what size hydraulic pump do i need factory

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An electric motor can be overloaded for short periods during the cycle provided the average horsepower is no greater than its nameplate rating plus service factor where this applies.

The amount of intermittent overloading is up to the user, but we suggest the overload be no more than 25% above its nameplate current rating sustained no longer than about 10% of the time required for a complete cycle.

Most A-C 60 Hz motors can be operated on a 50 Hz line and vice versa, but adjustments will have to be made in the current, HP, and speed ratings. The important thing to remember is that it is the current which causes heating. The HP which can be produced will be related to its current draw, and may be more or less than its nameplate rating.

*Voltage adjustment is to maintain current at rated value, to produce rated shaft torque. Current is always a limiting factor on a variation in rated Hz (frequency) or voltage.

Nameplate HP is based on full voltage being available. HP output is a combination of voltage times current. If voltage is too low, then to produce rated HP the current must be too high, and this overheats the motor. Motors can usually accommodate as low as 90% of rated voltage and still produce nameplate HP although temperature rise in the windings will be greater than rated rise. For permanent operation on a voltage source known to be low, the HP load should be limited, and reduced by the same percentage that the voltage is low.

If motor load does not exceed nameplate HP rating, full load current will be lower than nameplate rating and the motor will run cooler than rating. However, its starting and breakdown current (at stall) will be higher than normal. The wiring, fusing, and thermal overload protection will have to be sized accordingly. Motor noise will increase.

Using a 20 HP motor on a system which requires only 10 HP, for example, will give good results for running the pump but will consume more electricity than a 10 HP motor and will cause the power factor of the plant electric system to be poorer, especially during periods the motor is idling. Idling current of a 20 HP motor is about half the full load current of a 10 HP motor. This is an extra power waste during periods in the cycle when the pump is idling.

Using a 20 HP motor on a system which requires 25 HP for brief periods is quite possible, but during overload periods the current of such a motor maybe-about twice the current of a 25 HP motor. There will be an extra waste of power during peak periods in the cycle. But the smaller motor could more than make this up during periods in the cycle when less than 20 HP is required.

Just a observation I have noticed about cheaper model processor saws. Most all manufacturers will use some sort of gear motor. The rpms that they turn these motors can only be achieved by over flowing the oil to the motor. My meaning is that they take a motor rated for x amount of oil flow and throw xx amount of oil to it. You can get by doing this as long as you keep the pressures on the low side.

Maxing out pressure and over flowing will usually result in a short motor life. Not all gear motors are rated for 5500 rpms as Jrproducts suggests as the max recommended speed of their saw motor. Most hyd motors are bushing types and they wont hold up to the high rpms under full pressure. Some manufacturers will have there motors spec"ed to use roller bearing instead of bushings.

Some also use gerotor motors, these usually will come with roller bearings and are designed for higher rpms. This is an example of a gerotor motor, http://www.surpluscenter.com/Hydrau...in-PARKER-MGG20025-BB1A3-HYD-MOTOR-9-8502.axd, notice the 5000rpms max speed and the 2000psi pressure rating. I know some who have tried this motor and its bigger brother, the .070, and did not like the performance, but they did work. One fellow I know of that tried the smaller .58 motor and then switched to the larger .70 motor and decided to just live with the results after that. Kind of a expensive lesson of trial by error.

Then you have the bent axis, f11 f12 motors like you would find on old harvesters. Very expensive motors and require lots of oil at high pressures (5000psi) to get max performance. Not only is the hyd motor high dollar, but you have to upgrade engine hp and hyd pumps to get the full benefit of owning one, but they sure do cut fast.

I have considered a lot of different hyd motors for my hyd saw and I decided to use a axial piston motor like this one, http://www.poclain-hydraulics.com/en/products/motors/m-mv/m1. I have 2 of these motors setting on the shelf. My thought process is that I can get the rpms and the torque needed to run a large pin sprocket, that allows me to get the ftpermin of chain speed, without having to use high pressures and big hp to get there. Notice the 4641ftlbs of torque at 1000psi. It only takes about 20 gpm and 13hp to get there, but you can run the pressure up to over 4600psi if you need to. Of course if you start cranking up the pressure, you will have to crank up the engine hp to get there. You can also over flow the hyd to get more speed out of them, as long as you keep the pressures low. I talked to a rep at poclain about this and he claims i can run it about 4600rpms as long as I dont run the pressures over about 2000psi. Theres a pretty big safety factor for long liveity in industrial applications.

Log splitters are designed with a simple process in mind: to split logs efficiently. To do so, almost all use a hydraulic system to pressurize the driving force of the splitting wedge. When you purchase a log splitter, you don’t have to worry much about the individual parts other than for basic maintenance needs and cleaning purposes.

But if you are interested in building your own log splitter, which is a very realistic option due to the simplicity of the machinery, then you do need to know what parts are best for effective splitting power. Gas and electric splitters utilize a hydraulic pump which is the integral component of hydraulic power. If you were wondering what size hydraulic pump for a log splitter you need, this article explains below its use and what to look for.

Log splitters are powerful machines that provide a splitting pressure to logs of various sizes. Almost all splitters use hydraulics whether it is pressurized via an electric, gas, or manual power source. These hydraulics feed a splitting wedge of your model of choice to make short work of just about any size log you you need to cut down to size.

One of the simplest hydraulic systems you can find in use is a log splitter. The basics of hydraulic pressure utilize an engine, oil pump to create oil pressure, a hydraulic cylinder that works with a valve for splitting power, and tank to hold and feed oil through the system.

If you are serious about making your own backyard log splitter, then you want to have, at a minimum, the following components to provide the right amount of force and power for basic splitting of averaged sized, seasoned logs:

But you may want a bit more force for heavier workloads, which is why I’ve explained below how a pump can help determine your splitter’s speed, and influence the cutting force. Read more about how a log splitter works, how to care for it, and what you need to build your own.

Mentioned multiple times above is the use of a two-stage pump that is most common for a hydraulic log splitter system. This is because it uses two different sets of gears doing the pumping to keep you machine running smoothly and providing the power you need at the speed you desire.

