chapter 4 power tools and equipment pricelist

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Air Compressor List the most commonly used power tools and An air compressor is the source of compressed air equipment. for an automotive service facility. Look at Figure 4-1. An Describe the uses for power tools and equipment. air compressor normally has an electric motor that spins Explain the advantages of one type of tool over an air pump. The air pump forces air into a large, metal another. storage tank. The air compressor turns on and off auto- Explain safety rules that pertain to power tools matically to maintain a preset pressure in the system. Metal air lines feed out from the tank to several locations and equipment. in the shop. Technicians can then connect their flexible Correctly answer ASE certification test questions air hoses to the metal lines. that require a knowledge of power tools and equipment. Warning! Shop air pressure usually ranges from 100- 150 psi (689-1034 kPa). This is enough pres- To be a productive technician in today"s automotive sure to kill or severely injure a person. Respectservice facility, you must know when and how to use shop air pressure!power tools and equipment. Power tools are tools drivenby compressed air, electricity, or pressurized liquid. They Air Hosesmake many repair operations easier and quicker. Largeshop tools, such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and Flexible, high-pressure air hoses are connected to thesteam cleaners, are called shop equipment. metal lines from the air compressor. These hoses allow This chapter discusses properly selecting and using the technician to take a source of air pressure to thecommon power tools and shop equipment. They can be vehicle being repaired. Quick-disconnect couplings arevery dangerous if misused. Always follow the operating used to connect air hoses and air tools to the compressedinstructions for the particular tool or piece of equipment air system without using a wrench. To join or separate abefore use. If in doubt, ask your instructor for a demon-" quick-disconnect coupling, pull back on the coupling"sstration. Specialized power tools and equipment are cov- outer sleeve with finger pressure. With the sleeve pulledered in later chapters. Refer to the index to find more back, you can push the coupling together or pull it apart.information 011 them as needed.

Other ComponentsCompressed-Air System A pressure regulator is used to set a specific pres- The components of a compressed-air system include sure in the compressed-air system. This pressure is oftenan air compressor, air lines, air hoses, and air tools. In called shop pressure. In most cases, shop pressure isaddition, a pressure regulator, filter, and lubricator may between 100 and 150 pounds per square inch (psi). Abe attached to the system. Air tools are driven by the filter may be connected to the system. The filter removescompressed-air system. Air-powered tools can be found water from the compressed air. This increases the life ofin nearly every service facility. air tools. In addition, a lubricator may also be connected

Air Tools Air tools use the energy of compressed air for opera-tion. They are also called pneumatic tools. Air tools arelabor-saving devices and well worth" their cost. Alwayslubricate an air tool before and after use. While pressingthe air tool"s trigger, squirt a few drops of air tool oil intothe tool"s air inlet fitting. Not only will the oil protect theinternal parts of the tool during use, but it will also pre-vent the internal parts from rusting during storage. A

Air Wrenches Air wrenches, or impact wrenches, provide a veryfast means of installing or removing threaded fasteners.Look at Figure 4-2A. An impact wrench uses com~pressed air to rotate a driving head. The driving headholds a special impact socket. B Impact wrenches come in 3/8//, 1/2"/, and 3/4/1 drivesizes. A 3/8/1 drive impact is ideal for small fasteners, Figure 4-2. A-1/2" drive impact wrench. B-3/8" drive airsuch as 1/4//-9/16/1 bolts. A 1/2/1 drive is for general pur- ratchet. (Snap-on Tool Corp.)pose use with medium to large fasteners, such as 1/2//- r/bolts. The 3/4// drive impact is for extremely large fas-teners. It is not commonly used in automotive service. A Caution!button or switch on the impact wrench controls the direc- Until you become familiar with the operation oftion of rotation. In one position, the impact wrench an air wrench, be careful not to overtightentightens the fastener. With the switch in the other posi- bolts and nuts or leave them too loose. It is easytion, the wrench loosens the fastener. to strip or break fasteners with an air tool. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 49

Air Ratchet hammering attachments are available. Be sure to select the correct one for the job. An air ratchet is a special impact wrench designedfor working in limited space. Look at Figure 4-2B. For Warning! Never turn an air hammer on unless the toolinstance, an air ratchet is commonly used when removingwater pumps. It will fit between the radiator and engine head is pressed tightly against the workpiece.easily. It works in much the same way as a hand-tool Otherwise, the tool head can fly out of theratchet. An air ratchet normally has a 3/811 drive. hammer with great force, as if shot from a gun!However, it does not have very much turning power.Final tightening and initial loosening must be done with Blowgunhand tools. An air-powered blowgun is commonly used to dry and clean parts washed in solvent. It is also used to blowImpact Sockets and Extensions dust and loose dirt from parts before or during dis- Special impact sockets and impact extensions must assembly. See Figure 4-4A.be used with air wrenches. These are case hardened, When using a blowgun, wear eye protection. Directthicker, and much stronger than conventional sockets and the blast of air away from yourself and others. Do notextensions. A conventional socket can be ruined or blow brake and clutch pmts clean. The dust from thesebroken by the hammering blows of an impact wrench. parts may contain asbestos. Asbestos is a cancer-causingImpact sockets and extensions are easily identified substance. Another type of blowgun is a solvent gun,because they are flat black, not chrome. Figure 4-4B. It can be used to wash parts that will not fit into a cleaning tank.A.~ Caution! Know when and when not to use power tools. In most situations, power tools will speed up your wo~k. However, there are many times when they should not be used. For example, never use an impact wrench in place of a torque wrench. An impact wrench will not torque crit- ical fasteners to their correct specification. Problems and comebacks will result.

