce the diameter of the strand and increase its density. The resulting rope has superior strength and abrasion resistance compared to standard wire rope, as well increased lateral compression strength. Typical applications for compact wire rope include crane lines, as compact rope can more easily fit into a sheave; and logging applications.

Extra high strength and corrosion resistant galvanized guy strand cable is an extremely sturdy wire rope used to hold structures in place in the construction and transmission industries, as well as a safety barrier cable and guard rail strand. Typical applications include telephone poles and other positioning applications where a sturdy and non-flexible rope is needed.

Commercial grade galvanized aircraft cable is a general purpose wire rope that is used in many industries for its increased corrosion resistance and strength. The galvanized coating on this wire rope provides lubrication while adding a protective layer against abrasive environments. Contrary to its common name, aircraft control cable, commercial grade GAC cannot be used in aircraft control applications.

Rotation resistant wire ropes are constructed with outer strands twisted in the opposite direction of the inner strands, causing the layers to counteract each other’s twist. This prevents rotation of the load during applications where precise lifting or positioning is required. Rotation resistant ropes are available in a full range of sizes, grades and constructions. Swivels are not recommended for use with rotation resistant wire rope.

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New York, Aug. 12, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope Market Research Report by Type of Lay, Coating Type, Type of Core, Material Type, Application, Region - Global Forecast to 2027 - Cumulative Impact of COVID-19" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p06299509/?utm_source=GNW

The Global Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope Market size was estimated at USD 62.91 billion in 2021 and expected to reach USD 67.35 billion in 2022, and is projected to grow at a CAGR 7.32% to reach USD 96.14 billion by 2027.

This research report categorizes the Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope to forecast the revenues and analyze the trends in each of the following sub-markets:

Based on Region, the market was studied across Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, Middle East & Africa. The Americas is further studied across Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and United States. The United States is further studied across California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The Asia-Pacific is further studied across Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. The Europe, Middle East & Africa is further studied across France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates, and United Kingdom.

We continuously monitor and update reports on political and economic uncertainty due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Negative impacts are significantly foreseen globally, especially across Eastern Europe, European Union, Eastern & Central Asia, and the United States. This contention has severely affected lives and livelihoods and represents far-reaching disruptions in trade dynamics. The potential effects of ongoing war and uncertainty in Eastern Europe are expected to have an adverse impact on the world economy, with especially long-term harsh effects on Russia.This report uncovers the impact of demand & supply, pricing variants, strategic uptake of vendors, and recommendations for Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope market considering the current update on the conflict and its global response.

The FPNV Positioning Matrix evaluates and categorizes the vendors in the Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope Market based on Business Strategy (Business Growth, Industry Coverage, Financial Viability, and Channel Support) and Product Satisfaction (Value for Money, Ease of Use, Product Features, and Customer Support) that aids businesses in better decision making and understanding the competitive landscape.

The report profoundly explores the recent significant developments by the leading vendors and innovation profiles in the Global Steel Wire Rope & Plastic Rope Market, including Bekaert Sa, Bexco Nv Sa, Cortland Limited, English Braids Ltd., Gustav Wolf GmbH, Jiangsu Langshan Wire Rope Co., Ltd., Lanex A.S., Marlow Ropes, Samson Rope Technologies, Southern Ropes, Teufelberger Holding Ag, Tokyo Rope Mfg. Co., Ltd., Usha Martin, Wireco Worldgroup Inc., and Yale Cordage, Inc..

Alp’slong history providing, globally sourced, wire rope products gives us access to technical support from the engineering staffs of our manufacturing mills, who have an intimate understanding of the various international standards applicable to this market.

Did you know wire ropes were used as far back as the 1830s for mining hoist applications? Nowadays, we can use steel ropes for many different applications such as lifting and hoisting in elevators and cranes, and for mechanical power transmission. US Cargo Control’s wire rope slings are an excellent choice for heavy-duty jobs as their fabrication offers excellent abrasion resistance and heat resistance for extreme conditions.

Although these slings are beneficial for the lifting and rigging industry, there are a few specifications to know before purchasing them. Continue reading what is wire rope, what are important specifications to look for, and how it’s different from cable rope.