Although a two-stage pump is the best option for your log splitter, you can manipulate the amount of force it exerts through which size cylinder you choose. To calculate your own splitter’s force and speed based on the choices you make, you can use this handy calculator tool.

The entire splitting system is dependent upon the pump that consists of two pumping sections and an internal pressure sensing valve. One of these sections generates the maximum flow rate rated at at lower pressure that is used to draw the piston back for the system to reset after splitting. The other section provides the highest possible pressure to generate maximum splitting force.

Knowing the maximum pressure generated by a pump determines the splitting powerof the pump, and one thing you will notice is that most companies are fairly generous in their tonnage claims and round up more often than not. To figure the tonnage provided by the splitter, simply multiple the maximum pressure of the pump (a two-stage pump applies about 3,000 PSI), by the total surface area of the piston in square inches. The resulting number is the total available pressure.

You also can determine the cycle time of a piston to figure how quickly you can work through a pile of logs. To move a 4 inch piston 24 inches (the common piston length) you need 301 cubic inches of oil. Since a gallon of hydraulic fluid takes up 231 cubic inches, you need to pump, at a minimum, 1.5 gallons of fluid to push the piston in one direction.

The flow rate of the pump is dependent on the size of the engine powering the system. If your engine is capable of providing an 11 gallon per minute rate, then it will take approximately 20 to 30 seconds to cut, and around 10 seconds to reset. Common horsepower minimum requirements for a two-stage pump are:

For a dependable machine, you want to incorporate a two-stage pump to work with whatever size engine and cylinder you decide upon for cutting wood. These keep your splitter working smoothing and efficiently, and allow you to dictate speed and force to handle whatever size job you have in mind. If you have any further questions, or want to add to this information, please do so below. And, as always, please share.

Knowing how to right-size an electric motor for your hydraulic pump can help reduce energy consumption and increase operational efficiency. The key is to ensure the pump motor is operating at peak continuous load. But how can you know how much power is needed?

Before you can choose the correct electric motor, you must know how much horsepower (Hp) is required to drive the pump shaft. Generally, this is calculated by multiplying the flow capacity in gallons per minute (GPM) by the pressure in pounds per square inch (PSI). You then divide the resulting number by 1714 times the efficiency of the pump, for a formula that looks like this:

If you’re not sure how efficient your hydraulic pump is, it is advisable to use a common efficiency of about 85% (Multiplying 1714 x 0.85 = 1460 or 1500 if you round up). This work-around simplifies the formula to:

The above formula works in most applications with one notable exception: If the operating pressure of a pump is very low, the overall efficiency will be much lower than 85%. That’s because overall efficiency is equal to mechanical efficiency (internal mechanical friction) plus volumetric efficiency.

Internal friction is generally a fixed value, but volumetric efficiency changes depending on the pressure used. Low-pressure pumps have high volumetric efficiency because they are less susceptible to internal leakage. However, as the pressure goes up and internal fluids pass over work surfaces such as pistons, port plates, and lubrication points, the volumetric efficiency goes down and the amount of torque required to turn the pump for developing pressure goes up.

This variance makes it very important to know the efficiency of your pump if you’re using it at low pressure! Calculations that do not take low pressure into account will lead to a failed design.

If you calculate 20 GPM @ 300 PSI with an assumed overall efficiency of 89%, you would probably select a 5 Hp electric motor. However, if you calculate the same 20 GPM @ 300 PSI with the actual overall efficiency of 50%, you would know that you should be using a 7.5 Hp motor. In this example, making an assumption about the efficiency of your pump could result in installing a motor that is too large, driving up your overall operating cost.

There are many contributors to the overall efficiency of a hydraulic pump, and it pays to be as accurate as possible when choosing a motor. A best practice for proper sizing is to use published data from the pump vendor that shows actual input torque vs. pressure or overall efficiency vs pressure. Note that efficiency is also affected by RPM.

Identifying a right-sized motor for your hydraulic pump does not always ensure you are using the most efficient motor. Be sure to read Part 2 of this post to learn how RMS loading and Hp limiting can help you scale down the size of your electric motor to save money while maximizing efficiency.

Star Hydraulics & Pneumatics, LLC. builds three types of manually operated pumps - single piston pumps, two-speed pumps, and double-acting pumps. Pumps with 4-way valves are also offered. Your application determines which type of pump to select. At Star Hydraulics, LLC our pumps are robust, solidly built by combining established designs with some of the latest equipment meticulous workmanship and high quality standards. In fact, one of our customers was kind enough to return a pump to us after being used for more than 40 years and it looks like it was almost new.

If there is initially little or no resistance, but high force is needed later, use the two-speed dual piston pump. An example of this would be a press in which a cylinder advances until it contacts a load and then applies a much greater bending or cutting force. The dual piston pump supplies high volume, low pressure flow until the increased force is needed, at which time it automatically switches to high pressure, lower volume.

Light hydraulic oil is recommended for use with Star Hydraulics, LLC pumps. Oils with SUS viscosity of 75 to 150 at 100°F will give satisfactory performance (ISO grade 15, 22, or 32). In an emergency situation when above oils are not available, use 5w or 10w motor oil or automatic transmission fluid. Unless there is a specific need to do so, Star pumps are shipped without oil.

A Star pump is well-made and robust. It is expected to work in tough environments. Because of that exposed surfaces of standard pumps are painted with industrial quality paint. Pumps painted with special colors with two coat finishes, or with prime coat only, and pumps with special plated or polished parts are also available.

In order to provide for continuing product improvement, Star Hydraulics,LLC may make design changes that affect the data provided on this web site. Contact the factory for the most current specifications.

It is important to keep the pump clean and well-maintained and follow operating guidelines for best operation and longevity. It is best to keep the pump clean and keep foreign materials away from the piston area so that the surface does not get damaged. Use the proper oil and do not let the reservoir run dry. Do not exceed the pressure ratings on pumps that do not have an overload relief valve and take care when adjusting or re-setting pumps that have an overload valve.

If you find that you need to replace the seals on a pump, Star provides repair/replacement kits for each pump along with service instructions on how to replace the seals. If you find that you need assistance during this process, please call us.

Star Hydraulics also provides a repair and rebuilding service for all of our pumps. Just call our customer service to get the return information to send the pump(s) back to our factory.