Air Drill An air drill is excellent for many repairs because ofits power output and speed adjustment capabilities. Itspower and rotating speed can be set to match the job athand. Look at Figure 4-5. With the right attachments, airdrills can drill holes, grind, polish, and clean parts. A rotary brush is used in an air or electric drill forrapid cleaning of parts, Figure 4-6. It can quickly removeold gasket material, carbon deposits, and rust with a min-imum amount of effort. An abrasive pad is another type of cleaning tool thatcan be used in an air or electric drill. It is used for Figure 4-7. This die grinder is equipped with a high-speedremoving old gasket material. It has the advantage of not stone. This tool is used for removing burrs and for otherscratching aluminum like a rotary brush can. smoothing operations. Here, the technician is making minor repairs to a damaged cylinder head combustion chamber. A rotary file, or stone, can be used in an air drill,electric drill, or air (die) grinder, Figure 4-7. It is handyfor removing metal burrs and nicks. Make sure the stoneis not turned too fast by the air tool. Normally, the max- Electric Toolsimum speed is printed on the file or stone container. There are many electric tools that can be useful to a Warning! technician. Some of these tools, such as a drill press or Use a high-speed rotary brush in an air drill. A grinder, may be fixed to the floor or a bench. Other tools, brush designed for an electric drill may fly such as a drill, are portable and can be taken to the job site. apart. To be safe, always adjust an air drill to the slowest acceptable speed when using a - Bench Grinder rotary brush. Also, always wear eye protection. A bench grinder can be used for grinding, cleaning, or polishing operations, Figure 4·8. A bench grinder usually has two wheels-a grinding wheel and a wire wheel. The hard, abrasive grinding wheel is used for sharpening and deburring. The soft wire wheel is used for cleaning and polishing. A few bench grinder rules to follow are: • Always wear eye protection and keep your hands away from the wheel. • Make sure the grinder shields are in place.

Drills Drills are used to create holes in metal and plasticFigure 4·6. A rotary brush is commonly used in a drill for parts. Some drills are portable; others are mounted on acleaning off carbon deposits or old gaskets. Always wear eye workbench or the floor. Drills use different-size bits toprotection. create the size of hole needed. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 51

Figure 4-10. A key is used to tighten a bit in the chuck.Figure 4-8. The grinding wheelan a bench grinder is used tosharpen tools. The wire wheel can be used to clean and polishsmall parts. Always keep shields, tool rests, and guards in place.

Transmission JackHydraulic Tools Transmission jacks are designed to hold transmis- Hydraulic fools are powered by pressurized liquid. sions and transaxles during removal or installation. OneThe hydraulic tools typically used in the automotive shop type is similar to a floor jack. However, the saddle isinclude jacks, cranes, and presses. These tools are dis- enlarged to fit the bottom of a transmission. Another typecussed in the next sections. of transmission jack is designed to be used when the vehicle is raised on a lift, Figure 4-14. It has a long post that can reach high into the air to support the transmission.Floor Jack A floor jack is used to raise either the front, sides, orrear of a vehicle. Look at Figure 4·13. To avoid vehicledamage, place the jack saddle under a solid part of the carsuch as the frame, suspension arm, or axle housing. If the

Figure 4-14. A transmission jack is designed for holding trans- missions during removal, transporting, and installation. ThisFigure 4-13. A floor jack is for raising the car only. foot-operated, hydraulic stand can be extended to a height(Lincoln Automotive) of 72". (OTC Div. of SPX Corp.) Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 53

Engine Crane , • Warning! A hydraulic press can literally exert tons of A portable engine crane is used to remove and install force. Wear eye protection and use recom-heavy engine assemblies, Figure 4-15. It has a hydraulic mended procedures. Parts can break and fly outhand jack for raising engines and a pressure-release valve with deadly force!for lowering engines. The engine crane is also handy forlifting intake manifolds, cylinder heads, engine blocks,transmissions, transaxles, and other heavy parts. Shop Equipment In addition to pneumatic, hydraulic, and electricHydraulic Press tools, there are various pieces of shop equipment that a technician may find useful. These include tire changers, A hydraulic press is used to install or remove gears, stands, cleaners, welders, lights, and creepers. These arepulleys, bearings, seals, and other parts requiring a high all discussed in the following sections.pushing force. One is shown in Figure 4-16. A hydraulicram extends as the pump handle is worked. The rampresses the parts against a table. Arbor Press An arbor press works like a hydraulic press. However, it is all mechanical. Hydraulic pressure is not used; therefore, the operating pressure is much lower. An arbor press is suited for smaller jobs.