These slings carry different properties that can determine their performance. Wire rope is constructed where a strand consists of two or more wires arranged and twisted in a specific arrangement. The individual strands are then laid in a helical pattern around the core of the rope. Once the wires are formed, they all come together to create greater strength and flexibility.

These slings work well for lifting, hoisting, towing, or anchoring loads. They’re manufactured in a variety of configurations, with 6×19 and 6×36 being the most common. When you see 6×19 or 6×36 from our website, these numbers represent the number of wires making up the strand and the number of strands wrapped around the core.

For example, a 6×19 indicates that there are 19 wires making up a strand, and 6 strands wrapping around the core. To learn more about our 6×19 wire ropes, look into our bestselling 1/2″ Galvanized Wire Rope EIPS IWRC, 1/2″ Stainless Steel Wire Rope IWRC T304, and 1/2″ Bright Wire Rope EIPS FC.

The configurations will offer different benefits for certain applications. In general, a smaller number of large outer wires offers better wear and corrosion resistance, while a larger number of small wires provides a better level of flexibility and fatigue resistance. Continue reading to learn which wire rope fits your job.

There are different versions of wire rope slings, ranging from single leg to 4 legs, as well as braided wire rope and domestic wire rope slings (manufactured in the U.S. with Crosby® hardware). When looking at the types of slings we offer at US Cargo Control, be sure to consider how much versatility and capability you need.

For example, a braided wire rope has increased flexibility and friction to grip loads over a regular wire rope. Adding an additional leg to the sling can add additional versatility and strength.

This is the measurement of the rope’s diameter and can be displayed in inches or millimeters. These sizes commonly display different strand patterns where the number of layers, wires per layer, and size of the wires per layer all affect the strand pattern. Wire rope can be constructed using one of the following patterns below or using two or more patterns.

Warrington – this construction has two layers of wires around a center with one diamter of wire in the inner layer, and two diameteres of wire alternating large and small in the outer layer.

The type of lay refers to the way the wires are laid to form a strand. They’re how the strands are laid around the core which can be regular lay, long lay, or alternate lay.

The wires line up with the axis of the rope. This is where the wires are twisting in one direction, and the strands in the opposite direction create the rope. Regular lay is less likely to untwist and less likely to crush.

This is the opposite of regular lay where the wires form an angle with the axis of the rope. The wires and strands spiral in the same direction and run at a diagonal to the centerline of the rope. Lang lay is more flexible and resistant to abrasion than regular lay wire ropes. The only con is this type of lay will be more likely to twist and crush than the regular lay.

Sometimes known as reverse lay, this type of lay consists of alternating regular lay and long lay strands. This unites the best features of both types, and it’s using relatively large outer wires to provide an increase of abrasion resistance.

This refers to the protective coating that’s applied to the wire rope. There are three types of finishes which are galvanized (zinc-coated), stainless steel, and bright (unfinished steel).

The grade of the rope means the grade of steel being used. The plow steel strength calculates the strengths of most steel wire ropes. Some classifications include Improved Plow Steel (IPS), Extra Improved Plow Steel (EIPS), Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel (EEIPS), Galvanized Improved Plowed Steel (GIPS), and Drawn Galvanized Imrpoved Plow Steel (DGEIP).

EIPS is 15% stronger than IPS, and EEIPS is 10% stronger than EIPS. Along with that, GIPS and DGEIP wires can add corrosion resistance to your application, but DGEIP wires have a higher break load than GIPS.

The type of core is what makes up the center of the wire rope. There are three types of core: Fiber Core (FC), Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC), and Wire Strand Core (WSC).

A steel core can either be an independent wire rope or individual strand. The steel cores can provide adequate support, or in an operating environment where temperatures can exceed very high heat.

Wire and cable ropes are terms that are often interchangeable but do have one varying difference. Wire rope refers to the diameters that are larger than 3/8 inch. Sizes smaller than this are classified as cable rope or even cords. Regardless of the size difference, cable and wire rope are still classified as a “machine.” Even a group of strands laid around a core would still be called a cable or wire rope.