In addition to the standard pumps that are shown in this catalog, Star will also customize our pumps to meet your requirements. Some general types of customization are:

Star works closely with distributors of our hydraulic products and can put you in touch with a distributor in your area to purchase the accessories necessary to set-up your hydraulic system. If you have special requests, we will be happy to assist you with these accessories.CALCULATING PUMP PRESSURE AND RESERVOIR VOLUME

Q: I have a HC-PTO-1A pump. I am only getting 900 pounds of hydraulic pressure. What do I have to go to get 2000 pounds of pressure out of it. Please let me know.

It is important to note that a gear pump generates flow. It is the other parts of the system that resist flow, and build up pressure. Therefore, it is important to look over the entire system when investigating a pressure related problem.

2) Is the hydraulic reservoir large enough for the PTO gpm output? It is important to insure the correct amount of reservoir capacity to avoid problems. A basic rule of thumb is to get at least 1 gallon of reservoir capacity per 1 GPM of pump capacity. (i.e. 21 gpm pump output = 21 gal. or larger reservoir.)

3) Is the pump functioning properly? The proper way to check a pump output is with a flow meter, not a pressure gauge. If the pump is not producing the correct flow, it may be damaged, and require replacement. (See: Common Causes of Pump Failure.)

5) Is the system working properly with the currently generated pressure? Many hydraulic systems do not use the full extent of rated pressure unless at full load. If you do not have enough load on the system, you will not generate a very high pressure.

Please refer to the PTO Parts Manual to ensure the pump is plumbed properly. You can visit PTO Pumps Page and select Parts Manual to down load or print a copy of the manual.

Cavitation: This is caused by a lack of oil flowing into the inlet port. It will damage the pump, and reduce flow. If you see foamy oil, it is a good indication of cavitation. Increasing the size of the inlet line or reducing flow can help with cavitation problems. Removing any elbows, bends, or filters on the inlet line can also help. Lastly, making sure that the oil reservoir is above the pump may also be beneficial.

Contamination: Contamination will not only cause damage to the pump, but may also plug valves, reliefs, etc. in the system. It is important to have the proper filtration in the system, including changing filters regularly.

Heat: Any Hydraulic system will generate heat. It is important to deal with that heat so that the oil temperature does not rise high enough to cause damage to seals, valves, etc. Having a properly sized oil reservoir (or oil cooler if necessary) is important in order to avoid excessive heat buildup in the system.

Lastly, make sure to refer to your manual for the proper pressure/speed limits. Exceeding those limits will damage a pump, and cause it to fail prematurely.

The answer is actually quite simple—once the pumps and engine for the application have been sized and selected, you can select your pump drive. Once the engine and pump are selected, you have your requirements clearly defined:Prime mover information

Once you have identified those requirements, it"s time to calculate the torque that the unit will see on a regular basis. We do this by using the formula T = (HP x 5252)/RPM x SF, where T is the torque you"re calculating, HP is your engine"s net horsepower, RPM is the engine speed at rated horsepower, and SF is the safety factory. The safety factor used can vary based on prime mover type, expected shock load in the system, and hours of operation; however, we have found that a 1.25 safety factor is adequate in most hydraulic applications using internal combustion engines as the prime mover. (If you believe that your application may need a higher safety factory please consult the AGMA Safety Factor Guide, or contact Palmer Johnson Power Systems, and we"d be happy to help.) Most pump drive manufacturers rate their units by the amount of input torque they are capable of handling, so you are now ready to narrow down a model. Calculating the torque incorrectly, or using an inadequate safety factor, may result in an undersized unit for the application, and thus, reduced service life, or failure.

After narrowing down the model by its input torque rating and the number of hydraulic pads/pumps required, you have to confirm that the unit is available in a ratio that allows the engine and the pumps at their optimal speeds. For example, if the engine operates most efficiently at 1800 RPM, but the pumps need to run at 2100 RPM, you would need your pump drive to have a 1.17 increasing ratio (.85:1). While pump drive manufacturers offer a wide variety of ratios, you may not find one that matches your exact needs. In these situations, it is possible to adjust engine speed slightly to meet the pump speed requirements. If you need to drive something other than a hydraulic pump there are a variety of solutions for that as well.

Now that you have selected a pump drive model that meets your torque requirements and is available in a torque that will work for your engine and pumps, it"s time to start specifying the rest of the requirements. We like to start with the input because it also can be a limiting factor, in some cases. For applications requiring the pump drive to be mounted directly to the engine"s flywheel and bell housing (closed coupled), you can choose between having a drive plate, clutch, or torsional coupling. The choice will depend on whether you need to decouple the unit from the engine or you expect your system to have torsional vibrations—these factors can be extremely complicated. With newer, Tier IV engines, torsional couplings are highly recommended. Once these choices are made, you will have arrived at the correct unit for your project.

Overall, it’s very important to identify the requirements needed for your job, calculate the torque your unit will regularly handle and confirm that it’s available at optimal speeds. Once those hurdles are crossed, you’ll have a strong handle on which pump drive is the best fit for your project. Palmer Johnson stocks units from a variety of manufacturers including Twin Disc, Funk, Durst & Cotta. Our factory-trained team can help specify the best solution to meet both your technical and delivery requirements!

To keep the motor size down and make the press controllable pipe it up as follows if you have a seperate outlet for each stage.Bring the high volume flow out through an unloader valve then a check valve to meet the flow out the low volume pump.Put a relief valve set at maximum system pressure in the low volume flow line.Set the unloader to dump at say 200 psi.That way both pumps flow goes to the ram until it meets an obstruction/load then the high volume flows to the tank and the low volume end puts the pressure on to what ever maximum you want.Look up the tables to see what Hp is required for the combined flow at 200 psi and what Hp is required for the low volume flow at max pressure required.Use the bigger Hp of the two ratings you get.The advantages of this is that you have a high flow for fast approach to the job and a low flow for actual pressing and the motor will be smaller than if you used the total flow at high pressure.It will put less heat into the oil as well.