Oxyacetylene Torch An oxyacetylene torch can be used to heat, cut, weld, or braze metal parts, Figure 4-20. The oxy- acetylene setup consists of an oxygen tank, an acetylene tank, pressure regulators, hoses, and a hand-held torch. Tremendous heat is produced by the burning acetylene gas and oxygen. The oxyacetylene cutting torch is often used to remove old, rusted exhaust systems. To use an oxyacetylene cutting torch: 1. Put on all necessary protective gear, including a welding helmet or goggles, welding gloves, and a leather jacket. 2. Inspect the oxyacetylene equipment forFigure 4-18. A cold-solvent tank is used to remove oil and lightgrease from parts. The unit sprays filtered solvent onto parts. damage and make sure all cylinder, regu-Rub the parts with a brush for rapid cleaning. lator, and torch valves are closed. 3. Light the cutting torch according to the manufacturer"s recommendations. 4. With the torch held at a 90° angle to theSteam Cleaner and High-Pressure Washer workpiece, concentrate the flame on the A steam cleaner or high-pressure washer is used to spot where the cut will begin.remove heavy deposits of dirt, grease, and oil from the S. When the spot becomes cherry red, depressoutside of large assemblies, such as engines, transmis- the oxygen cutting lever to begin the cut.sions, and transaxles. Look at Figure 4-19. To help keep 6. Move the torch along the workpiece tothe environment clean, wire brush the item to be cleaned make the cut.and collect oil-soaked dirt before steaming or washing. 7. After making the cut, release the cuttingThen, dispose of the oil-soaked material properly. lever and shut off the torch. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 55

Pressure regulator Soldering Gun valve Acetylene Oxygen A soldering gun or soldering iron is used to join Hoses wires during electrical repairs, Figure 4-21. An electric current heats the tip of the gun. The hot gun tip is used to heat the wires. Solder is then applied to the hot wires and Tanks it melts. Solder is a lead-tin alloy. When the solder cools, it hardens into a strong, solid connection.A Battery Charger 240 volt electrical A battery charger is used to re-energize a "dead," or outlet discharged, battery. It forces current back into the battery to recharge the plates and battery acid. The red charger lead connects to the positive (+) battery terminal. The black charger lead connects to the negative (-) battery Power switch terminal.

Figure 4-20. A-An oxyacetylene outfit can be used for cuttingor welding metal. B-A basic arc welder. (Sun) ~-)--~~)~ A \ Tip Power cord /

Figure 4-22. A-Droplight. B-Drop or extension cord.C- Three-prong adapter with ground terminal and ground wirefor safety. D-Fluorescent droplight. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) Figure 4-24. Jumper cables are used for emergency starting. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 57

Creepers Covers A creeper is useful when working under a car sup- Fender covers are placed over fenders, upper grille,ported on jack stands, Figure 4-25A. It lets the techni- or other body sections to prevent vehicle damage. Theycian easily roll under vehicles without getting dirty. A protect the paint or finish from nicks, scratches, andstool creeper allows the technician to sit while working grease. See Figure 4-27. Never lay tools on a painted sur-on parts that are near the ground. See Figure 4-25B. For face. Costly scratches may result.example, a stool creeper is often used during brake Seat covers are placed over seats to protect themsystem repairs. The brake parts and tools can be placed from dirt, oil, and grease that might be on your workon the creeper. The service technician can sit and still be clothes. These covers should be used while driving theat eye level with the brake assembly. vehicle or while working in the passenger compartment.

Roll-Around Cart Workplace Skills A large roll-around cart or table is handy for taking a Social skills are the techniques you use to conductnumber of tools to the job. One is pictured in Figure 4-26. yourself in such a way that your customers and fellowA technician can quickly place all needed tools in the cart employees like and respect you. Many times, you willand take them to the vehicle. The cart places the tools need the help of another technician to complete a dif-within hand"s reach: This saves time and effort before, ficult task. If your co-workers dislike you, you may haveduring, and after the job. trouble finding help when you need it

Summary • Power tools use electricity, compressed air, or hydraulic pressure (liquid confined under pres- sure). Large shop tools, such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and steam cleaners, are classified as shop equipment. • An air compressor is the source of compressed (pressurized) air for the auto shop.A B • High-pressure air hoses are connected to the metal lines from the air compressor.Figure 4-25. A-A creeper is for working under a vehicle.S- The stool creeper is commonly used during brake and sus- • Air tools, also called pneumatic tools, use airpension repairs. You can sit on the stool and store tools on the pressure for operation. They are labor-savingbottom. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) tools and are well worth their cost.

Figure 4-26. A roll-around cart allows you to take many tools tothe vehicle. This saves several trips to the toolbox. It also saves Figure 4-27. Always take good care of your customer"s vehicle.time during cleanup at the end of the day. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) Fender covers protect the paint from nicks and dents.58 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology

• Air wrenches, or impact wrenches, provide a very fast means of installing or removing threaded Important Terms fasteners. Power tools Portable electric drills • Special impact sockets and impact extensions Shop equipment Drill press must be used with air wrenches. Air compressor Hydraulic tools Air hoses Floor jack • A blowgun is commonly used to dry and clean Quick -disconnect Transmission jacks parts washed in solvent. connectors Engine crane • An air drill is excellent for many repairs because Pressure regulator Hydraulic press of its power output and speed adjustment Filter Arbor press capabilities. Lubricator Tire changer • A bench grinder can be used for grinding, Air tools Jack stands cleaning, or polishing operations. The hard Air wrenches Engine stand grinding wheel is used for sharpening or debur- Impact wrenches Cold solvent tank ring. The soft wire wheel is for cleaning and Air ratchet Steam cleaner polishing. Impact sockets High-pressure washer • Drill bits, or twist drills, are used to drill holes in Impact extensions Oxyacetylene torch Air hammer Welder metal and plastic parts. Air chisel Soldering gun • A drill bit is mounted in and rotated by a drill. A Blowgun Soldering iron special key is sometimes needed to tighten the drill bit in the drill chuck. . Solvent gun Battery charger Air drill Droplight • A floor jack is used to raise either the front, sides, Rotary brush Pullers or rear of a vehicle. Abrasive pad Jumper cables • A tire changer is a common piece of shop equip- Rotary file Creeper ment used to remove and replace tires on wheels. Stone Stool creeper • Jack stands support a vehicle during repair. After Electric tools Roll-around cart raising a vehicle with a jack, place stands under Bench grinder Fender covers the vehicle. Drill bits Seat covers

• A portable engine crane is used to remove and install engines. Review Questions-Chapter 4 • An engine stand is used to hold an engine while it Please do not write in this text. Place your answers is overhauled (rebuilt) or repaired. on a separate sheet of paper. • A cold solvent tank can be used to remove grease 1. Power tools use __ , , or __ and oil from parts. __ as sources of energy. • An oxyacetylene torch outfit can be used to heat, 2. Which of the following is not a commonly used cut, weld, or braze metal parts. air tool? • A welder is used to melt and fuse metal parts (A) Impact wrench. together. (B) Air ratchet. • A soldering gun or iron is used to solder wires. (C) Air chisel. (D) Air saw. • A battery charger is used to recharge a discharged car battery. 3. A(n) __ is used to blow dirt off parts and to dry parts after cleaning. • A drop light provides a portable source of light. 4. A rotary file is frequently used to remove __ . • Pullers are needed to remove seals, gears, pulleys, (A) old gasket materials steering wheels, axles, and other pressed-on parts. (B) carbon deposits • Jumper cables are used to start engines that have (C) metal burrs and nicks a dead (discharged) battery. (D) None of the above. • Fender covers are placed over the fenders, the 5. List four important rules for a bench grinder. upper grille, or other body sections to protect them. 6. List five important rules for a drill press. Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment 59

7. are used to support a vehicle while 6. Each of the following can be used to clean working under it. parts except: (A) Floor jacks (A) air drill. (B) Jack stands (B) blowgun. (C) Transmission jacks (C) air ratchet. (D) Bumper jacks (D) bench grinder. 8. Explain the use of a solvent tank. 7. Which of the following is not a rule to follow9. What are wheel pullers for? when using a bench grinder?10. A 1/2" drive impact wrench is used for fasteners (A) Wear eye protection. with head sizes between 1/2" to 1". Which of the (B) Make sure shields are in place. following sockets can be used by this particular (C) Use the wire wheel to clean soft metal tool? parts. (A) 5/8" chrome plated socket. (D) Keep the tool rest adjusted close to the (B) 9/16" flat black socket. stone and brush. (C) 7/16" flat black socket. 8. When using a drill press, Technician A (D) None of the above. believes drilling pressure should not be released until the bit breaks completely through the bottom of the part. Technician B ASE- Type Questions believes pressure release should occur just before the bit breaks through. Who is right? 1. Power tools are tools that use: (A) A only. (A) electricity. (B) B only. (B) hydraulics. (C) Both A and B. (C) compressed air. (D) Neither A nor B. (D) All of the above. 9. After using a floor jack to raise the front of a 2. Technician A says that shop air pressure is usu- car: ally around 100 to 150 psi. Technician B says (A) place the car in park. shop air pressure is much higher, around (B) block the car"s wheels. 300 psi. Who is correct? (C) secure the car on jack stands. (A) A only. (D) All of the above. (B) B only. 10. The __ press performs the same function as (C) Both A and B. a hydraulic press, but at lower pressures. (D) Neither A nor B. (A) arbor 3. Which of the following IS not a common (B) steam impact wrench drive size? (C) rotary (A) 1/4". (D) ratchet (B) 3/8". (C) 1/2". (D) 3/4". Activities for Chapter 44. Technician A says to use a 1/4" drive on sockets from 1/4" to 9/16". Technician B says to use a 1. Using an automotive tool catalog, develop a list 3/8" drive on these socket sizes. Who is correct? of power tools needed to equip your school"s (A) A only. automotive repair shop. Find prices and add up (B) B only. the cost. (C) Both A and B. 2. Research safety literature on power equipment (D) Neither A nor B. used in an automotive repair facility. 5. Special impact sockets and extensions are (A) Develop a bibliography of resources for easily identified because they are: safe use of power equipment. (A) chrome. (B) Develop a list of safety rules for their use. (B) aluminum. (C) flat black. (D) hard rubber.

