webster electric company hydraulic pump made in china

The Webster brand is known for its excellent quality and long-life performance gear pumps. Over the 60+ years many companies had acquired the Webster brand. While many of those companies are no longer providing Webster components, Hydraulic.net specializes in providing replacement Webster gear pumps, many models that are considered obsolete in the market are still available through Hydraulic.net.

Hydraulic.net has over 30 years of experience. We worked with Webster in the early years and a large percentage of the pumps we ship fall under the Webster brand. Hydraulic.net is one of the largest providers of Webster replacement pumps today. We are proud of our experience, knowledge, and commitment to quality. For reliable and accurate gear pumps you just need to give us a call. Our facilities are in North East Florida where we serve customers across the US, Canada, Mexico, and Internationally.

For any pump inquiries we are available via phone 8:30 AM to 5:00 PM, Monday through Friday at (800) 765-5670. We are also available via through the quote request form on the website.

We carry a large inventory of parts and try to ensure the pumps we find our customers need most often are in stock and ready to ship. In many cases we can ship your pump to quickly and get you back up and running.

SUPER HIGH-QUALITY ENGINEERED WEBSTER DESIGN HYDRAULIC PUMP. THESE ARE BUILT AND TESTED IN THE USA TO ORIGINAL OEM SPECS IN OUR ISO-9001 COMPLIANT FACILITY.

WITH OVER 30 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE DESIGNING AND PRODUCING HYDRAULIC GEAR PUMPS YOU WILL FIND US HELPFUL AND PROFESSIONAL. SUPPORTING YOU TO GET YOUR EQUIPMENT BACK IN OPERATION QUICKLY!

The historical region now known as China experienced a history involving mechanics, hydraulics and mathematics applied to horology, metallurgy, astronomy, agriculture, engineering, music theory, craftsmanship, naval architecture and warfare. Use of the plow during the Neolithic period Longshan culture (c. 3000–c. 2000 BC) allowed for high agricultural production yields and rise of Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC).multiple-tube seed drill and the heavy moldboard iron plow enabled China to sustain a much larger population through improvements in agricultural output.

For the purposes of this list, inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in China, and as such does not include foreign technologies which the Chinese acquired through contact, such as the windmill from the Middle East or the telescope from early modern Europe. It also does not include technologies developed elsewhere and later invented separately by the Chinese, such as the odometer, water wheel, and chain pump. Scientific, mathematical or natural discoveries made by the Chinese, changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear on the list.

Philon of Byzantium (3rd or 2nd century BC)chain drive and windlass used in the operation of a polybolos (a repeating ballista),chain pumps which had been known in China since at least the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) when they were mentioned by the Han dynasty philosopher Wang Chong (27 – c. 100 AD),clock tower built at Kaifeng in 1090 by the Song Chinese politician, mathematician and astronomer Su Song (1020–1101).

Imperial Academy to train potential candidates for office and some offices required its candidates to pass formal written tests before appointment.Sui Dynasty (581–618) that civil service examinations became open to all adult males not belonging to the merchant class (although civil service examinations was a path to social advancement in Imperial Chinese society to candidates regardless of wealth, social status, or family background) and were used as a universal prerequisite for appointments to office, at least in theory.gentry families from throughout the country.European missionaries and diplomats, and encouraged the British East India Company to use a similar method to select prospective employees. Following the initial success in that company, the British government adopted a similar testing system for screening civil servants in 1855.

Escapement, hydraulic-powered (use in clock tower): The escapement mechanism was first described for a mechanical washstand by the Greek Philon of Byzantium who also indicated that it was already used for clocks.Yi Xing (683–727) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) for his water-powered celestial globe in the tradition of the Han dynasty polymath and inventor Zhang Heng (78–139), and could be found in later Chinese clockworks such as the clock towers developed by the military engineer Zhang Sixun (fl. late 10th century) and polymath inventor Su Song (1020–1101).striking clock.pendulum resting and releasing its hooks on a small rotating gear wheel, the early Chinese escapement employed the use of gravity and hydraulics.waterwheel (which acted like a gear wheel) would be filled one by one with siphoned water from a clepsydra tank.

air conditioning, the Han Dynasty craftsman and mechanical engineer Ding Huan (fl. 180 AD) invented a manually operated rotary fan with seven wheels that measured 3 m (10 ft) in diameter; in the 8th century, during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), the Chinese applied hydraulic power to rotate the fan wheels for air conditioning, while the rotary fan became even more common during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).Georg Agricola (1494–1555).

archaeological site in Anatolia (Kaman-Kalehoyuk) and is about 4,000 years old.East Africa, dating back to 1400 BC.Falcata were produced in the Iberian Peninsula, while Noric steel was used by the Roman military.cast iron from the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC), produced steel by the 2nd century BC through a process of decarburization, i.e. using bellows to pump large amounts of oxygen on to molten cast iron.Liu An (179–122 BC). For steel, they used both quenching (i.e. rapid cooling) and tempering (i.e. slow cooling) methods of heat treatment. Much later, the American inventor William Kelly (1811–1888) brought four Chinese metallurgists to Eddyville, Kentucky in 1845, whose expertise in steelmaking influenced his ideas about air injection to reduce carbon content of iron; his invention anticipated the Bessemer process of English inventor Henry Bessemer (1813–1898).

pestle and mortar to pound and decorticate grain, which was superseded by the treadle-operated tilt hammer (employing a simple lever and fulcrum) perhaps during the Zhou Dynasty (1122–256 BC) but first described in a Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) dictionary of 40 BC and soon after by the Han dynasty philosopher and writer Yang Xiong (53 BC – 18 AD) in his hydraulic power, which the Han dynasty philosopher and writer Huan Tan (43 BC – 28 AD) mentioned in his Xinlun of 20 AD, although he also described trip hammers powered by the labor of horses, oxen, donkeys, and mules.waterwheels were made in subsequent Chinese dynasties and in Medieval Europe by the 12th century.Pliny, Roman Empire by the 1st century AD.

Christides, Vassilios. (1996). "New Light on the Transmission of Chinese Naval Technology to the Mediterranean World: The Single Rudder," in Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean, 64–70, edited by Benjamin Arbel. London: Frank Cass and Company Ltd. ISBN 0-7146-4714-4.

Clee, Paul. (2005). Before Hollywood: From Shadow Play to the Silver Screen. New York: Clarion Books, an imprint of Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-44533-1.

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-13384-4.

Lewis, Michael (2000b), "Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks", in Wikander, Örjan,Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, 2, Leiden, pp. 343–369 (356f.), ISBN 90-04-11123-9.

Sarton, George. (1959). A History of Science: Hellenistic Science and Culture in the Last Three Centuries B.C. New York: The Norton Library, Norton & Company Inc. SBN 393005267.