Thanks for all the replies. Thanks also for bringing to my attention the fact that I will be using more then one cylinder at a time. Duh! The hoe is a model A222 and has a 12" bucket. I could spend $400.00 on the PTO pump but I don"t want to. The hoe only cost me $500.00 and is in perfect condition. It would hurt my feelings to spend almost as much for the pump as I did for the whole thing. I don"t think it would be very difficult at all to mount a pump on the front of the engine. I can come up with a bracket and a sliding concentric shaft to disengage the thing when I don"t want it. I will just bolt a flange and shaft to the front of the harmonic balancer and use a sleeve with a pin to couple it to the pump. There is actually a doohickey on the pulley for a crank to start the engine I could probably adapt to. This is a tractor not a Toyota. Lots of room since it is a side mount distributor if you are familiar with 8ns. I get the feeling I am going to need a pretty horsey pump from what you guys are saying. These are the specs for the PTO pump I was looking at. 11.9 GPM @ 1000 psi at 540 rpm ,SAE O-ring ports: inlet Port SAE #16 ,Outlet Port is SAE 12. Asigary is saying I need something even bigger then this. There are many higher RPM pumps with .5" shafts that deliver this amount for cheap ($150.00 or so, new). I am leaning toward a front mounted pump but I just wish I knew what pump to get. Thanks again. You guys have enlightened me a lot.

Whenever you’re dealing with a hydraulic system you always get asked, “What is your systems pressure and flow rate?” or, “Why is pressure and flow so important?”

For our discussion, let’s talk specifically about fixed displacement components. There are variable displacement pumps and motors used in equipment today but to make these concepts easier to digest I will refer to fixed displacement components. Examples of fixed displacement components are gear pumps, gear motors, and hydraulic cylinders.Pressure and flow are the main variables when working with fluid power systems. Let’s look closer at flow rate.

Fixed displacement hydraulic motors require a fixed volume of oil to cause the shaft to turn 1 revolution. This volume is referred to the motors displacement, usually measured in cubic inch displacement (CID) or cubic centimeter (CC). If you supply the motor with 100 times its CID every minute, it will turn 100 RPM. Speed up the flow rate and motor will go faster, slow it down and the motor will turn slower.

Because of the differences in units of measure (gallons, inches, cubic inches, etc.) we have equations to help with the conversions. For example, a motor with a 3 CID displacement turning @ 1,000 RPM requires 3,000 cubic inches of oil flow every minute (3×1,000=3,000). To convert this to gallons we divide 3000 cubic inches by 231 (cubic inches per gallon). 3000/231=12.99 gallons per minute (round up to 13 GPM). Making the motor smaller will increase the speed, and making it larger will decrease the speed given the same flow rate.

There are some flow implications for tubes and hoses that need to be considered. Oil flowing through a tube or hose must move along the conductor. As the oil moves, it contacts the inside of the conductor causing friction. To overcome the friction, we need to generate pressure to cause the oil to move. If you look at a 100’ length of hose and measured the pressure at each end, the pressure at the downstream end will be lower than the upstream end. We refer to the difference as the back pressure.

What size hose should I use for the 13 GPM flow from the earlier motor example? There are many ways to evaluate hose diameter for a given flow rate. I prefer to use oil velocity. As you push the oil through a smaller and smaller hose the oil must flow faster and faster to maintain the flow rate. As you force the oil to move faster the back pressure increases because of the increased friction.

For this example, I would recommend 5/8 hose for the working lines and ¾ hose for the return lines. The suction line supplying the pump will need to be at least 1-1/4”. Suction lines are larger to prevent the pump from cavitating.

For the pressure line feeding the motor I would use a 5/8 hose. If 5/8 is not available ¾” or ½” would work. Know that ½ will have a higher pressure drop and cost more in fuel or electricity than the ¾ hose. ¾” hose cost more for the materials. How much available pressure you have can also play into the decision. If you are running up against the pressure rating for your pump the larger hose will help you save some pump pressure. Where ½ may have a slightly higher pressure drop using ¼” hose will have an extremely high pressure drop and could cause your system to fail.

When working with cylinders, speed refers to the rate the cylinder rod extends or retracts. This is typically referred to in inches per minute (IPM). The speed the rod will extend is related to the area of the piston the oil is pushing against. For a 3” bore cylinder the area is 7.07 cubic inches. We’ll discuss how to calculate that in a minute.

For this example, our pump flow is 1 GPM. We calculate the IPM by calculating the volume needed to displace the cap end of cylinder. To do this we need to know the Stroke of the cylinder, in this case 12”. The cubic Inches of oil needed to displace the cylinder is 7.07 cu/in * 12 inches of stroke (7.07 * 12) = 84.84 cubic inches. To keep things simple, I like to convert GPM to cubic inches per second. (1 GPM / 231) /60 = 3.85 cu inches per second.

Now if we divide 84.84 cubic inches /3.85 we will get the number of seconds to extend the cylinder 84.84/3.85= 22 seconds to extend 12 inches. Now we can get an inches per second rate. 12 / 22 = .545 inches per second. Converting inches per second to inches per minute you multiply by 60 (.545 * 60 = 32.7 inches per minute)

The larger the bore of the cylinder the slower it will extend, If the bore is made smaller, the cylinder will move faster given the same flow rate. There are many different types of cylinders:

The formulas are applied differently for different types of cylinders. Understanding the changes in area are critical to correctly predicting cylinder speeds.

Hydraulic pumps generate flow and tolerate pressure. The pressure comes from resistance to the oil flow. For example, a hydraulic cylinder that is not connected to anything will extend and retract a cylinder at low pressure. The pressure measured at the pump is what is required to overcome the seal friction of the cylinder and back pressure from the oil flowing through the hoses and valves.

Hydraulic components need to be protected from pressures above there designed capability. It is very important that a hydraulic system has a way of relieving the pressure should it go higher than the components are designed to tolerate. In a simple circuit the device that does this is typically a relief valve. It allows oil to flow back to tank if the maximum pressure setting is exceeded. This is done to protect the components. Without a relief valve the components in the system will attempt operate at the higher pressure, resulting in damage or failure of the component.