Equipment After studying this chapter, you will be able to: List the most commonly used power tools and equipment. Describe the uses for power tools and equipment. Explain the advantages of one type of tool over another. Explain safety rules that pertain to power tools and equipment. Correctly answer ASE certification test questions that require a knowledge of power tools and equipment. To be a productive technician in today"s automotive service facility, you must know when and how to use power tools and equipment. Power tools are tools driven by compressed air, electricity, or pressurized liqllid. They make many repair operations easier and quicker. Large shop tools, such as floor jacks, parts cleaning tanks, and steam cleaners, are called shop equipment. This chapter discusses properly selecting and using common power tools and shop equipment. They can be very dangerous if misused. Always follow the operating instructions for the particular tool or piece of equipment before use. If in doubt, ask your instructor for a demonstration. Specialized power tools and equipment are covered in later chapters. Refer to the index to find more information on them as needed. Compressed-Air System The components of a compressed-air system include an air compressor, air lines, air hoses, and air tools. In addition, a pressure regulator, filter, and lubricator may be attached to the system. Air tools are driven by the compressed-air system. Air-powered tools can be found in nearly every service facility. Air Compressor An air compressor is the source of compressed air for an automotive service facility. Look at Figure 4-1. An air compressor normally has an electric motor that spins an air pump. The air pump forces air into a large, metal storage tank. The air compressor turns on and off automatically to maintain a preset pressure in the system. Metal air lines feed out from the tank to several locations in the shop. Technicians can then connect their flexible air hoses to the metal lines. Warning! Shop air pressure usually ranges from 100150 psi (689-1034 kPa). This is enough pressure to kill or severely injure a person. Respect shop air pressure! Air Hoses Flexible, high-pressure air hoses are connected to the metal lines from the air compressor. These hoses allow the technician to take a source of air pressure to the vehicle being repaired. Quick-disconnect couplings are used to connect air hoses and air tools to the compressed air system without using a wrench. To join or separate a quick-disconnect coupling, pull back on the coupling" s outer sleeve with finger pressure. With the sleeve pulled back, you can push the coupling together or pull it apart. Other Components A pressure regulator is used to set a specific pressure in the compressed-air system. This pressure is often called shop pressure. In most cases, shop pressure is between 100 and 150 pounds per square inch (psi). A filter may be connected to the system. Theftlter removes water from the compressed air. This increases the life of air tools. In addition, a lubricator may also be connected 47 48 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology Air compressor unit r-________~ A ~ ________~ " Air tool ./ Air pump Electric Lubricator Air pressure motor regulator Tank Figure 4-1. The basic parts of a typical compressed air system. The air compressor unit develops air pressure. The filter removes moisture. The regulator allows the technician to control system pressure. Metal lines and flexible hoses carry pressurized air to the tool. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) to the system. The lubricator introduces oil into the airstream. This also increases the life of air tools. Air Tools Air tools use the energy of compressed air for operation. They are also called pneumatic tools. Air tool s are labor-saving devices and well worth their cost. Always lubricate an air tool before and after use. While pressing the air tool"s trigger, squirt a few drops of air tool oil into the tool"s air inlet fitting. Not only will the oil protect the internal parts of the tool during use, but it will also prevent the internal parts from rusting during storage. Air Wrenches Air wrenches, or impact wrenches, provide a very fast means of installing or removing threaded fasteners. Look at Figure 4-2A. An impact wrench uses compressed air to rotate a driving head. The driving head holds a special impact socket. BImpact wrenches come in 3/8/1, 112/1, and 3/4/1 drive sizes. A 3/8/1 drive impact is ideal for small fasteners, Figure 4-2. A-1/2" drive impact wrench . 8-3/8" drive air such as 114/1-9/16/1 bolts. A 112/1 drive is for general pur ratchet. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) pose use with medium to large fasteners, such as 112/1-1/1 bolts. The 3/4/1 drive impact is for extremely large fasteners. It is not commonly used in automotive service. A Caution! button or switch on the impact wrench controls the direc Until you become famjliar with the operation of tion of rotation. In one position, the impact wrench an air wrench, be careful not to overtighten tightens the fastener. With the switch in the other posi bolts and nuts or leave them too loose. It is easy tion, the wrench loosens the fastener. to strip or break fasteners with an air tool. 49 Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment Air Ratchet An air ratchet is a special impact wrench designed for working in limited space. Look at Figure 4-2B. For instance, an air ratchet is commonly used when removing water pumps. It will fit between the radiator and engine easily. It works in much the same way as a hand-tool ratchet. An air ratchet normally has a 3/8" drive. However, it does not have very much turning power. Final tightening and initial loosening must be done with hand tools. Impact Sockets and Extensions Special impact sockets and impact extensions must be used with air wrenches. These are case hardened, thicker, and much stronger than conventional sockets and extensions. A conventional socket can be ruined or broken by the hammering blows of an impact wrench. Impact sockets and extensions are easily identified because they are flat black, not chrome. Caution! Know when and when not to use power tools. In most situations, power tool s will speed up your work. However, there are many times when they should not be used. For example, never use an impact wrench in place of a torque