WASHINGTON, May 13 (Reuters) - The Trump administration on Monday announced that it will exempt a broad range of additional Chinese-made products from 25 percent U.S. tariffs, including industrial equipment, water filtering equipment, small electric motors, remote control devices and stereoscopic microscopes.

Other products exempted include some air purification equipment, equipment used in hydraulic solenoid control valves, push button switches and LED light therapy devices for using in treating pain or ailments of the skin.

USTR has received exclusion requests for nearly 13,000 products and has denied 5,311, including Tesla Inc’s bid for relief for the Chinese-made Autopilot “brain” control module for its Model 3 and other electric vehicles.

Identify your hydraulic pump? Sounds easy enough, but you might be surprised. These hydraulic pumps can look very similar, but even the slightest difference could mean the difference of thousands of dollars worth of downtime. I feel like a broken record on this one, don’t get me wrong its important to know what you’re working with and having accurate information is key to being able to make an informed decision. We have put together a quick guide to help you determine what type of hydraulic pump you have so be sure to check it out below!

It is important to identify hydraulic pumps as a lot of them looks similar. It can be hard enough to know what the product is without actually knowing what it does and the specifications that are needed. To avoid any future problems with any systems, it is best to take this chance now and find out what you need. This article gives you a step by step process on how you can identify different type of hydraulic pumps so use it as reference.

There are many types of hydraulic pumps. They can be divided into two groups, positive displacement and centrifugal. Positive displacement pumps use a mechanism to create an increase in pressure or flow by reducing the volume of the pumped liquid, for example by changing its area or speed of movement. Centrifugal pumps do not generally change the volume of the liquid but rather accelerate it to increase the pressure at the outlet and therefore the discharge velocity.

Rotary screw pumps are used for high-pressure applications and can deliver high volume with very low pressure loss. They feature a rotating helical screw that forces the liquid into the pump chamber, where it expands and pushes against the walls of the chamber. The expanding liquid then turns another helical screw that forces more liquid into the chamber, creating a positive displacement effect that increases in efficiency as more turns of the screws occur per revolution of the shaft. This type of pump has no valves or seals to wear out and requires little maintenance.

Piston pumps use pistons to compress and expand liquids at high pressures and volumes; these pumps are typically used for low-pressure applications and lower flow rates than rotary screw pumps. Piston pumps have moving parts that wear out over time but are inexpensive compared to other types of hydraulic pumps because they only require low amounts of power from an electric motor or engine to operate efficiently at high pressures.

Cavitation is a phenomenon where a liquid loses its pressure faster than it can be replenished, resulting in bubbles forming at the surface of the liquid. When these bubbles collapse, they create shock waves that damage the pump’s impeller. These shock waves can also cause wear on other parts of the pump, such as bearings and seals.

Properly sized pumps will avoid cavitations and improve efficiency. The most common way to determine if your pump is properly sized is to check its horsepower rating compared with the horsepower required to run your equipment. If the horsepower rating of your pump is less than what’s required by your equipment, you need to replace it with a larger one.

Pumps are essential parts in the industry of energy, so they must be more safe and reliable. If a pump is not well identified, the problems may increase. Therefore, it is necessary that we can identify the different types of pumps quickly and accurately. This paper will firstly introduce several common hydraulic pumps and then give you some specific tips how to identify them.

Check for a serial number on one side or another of the main body of your hydraulic pump. It may be hard to find, but it should be there somewhere. The serial number is a great way to ensure that you have received an authentic replacement part. If no such information is available on your pump, then you should consider purchasing another unit from our website or another supplier.

The first letter represents the manufacturer. The second letter is usually a number that indicates the year of manufacture. The third letter may be a number, but it will never be more than four digits long. The fourth and fifth digits are used to identify each pump within the series.

We use an industry standard 2-digit code system to identify hydraulic pumps. This code will be stamped on the side of the pump or on its plate (see image below). If this code is missing from your pump then you can easily find it in our online database:

Kawasaki hydraulic pumps are used on a variety of machines. There are many different models with different part numbers and configurations. The following information is provided to help you identify your particular Kawasaki pump.

All Kawasaki hydraulic pumps have a part number that starts with the letter “H”. This letter is followed by some numbers and letters which indicate the model number for your machine. For example, if your machine has a serial number starting with “16”, then it will have an H16 pump. If your machine has a serial number starting with “17”, then it will have an H17 pump.

Kawasaki has several different parts numbers for each model number depending on the configuration of the pump and whether or not it comes with accessories such as mounting brackets or wiring harnesses. You can tell what configuration your pump has by looking at its pictures below.

The part number and serial number are printed on a sticker affixed to the pump. This is the easiest method of identifying your Eaton hydraulic pump, but it may not be available if you need to replace your Eaton hydraulic pump immediately.

The part number and serial number are stamped into the side of the pump casing, making them visible with some effort but requiring disassembly in order to read them. This can be done in-house without sending your hydraulic pump back to us for service or replacement.

Series 800 — These are industrial duty pumps with capacities ranging from 10 to 2,500 gallons per minute (gpm) at pressures up to 3,000 psi and flow rates up to 20 gpm at 4,000 psi.

Series 700 — These pumps are designed for high pressure applications requiring high volumes of oil and water at pressures up to 3,000 psi. The pumps have capacities ranging from 5 to 1,200 gpm at pressures up to 3,000 psi and flow rates up to 25 gpm at 4,000 psi.

Series 600 — These pumps are designed for high volume applications requiring high pressure capability at low speeds. They are available with capacities ranging from 5 to 1,200 gpm at pressures up to 3,000 psi and flow rates up to 25 gpm at 4,000 psi.

Parker is a brand of hydraulic pump that offers a full line of pumps for industrial and commercial applications. They are designed for use in high-pressure, high-temperature and low-volume applications. Parker Hydraulic Pumps are ideal for use in construction, mining, agriculture and other industries where high pressure is needed.

Parker Hydraulic Pumps come in a variety of styles and sizes with different features to suit your needs. When you need one of these pumps installed on your equipment, it is important to know what type you have so we can find the correct replacement parts for it when needed. The following information may help you identify your hydraulic pump:

Vickers is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of hydraulic pumps. The company has been producing pumps since 1825 and continues to innovate new products today.

Vickers pumps are identified by their model numbers, which provide information about the pump’s specifications. The first two digits of a Vickers pump number indicate the size of the cylinder; the third digit indicates the type of drive system (if any); and the fourth digit indicates whether the pump is for high or low pressure operation.

For example: A V-PVC-A-7 pump has a 2-inch diameter cylinder, no gearbox, operates at high pressure and is designed for use with air or oil as its working fluid.

Webster hydraulic pumps are used in many industries and applications, including agriculture, construction, mining, and marine. They are also used in the automotive industry and other areas where high pressure is required. In order to use a Webster pump properly and safely, it is important for you to be able to identify what type of pump you have. You can determine this by looking at the label on the side of your pump or by checking with a local supplier. If you cannot find this information, there are some basic differences between the different types of pumps that will help you determine what kind of Webster pump you have.