With hydraulic motors and pressure, we are looking at the torque the motor can handle. In the U.S., torque is typically measured in foot pounds (ft/lbs) or inch pounds (in/lbs). Torque is the unit of measure for defining the force on a shaft. Think about driving in a screw with a screwdriver. As the screw goes deeper into the material the force required to keep in moving increases. We define that force as torque. With a rotating motor shaft, the torque is transmitted into the motor through the shaft and makes the hydraulic pressure increase to keep the motor rotating. This is the resistance to flow that causes the pressure to increase. Given a fixed displacement the higher the torque at the shaft the higher the pressure needed to keep in moving. If the torque on the shaft is constant the hydraulic pressure needed will decrease if the motor displacement is increased, conversely if the motor is made smaller the pressure will increase. As we looked at earlier there is also change in RPM if the flow rate is constant.

For example, let’s use a 3” hydraulic cylinder. Using the formula to calculate area the cylinder has an area of 7.07 cubic inches. (3x3x.7854 = 7.07 cubic Inches area)

Let’s say we need to lift 15,000 lbs using this 3” cylinder, we can predict the system PSI with the formulas above. We know force (15,000 lbs) and area (7.07 cu/in) using some simple algebra we can rearrange the force formula to PSI = Force / Area (15,000 / 7.07 = 2,122 PSI)

Using a 3” cylinder I need 2,122 PSI to lift the load. The pump pressure will be higher because of seal friction and system back pressure. Probably closer to 2,250 PSI depending on hose size and valving selected.

We made the area smaller and the pressure to lift the load went up proportionally. The same thing is happening with the extending speed of the cylinder. At the same flow rate, the 2.5” cylinder extends faster than the 3” cylinder because it takes less oil to displace the 2.5” cylinder.

From the examples we looked at you can see that flow rate relates to the speed of your components. Increasing flow rate will make cylinders extend and retract faster and make motors run at higher RPM. Pressure is a reaction to the force required to move the load. The size of the component can affect the pressure required but there is always a tradeoff. Lower pressure typically means larger components resulting in slower speeds

When working with components in a hydraulic system always be aware of the pressure rating of the components. If the system will operate at 2500 PSI the relief will need to be set higher, 2650-2800 PSI. All components used on the pressure side of the circuit need to be rated for higher PSI than the relief valve setting. This includes the pump, directional control valves, hoses, adapters, cylinders, motors, pressure filters etc.

Items on the return side of the system can be rated for lower pressures because the PSI in that portion of the system stays relatively low. This is the return filter, cooler, tank, return hoses and adapters. Selecting components with the correct pressure rating will extend the life of your hydraulic system.

Hydraulic pumps are mechanisms in hydraulic systems that move hydraulic fluid from point to point initiating the production of hydraulic power. Hydraulic pumps are sometimes incorrectly referred to as “hydrolic” pumps.

They are an important device overall in the hydraulics field, a special kind of power transmission which controls the energy which moving fluids transmit while under pressure and change into mechanical energy. Other kinds of pumps utilized to transmit hydraulic fluids could also be referred to as hydraulic pumps. There is a wide range of contexts in which hydraulic systems are applied, hence they are very important in many commercial, industrial, and consumer utilities.

“Power transmission” alludes to the complete procedure of technologically changing energy into a beneficial form for practical applications. Mechanical power, electrical power, and fluid power are the three major branches that make up the power transmission field. Fluid power covers the usage of moving gas and moving fluids for the transmission of power. Hydraulics are then considered as a sub category of fluid power that focuses on fluid use in opposition to gas use. The other fluid power field is known as pneumatics and it’s focused on the storage and release of energy with compressed gas.

"Pascal"s Law" applies to confined liquids. Thus, in order for liquids to act hydraulically, they must be contained within a system. A hydraulic power pack or hydraulic power unit is a confined mechanical system that utilizes liquid hydraulically. Despite the fact that specific operating systems vary, all hydraulic power units share the same basic components. A reservoir, valves, a piping/tubing system, a pump, and actuators are examples of these components. Similarly, despite their versatility and adaptability, these mechanisms work together in related operating processes at the heart of all hydraulic power packs.

The hydraulic reservoir"s function is to hold a volume of liquid, transfer heat from the system, permit solid pollutants to settle, and aid in releasing moisture and air from the liquid.

Mechanical energy is changed to hydraulic energy by the hydraulic pump. This is accomplished through the movement of liquid, which serves as the transmission medium. All hydraulic pumps operate on the same basic principle of dispensing fluid volume against a resistive load or pressure.

Hydraulic valves are utilized to start, stop, and direct liquid flow in a system. Hydraulic valves are made of spools or poppets and can be actuated hydraulically, pneumatically, manually, electrically, or mechanically.

The end result of Pascal"s law is hydraulic actuators. This is the point at which hydraulic energy is transformed back to mechanical energy. This can be accomplished by using a hydraulic cylinder to transform hydraulic energy into linear movement and work or a hydraulic motor to transform hydraulic energy into rotational motion and work. Hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders, like hydraulic pumps, have various subtypes, each meant for specific design use.

The essence of hydraulics can be found in a fundamental physical fact: fluids are incompressible. (As a result, fluids more closely resemble solids than compressible gasses) The incompressible essence of fluid allows it to transfer force and speed very efficiently. This fact is summed up by a variant of "Pascal"s Principle," which states that virtually all pressure enforced on any part of a fluid is transferred to every other part of the fluid. This scientific principle states, in other words, that pressure applied to a fluid transmits equally in all directions.

Furthermore, the force transferred through a fluid has the ability to multiply as it moves. In a slightly more abstract sense, because fluids are incompressible, pressurized fluids should keep a consistent pressure just as they move. Pressure is defined mathematically as a force acting per particular area unit (P = F/A). A simplified version of this equation shows that force is the product of area and pressure (F = P x A). Thus, by varying the size or area of various parts inside a hydraulic system, the force acting inside the pump can be adjusted accordingly (to either greater or lesser). The need for pressure to remain constant is what causes force and area to mirror each other (on the basis of either shrinking or growing). A hydraulic system with a piston five times larger than a second piston can demonstrate this force-area relationship. When a force (e.g., 50lbs) is exerted on the smaller piston, it is multiplied by five (e.g., 250 lbs) and transmitted to the larger piston via the hydraulic system.