wrench. An impact wrench will not torque critical fasteners to their correct specification. Problems and comebacks will result. Air Hammer An air hammer, or air chisel, is useful during various driving and cutting operations. Look at Figure 4-3. An air hammer is capable of producing about 10004000 impacts per minute. S e v e r a ~ different cutting or Figure 4-3. An air hammer is useful for tasks such as quickly cutting off a rusted exhaust system. Always wear safety glasses. hammering attachments are available. Be sure to select the correct one for the job. Warning! Never turn an air hammer on unless the tool head is pressed tightly against the workpiece. Otherwise, the tool head can fly out of the hammer with great force, as if shot from a gun! Blowgun An air-powered blowgun is commonly used to dry and clean parts washed in sol vent. It is also used to blow dust and loose dirt from parts before or during disassembly. See Figure 4-4A. When using a blowgun, wear eye protection. Direct the blast of air away from yourself and others. Do not blow brake and clutch parts clean. The dust from these parts may contain asbestos. Asbestos is a cancer-causing substance. Another type of blowgun is a solvent gun, Figure 4-4B. It can be used to wash parts that will not fit into a cleaning tank. B Figure 4-4. A-A blowgun is commonly used to blow parts clean and to dry parts after washing them in solvent. B-A solvent gun can be used to wash parts. 50 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology Air Drill An air drill is excellent for many repairs because of its power output and speed adjustment capabilities. Its power and rotating speed can be set to match the job at hand. Look at Figure 4-5. With the right attachments, air drills can drill holes, grind, polish, and clean parts. A rotary brush is used in an air or electric drill for rapid cleaning of parts, Figure 4-6. It can quickly remove old gasket material, carbon deposits, and rust with a minimum amount of effort. An abrasive pad is another type of cleaning tool that can be used in an air or electric drill. It is used for removing old gasket material. It has the advantage of not scratching aluminum like a rotary brush can. A rotary file, or stone, can be used in an air drill, electric drill, or air (die) grinder, Figure 4-7. It is handy for removing metal burrs and nicks. Make sure the stone is not turned too fast by the air tool. Normally, the maximum speed is printed on the file or stone container. Warning! Use a high-speed rotary brush in an air drill. A brush designed for an electric drill may fly apart. To be safe, always adjust an air drill to the slowest acceptable speed when using a rotary brush. Also, always wear eye protection. Figure 4-5. An air drill. The speed of the air drill can be adjusted. The air drill is capable of very high turning force. Drill Rotary brush Figure 4-6. A rotary brush is commonly used in a drill for cleaning off carbon deposits or old gaskets. Always wear eye protection. Figure 4-7. This die grinder is equipped with a high-speed stone. This tool is used for removing burrs and for other smoothing operations. Here, the technician is making minor repairs to a damaged cylinder head combustion chamber. Electric Tools There are many electric tools that can be useful to a technician. Some of these tools, such as a drill press or grinder, may be fixed to the floor or a bench. Other tools, such as a drill, are portable and can be taken to the job site. Bench Grinder A bench grinder can be used for grinding, cleaning, or polishing operations, Figure 4-8. A bench grinder usually has two wheels-a grinding wheel and a wire wheel. The hard, abrasive grinding wheel is used for sharpening and deburring. The soft wire wheel is used for cleaning and polishing. A few bench grinder rules to follow are: Always wear eye protection and keep your hands away from the wheel. Make sure the grinder shields are in place. Keep the tool rest adjusted close to the wheel. If the rest is not close to the wheel, the part being ground can catch in the grinder. Do not use a wire wheel to clean soft metal parts, such as alumi num pistons or brass bushings. The abrasive action of the wheel can remove metal or scuff the part and ruin it. Instead, use a solvent and a dull hand scraper on soft metal parts that could be damaged. Drills Drills are used to create holes in metal and plastic parts. Some drills are portable; others are mounted on a workbench or the floor. Drills use different-size bits to create the size of hole needed. 51 Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment Figure 4-8. The grinding wheel on a bench grinder is used to sharpen tools. The wire wheel can be used to clean and polish small parts. Always keep shields, tool rests, and guards in place. Bits Drill s use drill bits, or twist drills, to drill holes in metal and plastic parts, Figure 4-9. A drill bit is mounted in the drill chuck. A special key, called a chuck key, is sometimes needed to tighten the drill bit in the chuck, Figure 4-10. Drill bits are commonly made of either carbon steel or high-speed steel. High-speed steel is better because of its resistance to heat. It will not lose its hardness when slightly overheated. Portable Electric Drill Portable electric drills are hand-held drills. They come in different sizes. The size of a drill is an indication of the capacity of its chuck. Commonl y used si zes are 114", 3/8", and 112", Figure 4-11. Portable electric drills work fine on most small drilling operations. . ~ //- --Point Drill / ~ 7": /size ~ M a r g i nFlute Margin y Lip or cutting Body //, edgeWeb ~ Topview ShaOk KA } M a r g i n ~ Side view Figure 4-9. The basic parts of a drill bit. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed .) Figure 4-10. A key is used to tighten a bit in the chuck. A B Figure 4-11. Portable electric drills. A-3/8" drill. B-1/2" drill. (Robert Bosch) Drill Press A drill press is a large, floor- or bench-mounted drill needed for drilling large holes, deep holes, or a great number of holes in several parts, Figure 4-12. The drill press handle allows the bit to be pressed into the work with increased force. Also, very large bits can be used. A few drill press rules to follow include: Remove the key from the chuck before turning on the drill press. Secure the paI1 to be drilled with C-clamps or other holding fixtures. Use a center punch to indent the part and start the hole. To prevent injury, release drilling pressure right before the bit breaks through the bottom of the paI1. A drill bit tends to catch when breaking through. This can cause the drill or palt to rotate dangerously. Oil the bit as needed. 