There are four basic types of Webster hydraulic pumps: diaphragm pumps, piston pumps, rotary lobe pumps and gear pumps. Each type has its own unique features that make it stand out from the others.

Rexroth is a German company specialized in manufacturing of hydraulic components. The company also makes pumps, motors and valves among other things. Rexroth has been in business since 1924 and has over 100 years of experience in the field of hydraulics.

There are many different types of Rexroth pumps, but they all have one thing in common: they are all made according to ISO standards. These standards ensure that all pumps are made with the same quality, which means that you can expect them to last for a long time.

Rexroth hydraulic pump identification can be done by looking at the model number printed on the side of your pump’s casing. There is no need to worry about getting this wrong though because each model number follows a certain pattern so it will be easy for you to identify your particular model no matter how many digits it has or whether or not it starts with an “R”.

The diagram below shows the basic parts of a Barnes hydraulic pump. The arrows indicate the flow of oil and the dotted lines represent the flow of air.

The diagram below shows the basic parts of a Barnes hydraulic pump. The arrows indicate the flow of oil and the dotted lines represent the flow of air.

3) – A check valve that prevents reverse flow through the pump when there is pressure on both sides of it (such as when powering a hydraulic cylinder).

4) – A check valve that prevents reverse flow through the pump when there is pressure on both sides of it (such as when powering a hydraulic cylinder).

Borg-Warner hydraulic pumps are a series of inline hydraulic pump designs, which have been used for many years. They can be identified by their “BW” logo on the face of the pump.

The most common Borg-Warner Pump is the BW35-Series Series Hydraulic Pump. This pump was used on most GM vehicles from the early 70’s through the early 90’s and can be identified by its black base color and white lettering on its face plate.

These pumps were very reliable until they started to wear out around 100k miles or so due to internal wear over time. If you have a later model vehicle with this type of pump then you may want to consider replacing it with a new one before it fails completely, as these pumps are hard to find and expensive if you do find them.

The cross hydraulic pump is a type of centrifugal pump used in the oil and gas industry to extract oil from an underground reservoir. The cross hydraulic pump is often used in tandem with other pumps, which are placed in sequence and act as a closed system. The closed system ensures that each pump provides the same amount of pressure and flow.

The cross hydraulic pump can be identified by its distinctive shape and size, as well as its operational characteristics. A cross hydraulic pump has two impellers at right angles to one another, allowing for a higher flow rate than other types of centrifugal pumps. It also uses an axial impeller design, which is unique from other types of centrifugal pumps.

The Danfoss Hydraulic Pumps are used in many industries and they are very important products in this world. The main purpose of these pumps is to move fluids such as oil or water. If you want to know how to identify the model number of Danfoss hydraulic pump, then you can read our article below and find out how to do it.

The first step is to find out if your model number is written on a sticker or etched into the side of your pump. The sticker will tell you what type of pump you have and where it was manufactured. The etched information will tell you more about the specifics of your product, such as its size, horsepower rating and more!

If you cannot find your model number on either sticker or etched info, then there could be no way for you to tell which model it is without contacting Danfoss directly for help. They have many different types of pumps that they manufacture and each one has a different set of numbers associated with them so they can easily identify what kind of product it is that they need to send out to someone who needs their help!

The Haldex BH series of hydraulic pumps are used in the majority of vehicles that use Haldex. They come in different models depending on the application and are rated from 1.0 to 3.0 bar (15 PSI) pressure output. The model is normally printed on a sticker on the top of the pump, but if this has been lost or damaged you can still work out which one you have by looking at the following chart:

Muncie’s hydraulic pump identification system was started in 1986 when they introduced the “S” series rear ends. The “S” stands for “Superior”. The numbers are as follows:

The Permco brand is a familiar name in the high-end hydraulic pump market. They are known for their commitment to quality and reliability. Their pumps are covered by a lifetime warranty, so you can buy with confidence.

Permco makes both air-cooled and water-cooled hydraulic pumps in various sizes and configurations. Their pumps are commonly used in applications such as mining equipment and construction equipment.

The first step in determining a hydraulic pump is to determine the flow rate of the system that you are servicing. This information can be found in the specifications of the system. It will be expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (lpm).

The next step is to calculate the pressure required to lift, push or pull whatever it is that you need to do with your hydraulic system. This can be done by using the following formula:

Once you have determined this value, it is time to choose a pump that will provide sufficient flow at this pressure level. This can sometimes be done by examining catalogs and selecting a pump that has similar characteristics as your existing pump. If this does not work, contact us and we will be happy to recommend an appropriate replacement component for your application.

The type of loads you need to move. If you are using a hydraulic pump for load handling, then you need a high-pressure unit that can handle high pressure and flow rate.

If you want to use your pump for other purposes like providing power for machines, then you should consider choosing a lower-pressure unit with a lower flow rate.

The size and weight of the load you need to move. The size of your load will determine the kind of pump you should use. If your load is small, then it will require less power than a larger load that is heavier in weight and size.

The environment where your equipment will be used. You might need an oil-lubricated or wet-type hydraulic pump if your equipment will be used in an environment where there is water or moisture present such as construction sites or mining operations where there is water involved in the process.

I have a tandem pump setup on my front loader. The pump is an older model with no markings or serial number. I need to know the exact make and model so I can order parts for it.

My question is, does anyone know where I can find some kind of identification for this type of pump? It looks like it has two cylinders mounted back to back and the pistons are connected together by a rod. It also has two pumps mounted to the same base plate, but they are not connected together in any way.

A gear pump is a device that uses the principle of hydrodynamic lubrication in order to transport fluids. It works by placing a gear-like set of blades in a container filled with fluid and rotating the blades at a high speed. As the blades move through the fluid, they create low pressure areas on either side of each blade relative to the surrounding fluid. This difference in pressure causes a net flow of fluid into the low pressure area created by each blade. The net flow of fluid through each opening creates a positive displacement pump capable of generating high discharge pressures when driven at high speeds.

Gear pumps are widely used as industrial pumps for liquids where high discharge pressures are required and where contamination prevention is important (such as in pharmaceutical applications). There are many different types of gear pumps, with variations in design and construction depending on application requirements.

Limitations : For products shipped internationally, please note that any manufacturer warranty may not be valid; manufacturer service options may not be available; product manuals, instructions, and safety warnings may not be in destination country languages; the products (and accompanying materials) may not be designed in accordance with destination country standards, specifications, and labeling requirements; and the products may not conform to destination country voltage and other electrical standards (requiring use of an adapter or converter if appropriate). The recipient is responsible for assuring that the product can be lawfully imported to the destination country. When ordering from Ubuy or its affiliates, the recipient is the importer of record and must comply with all laws and regulations of the destination country.