Hydraulics is built on fluids’ chemical properties and the physical relationship between pressure, area, and force. Overall, hydraulic applications allow human operators to generate and exert immense mechanical force with little to no physical effort. Within hydraulic systems, both oil and water are used to transmit power. The use of oil, on the other hand, is far more common, owing in part to its extremely incompressible nature.

Pressure relief valves prevent excess pressure by regulating the actuators’ output and redirecting liquid back to the reservoir when necessary. Directional control valves are used to change the size and direction of hydraulic fluid flow.

While hydraulic power transmission is remarkably useful in a wide range of professional applications, relying solely on one type of power transmission is generally unwise. On the contrary, the most efficient strategy is to combine a wide range of power transmissions (pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical). As a result, hydraulic systems must be carefully embedded into an overall power transmission strategy for the specific commercial application. It is necessary to invest in locating trustworthy and skilled hydraulic manufacturers/suppliers who can aid in the development and implementation of an overall hydraulic strategy.

The intended use of a hydraulic pump must be considered when selecting a specific type. This is significant because some pumps may only perform one function, whereas others allow for greater flexibility.

The pump"s material composition must also be considered in the application context. The cylinders, pistons, and gears are frequently made of long-lasting materials like aluminum, stainless steel, or steel that can withstand the continuous wear of repeated pumping. The materials must be able to withstand not only the process but also the hydraulic fluids. Composite fluids frequently contain oils, polyalkylene glycols, esters, butanol, and corrosion inhibitors (though water is used in some instances). The operating temperature, flash point, and viscosity of these fluids differ.

In addition to material, manufacturers must compare hydraulic pump operating specifications to make sure that intended utilization does not exceed pump abilities. The many variables in hydraulic pump functionality include maximum operating pressure, continuous operating pressure, horsepower, operating speed, power source, pump weight, and maximum fluid flow. Standard measurements like length, rod extension, and diameter should be compared as well. Because hydraulic pumps are used in lifts, cranes, motors, and other heavy machinery, they must meet strict operating specifications.

It is critical to recall that the overall power generated by any hydraulic drive system is influenced by various inefficiencies that must be considered in order to get the most out of the system. The presence of air bubbles within a hydraulic drive, for example, is known for changing the direction of the energy flow inside the system (since energy is wasted on the way to the actuators on bubble compression). Using a hydraulic drive system requires identifying shortfalls and selecting the best parts to mitigate their effects. A hydraulic pump is the "generator" side of a hydraulic system that initiates the hydraulic procedure (as opposed to the "actuator" side that completes the hydraulic procedure). Regardless of disparities, all hydraulic pumps are responsible for displacing liquid volume and transporting it to the actuator(s) from the reservoir via the tubing system. Some form of internal combustion system typically powers pumps.

While the operation of hydraulic pumps is normally the same, these mechanisms can be split into basic categories. There are two types of hydraulic pumps to consider: gear pumps and piston pumps. Radial and axial piston pumps are types of piston pumps. Axial pumps produce linear motion, whereas radial pumps can produce rotary motion. The gear pump category is further subdivided into external gear pumps and internal gear pumps.

Each type of hydraulic pump, regardless of piston or gear, is either double-action or single-action. Single-action pumps can only pull, push, or lift in one direction, while double-action pumps can pull, push, or lift in multiple directions.

Vane pumps are positive displacement pumps that maintain a constant flow rate under varying pressures. It is a pump that self-primes. It is referred to as a "vane pump" because the effect of the vane pressurizes the liquid.

This pump has a variable number of vanes mounted onto a rotor that rotates within the cavity. These vanes may be variable in length and tensioned to maintain contact with the wall while the pump draws power. The pump also features a pressure relief valve, which prevents pressure rise inside the pump from damaging it.

Internal gear pumps and external gear pumps are the two main types of hydraulic gear pumps. Pumps with external gears have two spur gears, the spurs of which are all externally arranged. Internal gear pumps also feature two spur gears, and the spurs of both gears are internally arranged, with one gear spinning around inside the other.

Both types of gear pumps deliver a consistent amount of liquid with each spinning of the gears. Hydraulic gear pumps are popular due to their versatility, effectiveness, and fairly simple design. Furthermore, because they are obtainable in a variety of configurations, they can be used in a wide range of consumer, industrial, and commercial product contexts.

Hydraulic ram pumps are cyclic machines that use water power, also referred to as hydropower, to transport water to a higher level than its original source. This hydraulic pump type is powered solely by the momentum of moving or falling water.

Ram pumps are a common type of hydraulic pump, especially among other types of hydraulic water pumps. Hydraulic ram pumps are utilized to move the water in the waste management, agricultural, sewage, plumbing, manufacturing, and engineering industries, though only about ten percent of the water utilized to run the pump gets to the planned end point.

Despite this disadvantage, using hydropower instead of an external energy source to power this kind of pump makes it a prominent choice in developing countries where the availability of the fuel and electricity required to energize motorized pumps is limited. The use of hydropower also reduces energy consumption for industrial factories and plants significantly. Having only two moving parts is another advantage of the hydraulic ram, making installation fairly simple in areas with free falling or flowing water. The water amount and the rate at which it falls have an important effect on the pump"s success. It is critical to keep this in mind when choosing a location for a pump and a water source. Length, size, diameter, minimum and maximum flow rates, and speed of operation are all important factors to consider.

Hydraulic water pumps are machines that move water from one location to another. Because water pumps are used in so many different applications, there are numerous hydraulic water pump variations.

Water pumps are useful in a variety of situations. Hydraulic pumps can be used to direct water where it is needed in industry, where water is often an ingredient in an industrial process or product. Water pumps are essential in supplying water to people in homes, particularly in rural residences that are not linked to a large sewage circuit. Water pumps are required in commercial settings to transport water to the upper floors of high rise buildings. Hydraulic water pumps in all of these situations could be powered by fuel, electricity, or even by hand, as is the situation with hydraulic hand pumps.

Water pumps in developed economies are typically automated and powered by electricity. Alternative pumping tools are frequently used in developing economies where dependable and cost effective sources of electricity and fuel are scarce. Hydraulic ram pumps, for example, can deliver water to remote locations without the use of electricity or fuel. These pumps rely solely on a moving stream of water’s force and a properly configured number of valves, tubes, and compression chambers.