52 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology Speed change control Head On/off ------IH Handleswitch Chuck 1----Column ......... ___Table 1.....f-------- Base Figure 4-12. The parts of a drill press. A drill press is for drilling deep or large holes when a part will fit on the table. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) Hydraulic Tools Hydraulic tools are powered by pressurized liquid. The hydraulic tools typically used in the automotive shop include jacks, cranes, and presses. These tools are discussed in the next sections. Floor lack A floor jack is used to raise either the front, sides, or rear of a vehicle. Look at Figure 4-13. To avoid vehicle damage, place the jack saddle under a solid part of the car such as the frame, suspension arm, or axle housing. If the Figure 4-13. A floor jack is for raising the car only. (Lincoln Automotive) saddle is not properly located, it is very easy to smash the oil pan, muffler, floor pan, or another part of the vehicle. To raise the vehicle, turn the jack handle or knob clockwise and pump the handle. To lower the vehicle, turn the handle or knob counterclockwise slowly to release the pressure-relief valve. When raising the front of a vehicle, place the transmission in neutral and release the parking brake. This lets the vehicle roll, preventing it from pulling off the jack. After raising, secure the vehicle on jack stands. Place an automatic transmission in park and a manual transmission in gear. Apply the emergency brake and block the wheels. It is then sat"e to work under the vehicle. Caution! Most floor jack handles tend to stick when the pressure-relief val ve is released. This makes it easy for you to lower the vehicle too quickly. When releasing the valve, turn it very slowly. This will prevent the car or truck from slamming to the ground violently! Transmission lack Transmission jacks are designed to hold transmissions and transaxles during removal or installation. One type is simj]ar to a floor jack. However, the saddle is enlarged to fit the bottom of a transmission. Another type of transmission jack is designed to be used when the vehicle is raised on a lift, Figure 4-14. It has a long post that can reach high into the air to support the transmission. Figure 4-14. A transmission jack is designed for holding transmissions during removal, transporting, and installation. This foot-operated, hydraulic stand can be extended to a height of 72". (OTC Div. of SPX Corp.) 53 Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment Engine Crane A pOitable engine crane is used to remove and install heavy engine assemblies, Figure 4-15. It has a hydraulic hand jack for rai sing engines and a pressure-release valve for lowering engines. The engine crane is also handy for lifting intake manifolds, cylinder heads, engine blocks, transmissions, transaxles, and other heavy parts. Hydraulic Press A hydraulic press is used to install or remove gears, pulleys, bearings, seals, and other parts requiring a high pushing force. One is shown in Figure 4-16. A hydraulic ram extends as the pump handle is worked. The ram presses the parts against a table. Figure 4-15. A hydraulic engine crane can be used to lift heavy objects, such as engines, transmissions, transaxles, and rear axle assemblies. This technician has used a crane to mount an engine on a stand. Warning! A hydraulic press can literally exert tons of force. Wear eye protection and use recommended procedures. Parts can break and fly out with deadly force! Shop Equipment In addition to pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric tools, there are various pieces of shop equipment that a technician may find useful. These include tire changers, stands, cleaners, welders, lights, and creepers. These are all discussed in the following sections. Arbor Press An arbor press works like a hydraulic press. However, it is all mechanical. Hydraulic pressure is not used; therefore, the operating pressure is much lower. An arbor press is suited for smaller jobs. Tire Changer A tire changer is used to remove and replace tires on wheels . It is a common piece of shop equipment. Some tire changers are pneumatic; others are hand operated. Do not attempt to operate a tire changer without proper supervision. Follow the directions provided with the changer. l ack Stands Jack stands support a vehicle during repairs. After raising the vehicle with a jack, place stands under the vehicle, Figure 4-17. Be sure the stands are placed in secure positions. For example, place jack stands under the frame, axle housing, or suspension arm. Figure 4-16. A hydraulic press is needed for numerous pressing operations. It is commonly used to remove and install bearings, bushings, seals, and other pressed-on parts. Figure 4-17. Jack stands are needed to safely support the weight of a vehicle. 54 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology Warning! It is not safe to work under a vehicle held up by only a jack. Secure the vehicle on jack stands before placing any part of your body under the vehicle. Even a small car can weigh well over a ton. The next chapter details the safe use of lifts, jacks, and jack stands. Engine Stand An engine stand is used to hold an engine assembly once it is removed from the vehicle for rebuilding or repair. The engine cylinder block bolts to the stand just as it would to the transmission or transaxle. The engine can usually be rotated and held in different positions on the stand, making it easy to work on different parts. Cold Solvent Tank A cold solvent tank contains a pump, reservoir, and solvent, and it is used to remove grease and oil from parts, Figure 4-18. After removing all old gaskets and scraping off excess grease, you can scrub the parts clean in the solvent. A blow gun is then normally used to dry the solvent. Figure 4-18. A cold-solvent tank is used to remove oil and light grease from parts. The unit sprays filtered solvent onto parts. Rub the parts with a brush for rapid cleaning. Steam Cleaner and High-Pressure Washer A steam cleaner or high-pressure washer is used to remove heavy deposits of dirt, grease, and oil from the outside