New capacity is being builtby JSW and JCFC in Japan, Shanghai Electric Group (SEC) and subsidiaries in China, and in South Korea (Doosan), Czech Rep (Pilsen) and Russia (OMZ Izhora and ZiO-Podolsk).

New capacity is plannedin UK (Sheffield Forgemasters) and India (Larsen & Toubro, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Bharat Forge Ltd). In China the Harbin Boiler Co. and SEC subsidiary SENPE are increasing capacity.

Nothing in North America currently approaches these enterprises.* The changed position of the USA is remarkable. In the 1940s it manufactured over 2700 Liberty ships, each 10,800 tonne DWT – possibly pioneering modular construction at that scale (average construction time was 42 days in the shipyard). In the 1970s it had a substantial heavy infrastructure, but today China, Japan, South Korea, India, Europe and Russia are all well ahead of it. Steelmaker ArcelorMittal, based in Luxembourg, now owns the US company which built most US reactor pressure vessels in the 1970s-1980s.

The largest and best-known supplier of heavy forgings is Japan Steel Works (JSW), founded in 1907 by two British companies and a Japanese partner – Hokkaido Steel & Iron Co. It produces large forgings for reactor pressure vessels, steam generators and turbine shafts, and claims 80% of the world market for large forged components for nuclear plants. It has the distinction of supplying the pressure vessels for the first two 1650 MWe Areva EPR plants in Finland and France. It has a 2008 contract with Dongfang Electric Corporation (DEC) to supply forged components including for reactor pressure vessels to Dongfang (Guangzhou) Heavy Machinery Company Limited (DFHM) in China. JSW is contracted to supply Areva with large forged parts until at least 2016. Areva has said that this, along with its own capacity and other partnerships, will secure its supplies of large components for the five to six nuclear plants per year it expects to build in the medium term. Areva has also acquired 1.3% equity in JSW, alongside Hitachi and MHI with 1.36% each. Its main plant is Muroran on Hokkaido in the north, and smaller plants are at Yokohama near Tokyo and Hiroshima in the south.

At JSW"s Muroran plant it has 3000 to 14,000 tonne hydraulic forging presses, the latter able to take 600-tonne steel ingots, and a 12,000 tonne pipe-forming press. Its capacity to 2007 had been only four reactor pressure vessels and associated major components per year, but this had been tripled to twelve by early 2011. A JPY 50 billion ($523 million) expansion was completed in March 2010, and a second phase of JPY 30 billion ($314 million) will be complete in 2011. A second 14,000 tonne (oil) hydraulic forging press was commissioned early in 2010, and it can now handle 670-tonne ingots. Muroran also manufactures steam generator components, generator & turbine rotor shafts, clad steel plates and turbine casings for nuclear power plants. However, following the March 2011 Fukushima accident, JSW expected orders to fill only 70% of the expanded capacity, though it later said that it expected JPY 50 billion in new orders over the first year since the accident. These are mainly from France and China, for major nuclear components. JSW"s Muroran plant is forging the Arabelle generator rotor for the 1200 MWe VVER Hanhikivi plant in Finland, under contract to Rosatom subsidiary RAOS Project Oy. It will the be sent to the GE Steam Power facility* in Belfort, France, to be machined. The 240-tonne rotor will be 8 metres long and 2 metres wide.

JSW has been manufacturing forgings for nuclear plant components to US Nuclear Regulatory Commission standards since 1974, and around 130 JSW reactor pressure vessels are in service around the world. The company has said that one of its main targets is to supply nuclear reactor pressure vessels to the Chinese and American markets, and it has advance orders from GE-Hitachi for ABWR and ESBWR components, as well as EPR pressure vessels. Orders have come from China, USA and Europe, as well as Japan.

The Japan Casting & Forging Corporation (JCFC) was set up in 1970 as a joint venture of Nippon Steel Corp. (founded 1896) and Mitsubishi Steel Manufacturing Co. (founded 1857). It commissioned an 8000 tonne press the following year and has expanded operations since. It commissioned a 13,000 tonne forging press in 2010 and can use 500 tonne ingots to produce large turbine shafts. Castings are up to 300 t. Like JSW, it supplies both MHI and GE Hitachi. It is a private company.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. (MHI) spent JPY 15 billion ($138 million) to double its capacity to make nuclear reactor pressure vessels and other large nuclear components by 2011. However, it does not have its own forging capacity. Also MHI will triple production space and add processing tools at its factory in Akashi, Hyogo Prefecture. The company aims to reduce the time to make a reactor vessel from three years to two, and to triple annual sales to JPY 600 billion in ten years, from JPY 200 billion in 2007. It supplied the turbine generators for the first four AP1000 units in China, at Sanmen and Haiyang.

KEPCO subsidiary Korea Power Engineering Co. Inc. (KOPEC) was established in 1975 and received ASME N-stamp accreditation in October 2009. It has designed and built 14 nuclear power plants and developed the APR-1400 reactor for which it received an international engineering award. It has also been involved with design work on the Westinghouse AP1000 reactor, and with Bechtel on a US nuclear plant. It was floated as a public company in December 2009. However it is essentially an engineering services company, not a manufacturer.

Hyundai Engineering & Construction is involved in the consortium building the four Barakah APR-1400 reactors in UAE. It is also an engineering services company, not a manufacturer.

Reactor pressure vessels (RPV), steam generators (SG), pressurizers (PRZ), reactor vessel internals (RVI), control rod drive mechanisms (CRD) and reactor collant pumps (RCP).

China"s heavy manufacturing plants can make about ten sets of pressure vessels and steam generators per year, more than doubling from 2007, but this is projected to rise to 20 sets per year with a view to export. The National Development & Reform Commission (NDRC) in 2006 authorized major investment by three major fabricators, all state-owned. However, the UK"s Sheffield Forgemasters has been supplying reactor coolant pumps for AP1000 reactors globally.

In mid-2013 the main companies making nuclear island equipment were CFHI, with China National Erzhong Group, and Shanghai Electric Heavy Machinery, while Shanghai Electric, Dongfang Electric and Harbin Electric focused on equipment manufacturing for conventional island. In 2013 the National Nuclear Security Administration approved five private enterprises to obtain nuclear equipment design and manufacturing certificates including Sichuan Huadu, KINWA, Qingdao Lanshi, Wuxi Huaertai and Jiangsu Haishi Pumps.

Early in 2010 the State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC), which is in charge of deployment of new reactor technology, announced that ten engineering enterprises had been qualified to provide equipment for Generation-III nuclear plants. The newly-qualified qualified suppliers are: China First Heavy Industries (CFHI); Harbin Power Equipment (Qinhuangdao) Co; Harbin AC/DC Motor Co; Shanghai Electric Nuclear Power Equipment Co (SENPE); Shanghai First Machine Tool Works; Dongfang (Guangzhou) Heavy Machinery Co Ltd; Deyang Heavy Equipment Co; Dalian Heavy Industry and Crane Co; Taiyuan Heavy Industry Co Ltd; and Shenyang Turbo Machinery Co. Presumably Shandong Nuclear Power Equipment Manufacturing Co. Ltd set up by SNPTC and in which in which it holds a 64% share is additional to these.