Electric hydraulic pumps are hydraulic liquid transmission machines that use electricity to operate. They are frequently used to transfer hydraulic liquid from a reservoir to an actuator, like a hydraulic cylinder. These actuation mechanisms are an essential component of a wide range of hydraulic machinery.

There are several different types of hydraulic pumps, but the defining feature of each type is the use of pressurized fluids to accomplish a job. The natural characteristics of water, for example, are harnessed in the particular instance of hydraulic water pumps to transport water from one location to another. Hydraulic gear pumps and hydraulic piston pumps work in the same way to help actuate the motion of a piston in a mechanical system.

Despite the fact that there are numerous varieties of each of these pump mechanisms, all of them are powered by electricity. In such instances, an electric current flows through the motor, which turns impellers or other devices inside the pump system to create pressure differences; these differential pressure levels enable fluids to flow through the pump. Pump systems of this type can be utilized to direct hydraulic liquid to industrial machines such as commercial equipment like elevators or excavators.

Hydraulic hand pumps are fluid transmission machines that utilize the mechanical force generated by a manually operated actuator. A manually operated actuator could be a lever, a toggle, a handle, or any of a variety of other parts. Hydraulic hand pumps are utilized for hydraulic fluid distribution, water pumping, and various other applications.

Hydraulic hand pumps may be utilized for a variety of tasks, including hydraulic liquid direction to circuits in helicopters and other aircraft, instrument calibration, and piston actuation in hydraulic cylinders. Hydraulic hand pumps of this type use manual power to put hydraulic fluids under pressure. They can be utilized to test the pressure in a variety of devices such as hoses, pipes, valves, sprinklers, and heat exchangers systems. Hand pumps are extraordinarily simple to use.

Each hydraulic hand pump has a lever or other actuation handle linked to the pump that, when pulled and pushed, causes the hydraulic liquid in the pump"s system to be depressurized or pressurized. This action, in the instance of a hydraulic machine, provides power to the devices to which the pump is attached. The actuation of a water pump causes the liquid to be pulled from its source and transferred to another location. Hydraulic hand pumps will remain relevant as long as hydraulics are used in the commerce industry, owing to their simplicity and easy usage.

12V hydraulic pumps are hydraulic power devices that operate on 12 volts DC supplied by a battery or motor. These are specially designed processes that, like all hydraulic pumps, are applied in commercial, industrial, and consumer places to convert kinetic energy into beneficial mechanical energy through pressurized viscous liquids. This converted energy is put to use in a variety of industries.

Hydraulic pumps are commonly used to pull, push, and lift heavy loads in motorized and vehicle machines. Hydraulic water pumps may also be powered by 12V batteries and are used to move water out of or into the desired location. These electric hydraulic pumps are common since they run on small batteries, allowing for ease of portability. Such portability is sometimes required in waste removal systems and vehiclies. In addition to portable and compact models, options include variable amp hour productions, rechargeable battery pumps, and variable weights.

While non rechargeable alkaline 12V hydraulic pumps are used, rechargeable ones are much more common because they enable a continuous flow. More considerations include minimum discharge flow, maximum discharge pressure, discharge size, and inlet size. As 12V batteries are able to pump up to 150 feet from the ground, it is imperative to choose the right pump for a given use.

Air hydraulic pumps are hydraulic power devices that use compressed air to stimulate a pump mechanism, generating useful energy from a pressurized liquid. These devices are also known as pneumatic hydraulic pumps and are applied in a variety of industries to assist in the lifting of heavy loads and transportation of materials with minimal initial force.

Air pumps, like all hydraulic pumps, begin with the same components. The hydraulic liquids, which are typically oil or water-based composites, require the use of a reservoir. The fluid is moved from the storage tank to the hydraulic cylinder via hoses or tubes connected to this reservoir. The hydraulic cylinder houses a piston system and two valves. A hydraulic fluid intake valve allows hydraulic liquid to enter and then traps it by closing. The discharge valve is the point at which the high pressure fluid stream is released. Air hydraulic pumps have a linked air cylinder in addition to the hydraulic cylinder enclosing one end of the piston.

The protruding end of the piston is acted upon by a compressed air compressor or air in the cylinder. When the air cylinder is empty, a spring system in the hydraulic cylinder pushes the piston out. This makes a vacuum, which sucks fluid from the reservoir into the hydraulic cylinder. When the air compressor is under pressure, it engages the piston and pushes it deeper into the hydraulic cylinder and compresses the liquids. This pumping action is repeated until the hydraulic cylinder pressure is high enough to forcibly push fluid out through the discharge check valve. In some instances, this is connected to a nozzle and hoses, with the important part being the pressurized stream. Other uses apply the energy of this stream to pull, lift, and push heavy loads.

Hydraulic piston pumps transfer hydraulic liquids through a cylinder using plunger-like equipment to successfully raise the pressure for a machine, enabling it to pull, lift, and push heavy loads. This type of hydraulic pump is the power source for heavy-duty machines like excavators, backhoes, loaders, diggers, and cranes. Piston pumps are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aeronautics, power generation, military, marine, and manufacturing, to mention a few.

Hydraulic piston pumps are common due to their capability to enhance energy usage productivity. A hydraulic hand pump energized by a hand or foot pedal can convert a force of 4.5 pounds into a load-moving force of 100 pounds. Electric hydraulic pumps can attain pressure reaching 4,000 PSI. Because capacities vary so much, the desired usage pump must be carefully considered. Several other factors must also be considered. Standard and custom configurations of operating speeds, task-specific power sources, pump weights, and maximum fluid flows are widely available. Measurements such as rod extension length, diameter, width, and height should also be considered, particularly when a hydraulic piston pump is to be installed in place of a current hydraulic piston pump.

Hydraulic clutch pumps are mechanisms that include a clutch assembly and a pump that enables the user to apply the necessary pressure to disengage or engage the clutch mechanism. Hydraulic clutches are crafted to either link two shafts and lock them together to rotate at the same speed or detach the shafts and allow them to rotate at different speeds as needed to decelerate or shift gears.