of large assemblies, such as engines, transmissions, and transaxles. Look at Figure 4-19. To help keep the environment dean, wire brush the item to be cleaned and collect oil-soaked dirt before steam}ng or washing. Then, dispose of the oil-soaked material properly. Figure 4-19. A high-pressure washer will remove greasy buildup from the outside of assemblies before teardown. Warning! A steam cleaner operates at high pressures and temperatures. Follow the manufacturer"s safety rules and specific operating instructions. Oxyacetylene Torch An oxyacetylene torch can be used to heat, cut, weld, or braze metal parts, Figure 4-20. The oxyacetylene setup consists of an oxygen tank, an acetylene tank, pressure regulators, hoses, and a hand-held torch. Tremendous heat is produced by the burning acetylene gas and oxygen. The oxyacetylene cutting torch is often used to remove old, rusted exhaust systems. To use an oxyacetylene cutting torch: 1. Put on all necessary protective gear, including a welding helmet or goggles, welding gloves, and a leather jacket. 2. Inspect the oxyacetylene equipment for damage and make sure all cylinder, regulator, and torch valves are closed. 3. Light the cutting torch according to the manufacturer"s recommendations. 4. With the torch held at a 90 angle to the workpiece, concentrate the flame on the spot where the cut will begin. 5. When the spot becomes cherry red, depress the oxygen cutting lever to begin the cut. 6. Move the torch along the workpiece to make the cut 7. After making the cut, release the cutting lever and shut off the torch. 55 LRegulator gauges Flame control valves Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment Torch Main on/off valve Pressure regulator valve Acetylene Oxygen Hoses Tanks L--1------H1"1 A 1---240 volt electrical outlet ~6 ON ......--- Power switch Arc Electrode holder Electrode B Ground clamp Figure 4-20. A-An oxyacetylene outfit can be used for cutting or welding metal. 8-A basic arc welder. (Sun) Note! There are several types of cutting torches available, and the lighting procedure may vary from one type to another. Follow the torch manufacturer"s recommendations for lighting, adjusting, and shutting down the torch. Welder A welder lIses high electric current to create a hot electric spark, or are, to melt and fuse metal parts together, Figure 4-20. Be sure to complete proper trall1l11g before attempting to weld. Using a welder improperly can result in personal injury or damage to parts. Warning! Whenever working with a torch or welder, there is always a chance of fire. Always observe standard safety practices. Soldering Gun A soldering gun or soldering iron is used to join wires during electrical repairs, Figure 4-21. An electric current heats the tip of the gun. The hot gun tip is used to heat the wires. Solder is then applied to the hot wires and it melts. Solder is a lead-tin alloy. When the solder cool s, it hardens into a strong, solid connection. Battery Charger A battery charger is used to re-energize a "dead," or discharged, battery. It forces current back into the battery to recharge the plates and battery acid. The red charger lead connects to the positive (+) battery terminal. The black charger lead connects to the negative (-) battery tenninal. Warning! The gases around the top of a battery can explode. Always connect the battery charger leads to the battery before turning on the charger. This prevents sparks, which could ignite the battery gases. ~ - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - " - - " - - - - - - ~ ) ~ A Tip Power cord / On/off trigger B Power cord Figure 4-21. Soldering irons and guns produce enough heat to melt solder for joining wires and small metal terminals. A-Soldering iron. 8-Soldering gun. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed .) 56 Section 1 Introduction to Automotive Technology Droplight A droplight provides a portable source of light. The light can be taken to the repair area under the vehicle or in the engine compartment. Several types of drop lights are shown in Figure 4-22. Pullers Pullers are used to remove seals, gears, pulleys, steering wheels, axles, and other pressed-on parts. A few puller types are pictured in Figure 4-23. Special pulling operations are covered in later chapters. Warning! Pullers can exert tons of force. They must be used properly to prevent personal injury or part damage. Always wear eye protection! Jumper Cables Jumper cables are used to start a vehicle that has a dead battery. The cables are connected between the dead battery and another battery. The second battery is often in a running vehicle. Once the cables are connected, the car with the dead battery can be started. See Figure 4-24. Warning! Improper use of jumper cables can cause the batteries to explode. Refer to Chapter 30, Battery Testing and Service, for information on the correct use of jumper cables. A Figure 4-22. A-Droplight. B-Drop or extension cord. C-Three-prong adapter with ground terminal and ground wire for safety. D-Fluorescent droplight. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) A Slide B Figure 4-23. A-Three-way puller. B-Slide hammer puller. C-Power puller. Figure 4-24. Jumper cables are used for emergency starting. c 57 Creepers A creeper is useful when working under a car supported on jack stands, Figure 4-25A. It lets the technician easily roll under vehicles without getting dirty. A stool creeper allows the technician to sit while working on parts that are near the ground. See Figure 4-25B. For example, a stool creeper is often used during brake system repairs. The brake parts and tools can be placed 00 the creeper. The service technician can sit and still be at eye level with the brake assembly. Roll-Around Cart A large roll-around cart or table is handy for taking a number of tools to the job. One is pictured in Figure 4-26. A technician can quickly place all needed tools in the cart and take them to the vehicle. The cart places the tools within hand"s reach. This saves time and effort before, during, and after the job. A B Figure 4-25. A-A creeper is for working under a vehicle. S-The stool creeper is commonly used during brake and suspension repairs. You can sit on the stool and store tools on the bottom. (Snap-on Tool Corp.) Chapter 4 Power Tools and Equipment Covers Fender covers are placed over fenders, upper grille, or other body sections to prevent vehicle damage.