It commissioned a 15,000 tonne (150 MN) open-die hydraulic press at end of 2006 – then claimed to be the world"s largest, and it has also been using a 12,500 tonne (125 MN) press. In 2007 CFHI gained approval from the NDRC to invest CNY 2.3 billion (US$ 337 million) in expanding its production capacity further, doubling its annual production of molten steel and increasing pressed forging capacity to 240,000 tonnes per year. It aimed to have the "world’s largest casting and forging steel base" by 2010, and invested CNY 5 billion to achieve this.In 2009 it poured a 580 tonne ingot for a nuclear plant turbine rotor, and forged this, then in 2013 a 619 tonne ingot was forged into a turbine rotor.It can now handle a 715 tonne ingot.

The Shanghai Electric Group Company Ltd (SEC), founded in 1925 claims to be the leader in the equipment manufacturing sector. It includes heavy engineering and it manufactures pressure vessels, steam generators and pressurizers for PWRs. At its Minhang base it had a 12,500 tonne forging press by 2005, and added a 16,500 tonne (165 MN) press in 2008. It imported a Japanese heavy forging press in 2008. The largest casting and forging ingot is 600t, the largest casting is 450t and the largest forging is 350t. SEC invested CNY 6 billion in its Minhang and Lingang plants by mid-2009, and over 2009 to 2015 it invested CNY 7.2 billion ($1.17 billion) in its Minhang base.

In 2007 SEC set up Shanghai Electric Heavy Industry Group (SECHIG) as a foundation for development. Based on heavy castings and forgings as its technical support, SECHIG integrates the manufacturing of nuclear island main equipment such as reactor pressure vessels (RPV), steam generators (SG), pressurizers (PRZ), reactor vessel internals (RVI), control rod drive mechanisms (CRDM) and reactor coolant pumps (RCP) within a single group. From 2012 annual capacity is 10 sets of RVI and CDRM for CPR-1000, six sets of RPV & SG for CPR-1000, six sets of half-speed turbine-generators for Generation III PWRs, 12 RCP and 50 sets of Class 2&3 pumps. It has delivered RPV for AP1000, and SG for AP1000, EPR and CAP1400. SEC has a joint venture with Siemens for turbine generator equipment.

A major SEC subsidiary is Shanghai Electric Nuclear Power Equipment Co Ltd (SENPE) with a new nuclear fabrication plant at Lingang. This is increasing ingot capacity to 600 tonnes, allowing fabrication of both AP1000 and EPR components. A CNY 1 billion second phase of this Lingang plant came on stream in 2012, almost doubling capacity. SENPE said that Lingang would become the world"s largest and most concentrated base for nuclear equipment from 2012. In 2009 SENPE could make 2.5 sets of PWR equipment per year including pressure vessels and steam generators. SEC is using the Hainan project to localize reactor coolant pump (RCP) manufacture and plans to develop a Generation III RCP with KSB, then a prototype for the CAP1400 by 2015.

Another important SEC subsidiary, Shanghai First Machine Tool Co. is the only domestic supplier of reactor vessel internals and control rod drive mechanisms, with capacity increasing to six sets per year in 2010 and then ten sets per year. It has an 85% market share (100% for CPR-1000 reactors). It supplied reactor internals for Hualong One reactors at Fuqing and Karachi. Other SEC subsidiaries are Shanghai Heavy Machinery Company, specializing in forging and casting, and Shanghai Boiler Co Ltd.

In 2011 France"s Alstom signed an agreement with SEC to set up Alstom-Shanghai Electric Boilers as a 50-50 joint venture to make boilers for all kinds of power plants. Alstom already had a 51% share in Wuhan Boiler, which invested CNY 900 million in a new plant in 2009, making it Alstom"s largest boiler factory. Alstom also cooperates with Dongfang Electric (DEC).

China National Erzhong GroupCo Ltd (CNEG, otherwise China Second Heavy Industries Corp) is located inland at Deyang, in Sichuan province. It started production in 1971 and claims to be the largest heavy machine-building enterprise in China, with assets of CNY 18.8 billion and a strong R&D capability in Chengdu. China Erzhong can produce 650-tonne ingots and has a 125 MN (12,700 tonne) hydraulic press and added a 160 MN (16,300 tonne) press in 2009. It can machine 500t castings and 250t forgings. In 2009 it forged China"s biggest low-speed 1100 MW generator rotor for Dongfang Electric, which was successfully tested under Alstom supervision. In 2014 it forged a 600t rotor shaft for Fuqing 6. It also has the world"s largest hydraulic press, an 80,000-tonne open die forging press costing CNY 1.5 billion, commissioned in 2010, for manufacturing large components. In April 2013 CNEG was cleared to start manufacturing forgings for CAP1400 pressurisers designed by Dongfang (DFHM).

China Dongfang Electric Corporation(DEC) is based inland at Chengdu, Sichuan province, and claims to be the largest power generation equipment manufacturer in the world. The group has several subsidiaries and was founded in 1984. DEC is listed in Hong Kong and Shanghai, and in April 2009 announced a CNY 5 billion capital raising. Dongfang has the largest market share for turbine generators, and was the main contractor for Qinshan II. It produces everything from reactor pressure vessels and steam generators through to turbine generators. DEC works closely with Erzhong, and also has a link with Babcock-Hitachi.

Dongfang Electric Machinery Co Ltd (DFEM) is based at Deyang in Sichuan and is a major researcher and manufacturer of power generating equipment with major machining capability. It makes 150 MWe turbine generators for CPR-1000 reactors (e.g. Ling Ao), 1250 MWe ones for AP1000 and 1750 ones for EPR. Steam turbine generators are a major export. It was established in 2008, but originates from the Dongfang Electrical Machinery Works set up in 1958. Annual output is up to 38 GWe of equipment.

A major DEC subsidiary is Dongfang (Guangzhou) Heavy Machinery Co (DFHM) at Nansha near the coast in Guangdong, which has the capacity to produce three sets of CPR-1000 forged equipment per year since 2010 as well as four sets of turbine generators. DFHM was formerly known as Guangzhou Guangzhong (Nansha) Machinery Co Ltd, and it has a close relationship with CGN and worked with Areva to manufacture all heavy nuclear components for Ling Ao Phase II and other CGN projects. It supplied the first Chinese-made 1000 MWe reactor pressure vessel (for Ling Ao) in June 2009. (It was branded Areva and DEC.) It has ASME N-stamp accreditation for boilers and pressure vessels. DFHM was established in 2004 by Dongfang Electric (now 57%) and China Erzhong, with several local investors. It has had a close relationship with Japan Steel Works since 2006, and under a 2008 contract with JSW imports large forged components for pressure vessels and steam generators from JSW.