Hydraulic pumps change hydraulic energy to mechanical energy. Hydraulic pumps are particularly designed machines utilized in commercial, industrial, and residential areas to generate useful energy from different viscous liquids pressurization. Hydraulic pumps are exceptionally simple yet effective machines for moving fluids. "Hydraulic" is actually often misspelled as "Hydralic". Hydraulic pumps depend on the energy provided by hydraulic cylinders to power different machines and mechanisms.

There are several different types of hydraulic pumps, and all hydraulic pumps can be split into two primary categories. The first category includes hydraulic pumps that function without the assistance of auxiliary power sources such as electric motors and gas. These hydraulic pump types can use the kinetic energy of a fluid to transfer it from one location to another. These pumps are commonly called ram pumps. Hydraulic hand pumps are never regarded as ram pumps, despite the fact that their operating principles are similar.

The construction, excavation, automotive manufacturing, agriculture, manufacturing, and defense contracting industries are just a few examples of operations that apply hydraulics power in normal, daily procedures. Since hydraulics usage is so prevalent, hydraulic pumps are unsurprisingly used in a wide range of machines and industries. Pumps serve the same basic function in all contexts where hydraulic machinery is used: they transport hydraulic fluid from one location to another in order to generate hydraulic energy and pressure (together with the actuators).

Elevators, automotive brakes, automotive lifts, cranes, airplane flaps, shock absorbers, log splitters, motorboat steering systems, garage jacks and other products use hydraulic pumps. The most common application of hydraulic pumps in construction sites is in big hydraulic machines and different types of "off-highway" equipment such as excavators, dumpers, diggers, and so on. Hydraulic systems are used in other settings, such as offshore work areas and factories, to power heavy machinery, cut and bend material, move heavy equipment, and so on.

Fluid’s incompressible nature in hydraulic systems allows an operator to make and apply mechanical power in an effective and efficient way. Practically all force created in a hydraulic system is applied to the intended target.

Because of the relationship between area, pressure, and force (F = P x A), modifying the force of a hydraulic system is as simple as changing the size of its components.

Hydraulic systems can transfer energy on an equal level with many mechanical and electrical systems while being significantly simpler in general. A hydraulic system, for example, can easily generate linear motion. On the contrary, most electrical and mechanical power systems need an intermediate mechanical step to convert rotational motion to linear motion.

Hydraulic systems are typically smaller than their mechanical and electrical counterparts while producing equivalents amounts of power, providing the benefit of saving physical space.

Hydraulic systems can be used in a wide range of physical settings due to their basic design (a pump attached to actuators via some kind of piping system). Hydraulic systems could also be utilized in environments where electrical systems would be impractical (for example underwater).

By removing electrical safety hazards, using hydraulic systems instead of electrical power transmission improves relative safety (for example explosions, electric shock).

The amount of power that hydraulic pumps can generate is a significant, distinct advantage. In certain cases, a hydraulic pump could generate ten times the power of an electrical counterpart. Some hydraulic pumps (for example, piston pumps) cost more than the ordinary hydraulic component. These drawbacks, however, can be mitigated by the pump"s power and efficiency. Despite their relatively high cost, piston pumps are treasured for their strength and capability to transmit very viscous fluids.

Handling hydraulic liquids is messy, and repairing leaks in a hydraulic pump can be difficult. Hydraulic liquid that leaks in hot areas may catch fire. Hydraulic lines that burst may cause serious injuries. Hydraulic liquids are corrosive as well, though some are less so than others. Hydraulic systems need frequent and intense maintenance. Parts with a high factor of precision are frequently required in systems. If the power is very high and the pipeline cannot handle the power transferred by the liquid, the high pressure received by the liquid may also cause work accidents.

Even though hydraulic systems are less complex than electrical or mechanical systems, they are still complex systems that should be handled with caution. Avoiding physical contact with hydraulic systems is an essential safety precaution when engaging with them. Even when a hydraulic machine is not in use, active liquid pressure within the system can be a hazard.

Inadequate pumps can cause mechanical failure in the place of work that can have serious and costly consequences. Although pump failure has historically been unpredictable, new diagnostic technology continues to improve on detecting methods that previously relied solely on vibration signals. Measuring discharge pressures enables manufacturers to forecast pump wear more accurately. Discharge sensors are simple to integrate into existing systems, increasing the hydraulic pump"s safety and versatility.

Hydraulic pumps are devices in hydraulic systems that move hydraulic fluid from point to point, initiating hydraulic power production. They are an important device overall in the hydraulics field, a special kind of power transmission that controls the energy which moving fluids transmit while under pressure and change into mechanical energy. Hydraulic pumps are divided into two categories namely gear pumps and piston pumps. Radial and axial piston pumps are types of piston pumps. Axial pumps produce linear motion, whereas radial pumps can produce rotary motion. The construction, excavation, automotive manufacturing, agriculture, manufacturing, and defense contracting industries are just a few examples of operations that apply hydraulics power in normal, daily procedures.

Calculation of preliminary cooler capacity: Heat dissipation from hydraulic oil tanks, valves, pipes and hydraulic components is less than a few percent in standard mobile equipment and the cooler capacity must include some margins. Minimum cooler capacity, Ecooler = 0.25Ediesel

At least 25% of the input power must be dissipated by the cooler when peak power is utilized for long periods. In normal case however, the peak power is used for only short periods, thus the actual cooler capacity required might be considerably less. The oil volume in the hydraulic tank is also acting as a heat accumulator when peak power is used.

The system efficiency is very much dependent on the type of hydraulic work tool equipment, the hydraulic pumps and motors used and power input to the hydraulics may vary considerably. Each circuit must be evaluated and the load cycle estimated. New or modified systems must always be tested in practical work, covering all possible load cycles.

An easy way of measuring the actual average power loss in the system is to equip the machine with a test cooler and measure the oil temperature at the cooler inlet, the oil temperature at the cooler outlet and the oil flow through the cooler, when the machine is in normal operating mode. From these figures the test cooler power dissipation can be calculated and this is equal to the power loss when temperatures are stabilized. From this test the actual required cooler can be calculated to reach specified oil temperature in the oil tank. One problem can be to assemble the measuring equipment in-line, especially the oil flow meter.

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