A 2006 DEC joint venture, Areva Dongfang Nuclear Pump Co, produces reactor coolant pumps, for Ling Ao Phase II and Ningde, and at end of 2013 had a capacity of 12 per year.

Harbin Electric CompanyLtd (HEC – formerly Harbin Power Equipment Co Ltd, HPEC) is one of the four major heavy manufacturers in China. It provided ancillary equipment for the 1200 MWe steam turbines and generators for the four Sanmen and Haiyang AP1000 units under licence from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), which supplied the actual turbine generators. HEC is also supplying primary coolant pumps for CNNC’s Fuqing 5&6.

Shandong Nuclear Power Equipment Manufacturing Co Ltd (SNPEMC) was set up in 2007 by the State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC) which now holds a 80.36% share. China Nuclear Industry No.23 Construction Company (CNI 23) holds 16%, and another subsidiary of CNNC holds the remainder. SNPEMC, also known as National Nuclear Equipment, designs and manufactures AP1000 reactor components, containment vessels and equipment. It is responsible for the fabrication of equipment modules, structural modules, primary pipelines and equipment for conventional island, as well as fabrication of equipment for other nuclear power plants. In 2008 a new factory was commissioned to produce structural, piping and equipment modules for Westinghouse"s AP1000 reactors. Shandong Nuclear Power Construction Group built that facility in just 11 months in Haiyang County Lingang Industrial Zone. SNPEMC has the capacity to build containment vessels and other equipment for two AP1000s each year, and has gained ASME N-stamp accreditation. It is providing the vessel head for unit 2 at Sanmen. At Sanmen, the first module from Shandong lifted into place weighed 840 tonnes. A further 18 modules used in the reactors" construction weigh in excess of 500 tonnes. In November 2009 SNPEMC signed an agreement with Harbin Turbine Co to manufacture AP1000 components.

In India, Larsen & Toubro Ltd., the country"s biggest engineering and construction company, makes reactor pressure vessels for the country"s PHWRs and fast breeder reactor, and steam generators. L&T has a 9000 tonne open die press which can take 300-tonne ingots and plans 17,000 tonne capacity for ultra-large forgings. It holds ASME N-stamp accreditation. It has been involved in supply of equipment, systems and services for nearly all the PHWR reactors that have been indigenously built, including manufacture of calandrias, end-shields, steam generators, primary heat transport system and heat exchangers. It also supplied the main components for the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam. L&T supplied four steam generators for Rajasthan 7&8, as for Kakrapar 3&4. In 2021 it supplied the first of four steam generators for Gorakhpur 1&2 from its Hazira plant. All these reactors are 700 MWe PHWRs.

Early in 2009, L&T signed four agreements with foreign nuclear power reactor vendors. The first, with Westinghouse, sets up L&T to produce component modules for the Westinghouse AP1000 reactor. It said that this would enable the two companies "to utilize indigenous capabilities for the turnkey construction of nuclear power plants including supply of reactor equipment and systems, valves, electrical & instrumentation products and fabrication of structural, piping and equipment modules for Westinghouse AP1000 plants." The second agreement was with Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd (AECL) "to develop a competitive cost/scope model for the ACR-1000." In April L&T signed an agreement with Atomstroyexport primarily focused on components for the next four VVER reactors at Kudankulam, but extending beyond that to other Russian VVER plants in India and internationally. Then in May it signed an agreement with GE Hitachi to produce major components for ABWRs - the two companies hope to utilize indigenous Indian capabilities for the complete construction of nuclear power plants including the supply of reactor equipment and systems, valves, electrical and instrumentation products for ABWR plants to be built in India. In 2015 Westinghouse said that L&T was equipped to produce reactor pressure vessels and other major components for AP1000 reactors. Early in 2021 it appeared that only the Russian agreement amounted to anything.

Following the 2008 removal of trade restrictions, Indian companies led by Reliance Power (RPower), NPCIL and Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) planned to invest over US$ 50 billion in the next five years to expand their manufacturing base in the nuclear energy sector.

State-owned Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) claims to be the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the energy-related infrastructure sector, and has provided some 80% of the heavy equipment for India"s indigenous nuclear power programme, including all the steam turbines and generators. In March 2021 it won a INR 10,800 crore ($1.5 billion) order for six 700 MWe turbine islands. It has increased its production capacity to 20,000 MWe of plant per year and planned to spend $7.5 billion in two years building plants to supply components for reactor units of 1600 MWe. It also planned to set up a 50-50 venture with NPCIL that would supply components for nuclear plants of 700 MWe, 1000 MWe and 1600 MWe. It planned to install a 10,000 tonne forging press. It was also setting up an office in Shanghai in 2009 to source castings and forgings.

Bharat Forge Ltd (BFL) is a multinational company which claims to be among the largest and technologically most advanced manufacturers of forged and machined components, mostly for the automotive industry. It is said to be the world"s second-largest forging company and is extending its activities into the power sector. In 2008 it formed a joint venture with Alstom primarily for manufacturing state-of-the-art supercritical power plant equipment in India, though the enterprise may extend to nuclear applications. In January 2009 it signed a memorandum of understanding with Areva to set up a joint venture in casting and forging nuclear components for both export and the domestic market, by 2012.

Mumbai-based Walchandnagar Industries Ltd (WIL) is an engineering and project management company which aims to build a factory in Gujarat in joint venture with Atomenergomash OJSC in line with a 2010 agreement to build nuclear power equipment for both Indian and export markets. If this does not proceed, it is open to a joint venture with Westinghouse or EDF.

Creusot Forge is a Framatome subsidiary located in the Le Creusot basin in Burgundy, central France, with four production facilities. It claims a strategic position in Europe for fabrication of very heavy mechanical components (up to 500 tonnes in one piece), including reactor pressure vessels and steam generators. It has an 11,300 tonne hydraulic forging press and a 9000 tonne one commissioned in mid-2014. The new press, coupled with a 200-tonne manipulator, allows for the forging of steel, alloy and superalloy ingots weighing between 15 and 260 tonnes. In 2006 the integration of SFARsteel boosted its capability to supply new generation reactors, and in particular the EPR. The nozzle shell ring for the EPR requires capacity to forge a 500 tonne ingot and formerly only JSW could do this.

The UK"s Sheffield Forgemasters International, founded in the 1750s and subject to a management buyout in 2005, is the only UK company with ASME N-stamp accreditation. It has a 10,000 tonne press which takes 300 tonne ingots, and had finalised £170 million financing to install a 15,000 tonne forging press to handle 500 tonne ingots. After long negotiation, the UK government agreed to lend £80 million, Westinghouse offered about £50 million in advance payments, and the last £20 million came from bank loans. The press was expected to be commissioned in 2013, and would have enabled the company to manufacture all heavy components for EPR and AP1000 reactors, but the new UK government in June 2010 cancelled the loan arrangement and the prospect is now uncertain. In February 2016 the company said that while it could not produce ultra large forgings for the EPR, it could “produce 80% of forgings for projects like Hinkley Point C, including large forgings for the steam generator, reactor and pressuriser assemblies.”

Sheffield Forgemasters also makes casings for high pressure reactor coolant pumps, capable of pumping water at up to 430,000 litres per minute of coolant through a reactor core. In 2008 the company won a contract to supply 16-tonne stainless steel casings for the Westinghouse AP1000 reactors at Sanmen nuclear power plant in China and for two states in USA. it also supplies reactor coolant pump casings for Korea"s APR-1400 reactors, via KSB in Germany. It has also produced heavy forgings for UK nuclear power plants. In 2008 it signed an agreement with China"s Harbin Electric Co. (HEC) to produce a range of large-scale complex engineering products for civil nuclear, steam and hydro power plants in China. In 2009 it won contracts for Argentina (Embalse), and entered a ten-year £30 million technology transfer agreement with Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) for large power plant components.

Spain"s Equipos Nucleares SA (ENSA), based in Madrid, provides a lot of heavy equipment for Westinghouse plants. In April 2009 GE Hitachi signed a strategic agreement for ENSA to manufacture and supply reactor pressure vessels for new GE Hitachi-designed ESBWR and ABWR units. In February 2009, Japan Steel Works (JSW) supplied the first of six forgings required to fabricate one ESBWR reactor pressure vessel, and ENSA anticipated completing the manufacturing process by mid-2012. It produces reactor pressure vessels, steam generators and other components at its factory on the north coast of Spain for nuclear power plants in several countries, including the USA, China, South Korea, South Africa, France and Sweden. It is providing steam generators to Shanghai Electric (SENPE) for Sanmen 2 AP1000 in China. ENSA exports 85% of its production.

Italy’s Società delle Fucine (SdF) established in 1884 at its Terni plant makes large forged components for power plants, including nuclear reactors, notably rotor forgings. It can produce almost all the components for reactors such as EPR and AP1000. It has an ingot capacity up 530 tonnes (450t hollow ingot), a 12,600 tonne and a 5000 tonne hydraulic forging press, as well as electric arc steel furnaces up to 180 tonne capacity. Since 1999 it has been a subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp AG.

Italy"s SAFAS is a steel foundry which produces castings up to 32 tonnes, including reactor cooling pump casings for Areva"s EPR projects (Olkiluoto, Flamanville, Taishan 1-2), Lingao 3-4 and other CPR-1000 units in China, and Changjiang CNP-600 units.

The major Czech nuclear engineering company Skoda JS, at Plzen, was taken over by Russia"s OMZ Group in 2004. Since 1980 Skoda JS has manufactured 24 sets of complete VVER reactors including reactor pressure vessels, internals, control rod drive mechanisms etc. for plants such as Temelin and Mochovce. Steam generators were procured from Vitkovice. In 2005 Areva placed an order with Skoda JS to supply EPR reactor internal parts for the Finnish Olkiluoto 3 plant and in 2009 similarly for China"s Taishan 1 plant.

Pilsen Steel (formerly Skoda Steel) is a sister company to Skoda JS, also at Plzen, and undertakes heavy forging. It has a 100 MN (10,200 tonne) forging press and can produce 200 tonne ingots in its foundry. In 20010 it will upgrade the press to 12,000 tonnes. It claims a long tradition in nuclear manufacturing and has supplied forged parts for 24 VVER pressure vessels (440 and 1000 MWe) as well as seam generators. With Skoda JS, it has been an OMZ subsidiary since 2004, and expects to get ASME and RCC-M accreditation in 2010 as well as Chinese NNSA registration.

Skoda Praha in Prague is owned by CEZ and is an engineering company involved with secondary circuits and coal-fired plants, as well as maintenance and modernization of VVER nuclear plants. It upgraded CEZ’s four Dukovany units, resulting in a 5% increase in capacity. In March 2016 Skoda Praha signed an agreement with China General Nuclear (CGN) subsidiary China Nuclear Power Engineering Co (CNPEC) to help it obtain design approval for Generation III reactors from European regulators.

In 2015 the Czech Energy Alliance was formed by 14 companies, to be headed by engineering company Skoda Praha, a subsidiary of CEZ, and including Skoda JS and Vitkovice. In March 2016 it signed and agreement with CGN with a view to Czech companies becoming subcontractors for Chinese reactor projects in third countries.

Russia"s main reactor component supplier has been OMZ"s Izhorskiye Zavody facility at Izhora. Rosatom set up Atomenergomash (AEM) in 2006 as a holding company, part of Atomenergoprom, to gain control of the supply chain for new plants. It has taken steps to diversify its source of supply from OMZ.

Izhorskiye Zavody, founded in 1722, has manufactured about 60 sets of equipment for VVER reactors in Russia and eight other countries. Its output includes reactor pressure vessels, steam generator shells, reactor internals, and heavy piping. It expected to produce the forgings for all new domestic AES-2006 model VVER-1200 nuclear reactors (four per year from 2016), plus exports. Izhora manufactured components for the Leningrad II and Novovoronezh II VVER-1200 units, for Tianwan 3&4 VVER-1000s, the Rostov 3&4 pressure vessels (also intended for Baltic 2 and Belene), and the reactor pressure vessel for Kudankulam 3 VVER-1000 in India. It supplied the main circulator pumps for Tianwan 4.

In 2008 the company rebuilt its 12,000-tonne hydraulic press, claimed to be the largest in Europe, and a second stage of work increased that capacity to 15,000 tonnes. In mid-2009 Izhora commissioned a furnace complex enabling production of 600-tonne ingots and 5.5 metre diameter forging shells for nuclear reactors. It doubled the production of large forgings from 2011 as part of its expansion to produce four sets of nuclear reactor components per year. The 600-tonne ingot capacity will also enable production of large rotors for low-speed turbines.

Parent company Objedinennye Mashinostroitelnye Zavody (OMZ – Uralmash-Izhora Group, or United Heavy Machinery Plants) itself is the largest heavy industry company in Russia, and has a wide shareholding but is controlled by Gazprom. OMZ was founded in 1996 as the Ural Heavy Machinery Works. It specializes in engineering, production, sales and maintenance of equipment and machines for the nuclear power, oil and gas, and mining industries, and also in the production of special steels and equipment for other industries. Izhorskiye Zavody became part of the company in 1999, and Skoda Steel (incorporating forging and foundry sections) and Skoda JS joined in 2004. Skoda Steel was renamed Pilsen Steel in 2007. See Europe section for these.

Atomenergomash (AEM) under Rosatom now claims to be the leading company in Russia for major components of nuclear power plants, controlling over 40 facilities, and to be the sole Russian source of steam generators and primary coolant pumps for nuclear plants. It has two design bureaus: OKB Gidropress for VVER reactors, and OKBM Afrikantov for fast neutron (BN) and naval/ marine reactors. At the end of 2018 its order book stood at RUR 133 billion.

AEM-Technology CJSC was established in 2007 as a private joint stock company based in St Petersburg and is the main AEM entity for manufacture of reactor equipment. Since 2010 it has managed Petrozavodskmash, and in October2012 it took over Atommash atVolgodonsk and invested RUR 3 billion to revive it. (Atommash was previously part of Energomash group.)

AEM-Technology is developing its own capacity to make large VVER pressure vessels, until 2015 the monopoly preserve of OMZ"s Izhorskiye Zavody. Production so far has been mainly through Petrozavodskmash and EMSS in Ukraine, both of which are subsidiaries acquired in 2010, but since 2012 Atommash in the Volga region has come online and delivered Rosatom"s/AEM’s first large VVER pressure vessel in 2015. AEM claims to have provided equipment for 13% of nuclear plants worldwide, and to be the unique producer of steam generators for Russian nuclear plants, of reactor vessels for fast neutron reactors, and of the main circulating pumps for all Russian types of reactors. It also produces large transport casks for used fuel.

ZiO-Podolsk has increased its capacity to four nuclear equipment sets per year, investing RUR 2.9 billion by 2015. It made the reactor pressure vessel and other main equipment for the BN-800 fast reactor at Beloyarsk as well as steam generators for Novovoronezh, Kalinin 4, Rostov 3, Leningrad, Tianwan 1&2 then 3&4 and those intended for Belene. It will supply those for BREST. The BN-800 reactor pressure vessel is 13 metres in diameter, and a unique 16-metre rotary-table milling machine was needed to manufacture it, using South Korean steel. The company is also making the pressure vessels of the RITM-200 reactors for new icebreakers.

AEM-Technology’s Volgodonsk branch: Atommash was established in 1973 at Volgodonsk, close to steel sources and with a major mooring berth accessible from the Volga-Don Canal, as (then) principal nuclear equipment supplier for Russia. It was originally designed to produce eight nuclear power plant sets of VVER-1000 type (8 reactor pressure vessels, 8 pressurizers, 32 steam generators, 32 main circulation pumps and 8 full sets of main circulation tubes) per year. Atommash began producing large-scale reactor components in 1977 including pressure vessels, internal reactor parts, and steam generators. In 1981 it manufactured the first VVER-1000 reactor pressure vessel, which was shipped to the South Ukraine nuclear plant. Later, its products were supplied to Balakovo, Zaporozhie, Smolensk, Kalinin, Rovno and Khmelnitsky plants. It produced the Beloyarsk BN-600 pressure vessel. By 1986, Atommash had produced 14 RPVs, of which five remained at the factory. It became a joint-stock company in 1994, and after bankruptcy in 1997 this ‘nuclear engineering flagship’ was taken over as a branch of Energomash, until becoming part of Rosatom"s AEM-Technology in 2012.

Atommash supplied some parts for Bushehr in Iran and Tianwan in China, but until securing contracts for VVER-1200 core melt traps (core-catchers), each 810 tonnes, its focus was on the chemical, oil and gas industries and it had not handled any nuclear plant work for about 20 years. It has the capacity to make components up to 1200 tonnes. As a result of complex legal proceedings and a fraud conviction of the Energomash CEO, in October 2012 the plant was transferred to AEM-Technology, since the country’s nuclear programme needed it. This led to RUR 3 billion being spent on upgrading the plant over the next five years. It has the only single hydraulic dual-purpose sheet-stamping press available in Russia, with a maximum single-acting force of up to 15,120 tf, allowing stamping of a head up to 5 metres diameter and plates of up to 380mm thick. (Up to AEM taking over Atommash, the Krasnye Barrikady shipyard had been considered as a possible source of reactor pressure vessels.)

In April 2007 Alstom and Atomenergomash (AEM) set up a joint venture, 51% owned by AEM, to manufacture the Arabelle low-speed turbine generator in Russia. This Turbine Technology Alstom Atomenergomash LLC (AAEM) joint venture, in which both parties invested €200 million, was established next to Zio-Podolsk. It included the technology transfer of Alstom"s Arabelle steam turbine and generator, available up to 1800 MWe. First production was in 2013 with output reaching three 1200 MWe turbine and generator sets per year in 2016. The Baltic plant was to be the first customer, in a RUB 35 billion order, with Russian content about 50%. This would increase to over 70% for subsequent projects. In 2011 Petrozavodskmash joined the AEM group, and since its site is more suitable for shipping large components, in 2011 the company decided to build its factory for Arabelle manufacture at Petrozavodsk, in Karelia, instead of with ZiO-Podolsk near Moscow. However, at the end of 2012 AAEM decided to produce the Arabelle units at AEM’s newly-acquired Atommash plant in Volgodonsk, instead of either Podolsk or Petrozavodsk.

JSC Machine Building Plant ZiO-Podolsk at Podolsk near Moscow is an AEM subsidiary (51%) since 2007, but not part of AEM-Technology. It is one of the largest manufacturers designing and producing equipment for nuclear power and other plants. It has focused on power equipment since 1946, making equipment, including steam generators and heat exchangers, for all nuclear plants in the former USSR. It appears to incorporate the Russian EnergyMachineBuilding Company (REMCO) which was established as a closed joint stock company in Russia in 2008, amalgamating some smaller firms. ZiO-Podolsk is majority-owned by Atomenergomash, with EMAlliance (PJSC EnergoMashinostroitelny Alliance, 24%) and Renova Group (25%). It was founded in 1919 and was formerly known as the Ordzhonikidze engineering plant in Podolsk.

The Power Machines Company (OJSC Silovye Mashiny Concern, or Silmash) was established in 2000 and brought together a number of older enterprises including Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod – LMZ (established 1857), Elektrosila (est 1898), Turbine Blades Factory, etc. Siemens holds 26% of the stock. Silmash makes steam turbines up to 1200 MWe, including the 1000 MWe turbines for Kalinin and Beloysrk as well as Atomstroyexport projects in China, India and Iran, and has supplied equipment to 57 countries worldwide with 300 GWe total capacity. It is making 1200 MWe, turbine generators for the Leningrad II and Novovoronezh II nuclear plants (to August 2013) and has a $750 million contract to supply equipment for the two 1200 MWe Ostrovets reactors in western Belarus, the first to be delivered in 2016. In 2012 it opened a new RUR 7 billion plant in the Metallostroy district of St Petersburg as part of LMZ, where it will produce 1200 MWe low-speed (1500 rpm) turbines, with the possibility of increasing the capacity range up to